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Unemployment among young, less-educated coloured individuals is a major problem in the community of Worcester in the Western Cape. The purpose of the research study is to gain in-depth insight into the impact of unemployment on psychological well-being among young coloured people in Worcester. The study is based on a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with twelve unemployed, coloured persons in Worcester. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 30 years, with the median age of 20.33 years. Purposive sampling and snowball techniques were used to select these unemployed young persons. Two instruments, a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide, were used to gather data on the research participants. The transcribed data were analysed by means of content thematic analysis and aided by thematic network analyses. The findings of the study suggest that unemployed participants experience negative feelings daily as a result of their unemployment. Some participants blamed themselves for previous mistakes that they had made, they feel a sense of failure to provide for their children's needs as parents, they expressed feelings of guilt or shame, and compared themselves with employed peers, which is indicative of low self-esteem. Furthermore, unemployment has a financial impact on participants which includes financial dependency on others, unemployment serving as a barrier to being able to fulfil future plans and aspirations as well as unemployment having an effect on the social life of participants in that participants appear to withdraw from social interaction and isolate themselves. For some participants there was a loss of a sense of purpose experiencing difficulties in structuring their time and generally spent their time with passive and purposeless activities. Despite being unemployed, certain other participants seek a sense of purpose and try to spend their time engaging in menial tasks or social activities. Participants expressed an overall positive attitude towards employment which includes regarding work as being very important as well as remaining optimistic about their chances of finding a job. Coping with unemployment daily emerged as one of the struggles experienced by the participants in the study. The process of coping with unemployment daily includes utilising a variety of coping strategies to manage their unemployment as well as to manage negative feelings that emerge from being unemployed. The coping strategies indicated by the participants include listening to music, sleeping, reading the Bible, and talking to their friends or family members. Participants also revealed that they needed and received two types of social support from family and friends to help them cope with their unemployment predicament; including a need for emotional support and a need for instrumental support. Participants in the study experienced judgment by community and family members daily because of their unemployed status which includes stigmatising comments. These comments are internalised by participants which may exert a negative impact on their psychological well-being. Limitations of the study includes, participants could have answered the questions of the semi-structured guide in a socially desirable manner as well as the audio-recorded interviews were transcribed into Afrikaans and translated into English and as such, some of the meaning of what the participants had said could have been lost in the translation process. Recommendations for further research includes exploring whether perceived support have a greater beneficial effect on the psychological well-being of unemployed individuals than received support, as well as the role such types of support play in coping with unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Unemployment among young, less-educated coloured individuals is a major problem in the community of Worcester in the Western Cape. The purpose of the research study is to gain in-depth insight into the impact of unemployment on psychological well-being among young coloured people in Worcester. The study is based on a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with twelve unemployed, coloured persons in Worcester. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 30 years, with the median age of 20.33 years. Purposive sampling and snowball techniques were used to select these unemployed young persons. Two instruments, a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide, were used to gather data on the research participants. The transcribed data were analysed by means of content thematic analysis and aided by thematic network analyses. The findings of the study suggest that unemployed participants experience negative feelings daily as a result of their unemployment. Some participants blamed themselves for previous mistakes that they had made, they feel a sense of failure to provide for their children's needs as parents, they expressed feelings of guilt or shame, and compared themselves with employed peers, which is indicative of low self-esteem. Furthermore, unemployment has a financial impact on participants which includes financial dependency on others, unemployment serving as a barrier to being able to fulfil future plans and aspirations as well as unemployment having an effect on the social life of participants in that participants appear to withdraw from social interaction and isolate themselves. For some participants there was a loss of a sense of purpose experiencing difficulties in structuring their time and generally spent their time with passive and purposeless activities. Despite being unemployed, certain other participants seek a sense of purpose and try to spend their time engaging in menial tasks or social activities. Participants expressed an overall positive attitude towards employment which includes regarding work as being very important as well as remaining optimistic about their chances of finding a job. Coping with unemployment daily emerged as one of the struggles experienced by the participants in the study. The process of coping with unemployment daily includes utilising a variety of coping strategies to manage their unemployment as well as to manage negative feelings that emerge from being unemployed. The coping strategies indicated by the participants include listening to music, sleeping, reading the Bible, and talking to their friends or family members. Participants also revealed that they needed and received two types of social support from family and friends to help them cope with their unemployment predicament; including a need for emotional support and a need for instrumental support. Participants in the study experienced judgment by community and family members daily because of their unemployed status which includes stigmatising comments. These comments are internalised by participants which may exert a negative impact on their psychological well-being. Limitations of the study includes, participants could have answered the questions of the semi-structured guide in a socially desirable manner as well as the audio-recorded interviews were transcribed into Afrikaans and translated into English and as such, some of the meaning of what the participants had said could have been lost in the translation process. Recommendations for further research includes exploring whether perceived support have a greater beneficial effect on the psychological well-being of unemployed individuals than received support, as well as the role such types of support play in coping with unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

O trabalho aborda a questão dos diferentes usos que o mesmo território pode ter, especialmente em metrópoles como o Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Através da formação de um movimento social que utiliza as técnicas contemporâneas para reunir, numa rede social, cooperativas que são uma alternativa de trabalho e renda para trabalhadores antes desempregados ou subempregados. São atores sociais não hegemônicos que propõem um novo uso para sistemas técnicos criados para atender aos interesses de atores hegemônicos. Esses trabalhadores criam uma nova forma de gestão,propondouma globalização a partir do local. Unidos por uma outra globalização, mais humana e solidária. / This research deals with the question of different uses that the same territory might have, specially in metropolises such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Through the formation of a social movement which uses contemporary techniques to gather, in a social network, cooperatives which are an alternative of work and income for workers who were unemployed or subemployed. Nonhegemonic social actors who propose a new use for technical systems created to meet the interests of hegemonic actors. They create a new kind of administration, proposing the globalization of the place from local. United by another globalization, more human and with more solidarity.

La thèse étudie le travail ordinaire de mobilisation des chômeurs dans différentes organisations militantes. Ce faisant, elle interroge les conditions de leur représentation en regard de l’« autonomie relative » de l’espace des organisations de chômeurs. La faible unification sociale de cette catégorie administrative et la pluralité des inscriptions sociales, politiques et professionnelles des groupes engagés dans la cause déterminent des logiques d’engagement fortement différenciées. En reconstituant l’espace des positions et des prises de position au sein de ces organisations, la thèse montre d’une part l’influence qu’exercent certains groupes sociaux et, à travers eux, les logiques spécifiques à d’autres champs sociaux (syndical, du travail social) sur le travail militant. D’autre part, elle invite à repenser l’opposition classique entre producteurs et bénéficiaires de l’action collective en analysant les effets différenciés du chômage sur les carrières militantes. / This research investigates the ordinary work of mobilization of the unemployed by several militant organizations. By doing so, it interrogates conditions of their representation in light of the “relative autonomy” of the unemployed organizations space. The faint social unification of this administrative category added with the plurality of social, political, and professional admissions of groups involved in that cause determine highly differentiated commitments strategies. Through the reconstitution of stances and standpoints space within the organizations, this thesis shows on the one hand the influence exerted by certain social groups and, through them, specific logic of other social fields (trade-union, social work) on the militant work. On the other hand it tempts to review the classical opposition between producers and recipients of the collective action by analyzing unemployment’s differentiated effects on militant careers.

<p>Coaching har blivit en trend i vårt samhälle och denna studie kan ses som en resa genom ”coachingdjungeln”. Undersökningen består av strukturerade telefonintervjuer blandat med litteratur- och artikelstudier där syftet var att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning NLP – <em>neurolingvistisk programmering</em> – förekommer i coaching av arbetslösa och hur det används. Urvalsgruppen finns i 14 av Sveriges 21 län och består av kommunala, privata och statligt anställda jobbcoacher som arbetar med individer som står utanför arbetsmarknaden. Resultatet visar att NLP i coaching av arbetslösa inte är en vanlig modell utan det lösningsfokuserade arbetssättet dominerar. Studien belyser att förhållningssätt, begrepp, metoder, inställning till klienter och kommunikativa verktyg är centralt inom all coaching. Undersökningens resultat visar att likheter finns mellan olika coaching- och vägledningsmodellers innehåll fast de kan ha olika benämningar inom respektive modell. Studien visar också coachingens för- och nackdelar samt tankar kring utbildning, professionalitet och yrkestiteln ”coach”.</p> / <p>Coaching has become a trend in our society and this study can be seen as an expedition through the “coaching jungle”. The inquiry consists of structured interviews by telephone mixed by studies of related literature and articles, where the purpose was to find out to what extent NLP – <em>Neuro Linguistic Programming </em>– occurs in coaching of the unemployed and to what extent it is used in coaching. The selection-group can be found in 14 of the 21 counties of Sweden and it contains job coaches from the local government, private and also staff from the public sector who works with unemployed. The results exhibit that NLP is not a regular model in coaching of unemployed – instead the solution-focused model is quite the dominant one among the selection-group in this inquiry. The study also illustrates approaches, concepts, various methods, attitudes to the clients as well as communicative tools which are all central parts of coaching.  The survey reveals that there are similarities between the contents of different coaching- and counselling models, even though they might have different names for it.  The study shows the pros and cons of coaching in general and also thoughts and opinions of education, professionalism and the job title “coach”.</p> / Examensarbete inom påbyggnadskurs i studie- och yrkesvägledning, studie- och yrkesvägledarprogrammet

<p>This paper is a case study of a local labour market project. The aim of the study is to investigate the staff’s way of working with unemployed people, receiving social assistance, in order to reduce the payment of social assistance in four adjacent city districts of Stockholm. Other objectives of the study are to investigate which criteria the staff uses when selecting participants for the project, in which way the participants’ background affects the measures taken by the staff and how the staff experiences working as part of a project. A short summary of the social services development during the twentieth century and urban politics in the 1990’s in Sweden is used as a background for the local labour market project. The theories used deal with the social services strategies concerning unemployed receivers of social assistance, the participants’ background with particular emphasis on ethnicity and gender, project work and the special case of public projects. The study is based on interviews with four employees. Some of the conclusions are that the selection criteria are put up as criteria for not being selected as a participant and that the staff combines previously developed methods in order to reduce the payment of social assistance. The participants’ background is evaluated individually and the staff shows a certain reluctance to categorize the participants according to ethnicity and gender. The staff communicates an ambiguous image of working in a project by describing it partly as an inspiring challenge but also as involving some uncertainties regarding the terms of employment.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen är en fallstudie av ett kommunalt arbetsmarknadsprojekt och syftar till att undersöka hur personalen arbetar med arbetslösa socialbidragstagare för att minska socialbidragsuttaget i fyra närliggande stadsdelar i Stockholm. Syftet är därutöver att undersöka vilka kriterier personalen använder för urval av deltagare till projektet och hur deltagarnas bakgrund påverkar de åtgärder som personalen sätter in samt hur personalen uppfattar projektformen som arbetssätt. Det kommunala arbetsmarknadsprojektet förankras i socialtjänstens och storstadspolitikens historiska utveckling. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna tar fasta på socialtjänstens strategi gällande arbetslösa socialbidragstagare, deltagarnas etniska bakgrund och kön samt projekt som arbetsform och offentliga projekts speciella drag. I analysen används utsagor från djupintervjuer med fyra anställda. Några av slutsatserna är att urvalskriterierna formuleras som hinder för deltagande i projektet och att personalen kombinerar olika tidigare utvecklade metoder i sitt arbete för att minska socialbidragstagandet. Deltagarnas bakgrund bedöms individuellt och personalen visar en viss ovilja att kategorisera deltagarna efter etnicitet och kön. Personalen ger en ambivalent bild av projekt som arbetsform. Dels beskrivs arbetet i projektet som utmanande samtidigt som den tidsbegränsade projektanställningen upplevs som osäker.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att försöka besvara frågan: Vilka attityder och värderingar kommer till uttryck i Lars Ohlys respektive Göran Hägglunds användning av metaforer i debatten om arbetslöshetspolitiken? Jag har valt att studera de metaforer som förekommer när det gäller arbetslösa, arbetslöshet och den egna politiken i frågan. Jag har också analyserat de metaforer som används när de talar om/bemöter sina motståndare och deras politik. De artefakter jag har använt i min undersökning är två tal samt en TV-sänd partiledardebatt.</p><p>Min ena hypotes var att det i talarens val av metaforer döljer sig attityder och värderingar som kanske inte syns vid ett oreflekterat mottagande av talarens budskap. Efter att ha studerat de båda partiledarnas val och användning av metaforer vill jag, till viss del,  påstå att en stor del av metaforerna öppet signalerar attityder och värderingar, inte minst när de tillskriver varandra negativa sådana. Men vissa värderingar syns först efter lite hårdare skrapande på ytan. Det intressanta är dock att båda partierna tycks vilja tillskriva sig själva liknande attityder och värderingar som i bägge fallen bygger på solidaritet, empati och förståelse. Samtidigt, som de båda, vill tillskriva varandra rakt motsatta värderingar.</p><p>Min andra hypotes var att jag skulle kunna se övergripande frames som visar på olika underliggande attityder och värderingar, och till viss del tycker jag mig ha fått min hypotes besannad. Ohly och Hägglund visar prov på övergripande frames och metaforsystem som kan påverka hur vi, och de,uppfattar vår omvärld och därmed också hur vi handlar. Ohly skapar en frame för de arbetslösa som oskyldiga offer som står maktlösa inför yttre krafter. Hägglund koncentrerar istället sin frame för arbetslöshetspolitiken kring behovet av goda förutsättningar för företagande. Dessa olika attityder till frågan om arbetslöshet lämnar olika handlingsutrymme.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis kan jag säga att det i en undersökning som denna är svårt att dra en kortfattad slutsats, då den rika flora av metaforer som används kan tolkas som olika attityder och värderingar, och därmed präglas attityder och värderingar av mångfald.</p> / <p>In this dissertation (written in Swedish), I have tried to answer the question ”Which attitudes and values are expressed in the metaphores that Lars Ohly and Göran Hägglund uses in the debate of unemployement?” I have studied the metaphores used when they mention the question of unemployement, but also when they talk about their respective political parties’ politics and the other party’s political standpoint.</p><p>One of my hypothesis was that the choice of metaphores conceals attitudes and values that are not so apparent for an unreflected listening. Though, in some aspects, my reserach has shown that some of  the metaphores openly signals attitudes and values. Not the least when they try to give each other negative values. And yet, some values are not as apparent, it takes some reflection to notice them. One interesting thing, though, is, that they both tries to givet hem selves attitudes and values built upon solidarity, compassion and understanding – meanwhile they both tries to attach the oposing values upon each other.</p><p>Another hypothesis was that I also would be able to se frames that could show underlying attitudes and values. In some ways I did find this. Ohly, as well as Hägglund, shows examples  of ”overall-frames” and systems of metaphores which can affect the way we percept our world and also the way we chose to act and make decisions. Ohly creates a frame for the unemployed as innocent victims, who powerlessly faces outer forces, while Hägglund concentrates his frame around the need of good conditions for companies. These two different attitudes towards the question of unemployement creates different alternatives on how to decide and act.</p><p>It is hard to draw a short conclusion in an analysis as this one, since the richness of the metahpores used can be interpreted as different values and attitudes. One conclusion is that values and attitudes are characarized whith multitude.</p> / Bilagor ej bifogade. Exempel på analyserade metaforer finns dock i uppsatsen.

Coaching har blivit en trend i vårt samhälle och denna studie kan ses som en resa genom ”coachingdjungeln”. Undersökningen består av strukturerade telefonintervjuer blandat med litteratur- och artikelstudier där syftet var att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning NLP – neurolingvistisk programmering – förekommer i coaching av arbetslösa och hur det används. Urvalsgruppen finns i 14 av Sveriges 21 län och består av kommunala, privata och statligt anställda jobbcoacher som arbetar med individer som står utanför arbetsmarknaden. Resultatet visar att NLP i coaching av arbetslösa inte är en vanlig modell utan det lösningsfokuserade arbetssättet dominerar. Studien belyser att förhållningssätt, begrepp, metoder, inställning till klienter och kommunikativa verktyg är centralt inom all coaching. Undersökningens resultat visar att likheter finns mellan olika coaching- och vägledningsmodellers innehåll fast de kan ha olika benämningar inom respektive modell. Studien visar också coachingens för- och nackdelar samt tankar kring utbildning, professionalitet och yrkestiteln ”coach”. / Coaching has become a trend in our society and this study can be seen as an expedition through the “coaching jungle”. The inquiry consists of structured interviews by telephone mixed by studies of related literature and articles, where the purpose was to find out to what extent NLP – Neuro Linguistic Programming – occurs in coaching of the unemployed and to what extent it is used in coaching. The selection-group can be found in 14 of the 21 counties of Sweden and it contains job coaches from the local government, private and also staff from the public sector who works with unemployed. The results exhibit that NLP is not a regular model in coaching of unemployed – instead the solution-focused model is quite the dominant one among the selection-group in this inquiry. The study also illustrates approaches, concepts, various methods, attitudes to the clients as well as communicative tools which are all central parts of coaching.  The survey reveals that there are similarities between the contents of different coaching- and counselling models, even though they might have different names for it.  The study shows the pros and cons of coaching in general and also thoughts and opinions of education, professionalism and the job title “coach”. / Examensarbete inom påbyggnadskurs i studie- och yrkesvägledning, studie- och yrkesvägledarprogrammet