Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-08T12:23:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lisiane Emilia Grams Metz_.pdf: 3506520 bytes, checksum: 266b7740d5048d4c8dd4468eeaa7853a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T12:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lisiane Emilia Grams Metz_.pdf: 3506520 bytes, checksum: 266b7740d5048d4c8dd4468eeaa7853a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-26 / Tecnosinos / SENAI / O Rio Grande do Sul concentra cerca de um terço das unidades produtivas de couro do Brasil, e portanto exerce uma papel importantíssimo neste setor. A produção de couro acabado ocorre a partir das peles obtidas nos frigoríficos e se dá pelo uso de grande volume de água e de uma ampla gama de produtos químicos associados a diversas operações mecânicas e gera, além do produto desejado, diversos tipos de resíduos, causando impactos ambientais significativos. Os resíduos sólidos gerados destacam-se pelo volume e potencial poluidor. Os empreendimentos gaúchos são obrigados a emitir e submeter regularmente, ao órgão ambiental licenciador, relatórios dos resíduos sólidos gerados e destinados, no entanto, não há a disponibilidade da informação das tipologias e da quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que o último inventário publicado data de 2002. O conhecimento a cerca da geração e destinação dos resíduos é de suma importância para subsidiar a tomada de decisões sobre o assunto, seja com relação à formação de políticas públicas, seja para a priorização de investimentos ou para definição de áreas para empreender esforços técnicos e científicos. A avaliação ambiental do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos oriundos da produção de couros no Rio Grande do Sul consiste de uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, formando um estudo de caso do gerenciamento de resíduos do setor coureiro do estado. Este trabalho inclui uma breve apresentação do processo de produção de couros, os aspectos e impactos ambientais oriundos deste, os resíduos sólidos gerados e as tecnologias de tratamento e destinação final dos mesmos, com ênfase nas formas de valorização mediante a reutilização e processos de reciclagem, upcycling e downcycling, com a geração de possíveis subprodutos e coprodutos. Aborda ainda, as premissas do gerenciamento de resíduos, os requisitos legais e as oportunidades de Produção Mais Limpa aplicáveis ao gerenciamento de resídos sólidos. A partir do Sistema de Gerenciamento e Controle de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais – SIGECORS de 2013 e 2014 (FEPAM, 2016A) foi verfificado a geração anual de 112.642,5 toleladas de resíduos, mais 129.107,3 metros cúbicos de resíduos e mais 88.877 unidades (embalagens e lâmpadas), sendo que a geração de resíduos perigosos foi ligeiramente inferior a de não perigosos. Os principais resíduos sólidos gerados, em termos quantitativos, são os oriundos dos sistemas de controle de poluição (principalmente lodos de estações de tratamento de efluentes), seguidos dos resíduos de couro (basicamente curtidos ao cromo) e dos resíduos oriundos das peles (de processos antes do curtimento). No que se refere a resíduos não perigosos – Classe II, foi verificado que a prática dos processos de reciclagem, upcycling e downcycling, resultando em coprodutos e subprodutos, atingiu um desempenho superior a 95%. Quanto aos resíduos perigosos - Classe I, o nível de aproveitamento foi menor (no entanto bem superior ao padrão registrado em 2002) sendo que o lodo gerado nas estações de tratamento de efluentes é o resíduo mais problemático do setor, não havendo ainda uma alternativa de aproveitamento disponível. Por meio da avaliação ambiental realizada conclui-se que o diferencial ambiental do setor no RS está na aplicação sistêmica de processos de valorização de resíduos, incluindo a reutilização de resíduos, a prática de upcycling, transformando resíduos em coprodutos, a reciclagem, e a prática de downcyclig, transformando resíduos em subprodutos. / Rio Grande do Sul state concentrates around one third of productive leather units in Brasil, which has a significant role in this sector. Finished leather production starts with the skins obtained from slaughterhouse and consumes a large amount of water and a great number of chemical products, combined with different mechanical operations. It results not just in the desired product, but also in different kinds of waste, causing significant environmental impacts. Among the produced wastes, solid ones stand out, mainly due to its large amount and their pollutant potential. Even though enterprises from Rio Grande do Sul are forced to regularly issue and submit a report on produced and allocated solid waste to the environmental commission agency, there is not available information about typologies and solid waste produced in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and the last inventory dated 2002. Knowledge about waste production and its disposal is very importance in order to support decision making on the present subject, either to create public policy and decide where to invest, or to define in which areas technical and scientific efforts must be performed. Management environmental evaluation of solid waste from leather production in Rio Grande do Sul consists in a qualitative and quantitative exploratory research, creating a case study about the leather sector management in the state. This dissertation includes a brief presentation on leather production process, its aspects and environmental impacts, the solid waste generated, treatment technologies and its final disposal, with emphasis on forms of recovery through recycling processes, upcycling and down cycling, considering the generation of possible byproducts and coproducts for the leather industry. It also addresses waste management assumptions, legal requirements and applicable opportunities from Cleaner Production to solid waste management. From “Sistema de Gerenciamento e Controle de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais” – SIGECORS of 2013 and 2014 (FEPAM, 2016A) it was observed an annual generation of 112,642.5 tons plus 129,107.3 cubic meters of waste. In addition, it was found a generation of 88,877 units (packaging and light bulbs), and the dangerous waste production was slightly lower than the non dangerous ones. The main solid wastes generated, in quantitative terms, come from pollution control systems (especially sludge from effluent treatment stations), followed by leather wastes (basically tanned via chromium) and by wastes from skins (in processes performed before tanning). About non dangerous wastes – Class II, it was found that recycling practices, upcycling and down cycling, which results in coproducts and byproduct, achieved a performance higher than 95%. About the dangerous wastes – Class I, the reclamation was lower (however much higher than the registered standard in 2002) and the produced sludge from effluent treatment stations is the most problematic waste in the sector. There is not yet an available alternative to recycling. By the environmental evaluation performed, it is concluded that environmental differential in this sector in Rio Grande do Sul is in the systemic application of waste appreciation processes, which includes reuse of waste, upcycling execution, transforming waste in coproducts, recycling, and down cycling execution, transforming waste in byproducts.

Die Arbeit widmet sich der Problemstellung der Substitution des Primärrohstoffes Kautschuk durch Rezyklate in Form von Gummimehl. Die für das innerbetriebliche Recycling von Kleinchargen technischer Elastomere hier eigens konzipierte und umgesetzte Warmmahltechnologie dient zur Herstellung von Gummimehlrezyklat hoher Qualität aus Lkw-Altreifen. Hinsichtlich ausgewählter Verarbeitungs- und Materialkennwerte von Mischung und Vulkanisat werden die Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Rezyklaten und die wesentlichen Einflussgrößen des den Rezyklaten zugrunde liegenden Aufbereitungsprozesses – das Kryogenmahlverfahren bzw. die neu entwickelte Warmmahltechnologie – herausgearbeitet. Abschließend erfolgt die Formulierung materialspezifischer Versagensmechanismen, die das entsprechende Aufbereitungsverfahren der Rezyklate berücksichtigen. / The work is devoted to the problem of the substitution of the primary raw material rubber by recycled materials in the form of rubber powders. For the in-plant recycling of small batches of technical elastomers an ambient grind technology was specifically designed and implemented for making rubber powders of high quality out of used truck tires. In terms of selected processing and material characteristics of the mixture and the vulcanizate the influences of the addition of recycled material and the significant factors affecting the regeneration process underlying these recyclates – the cryogenic grinding versus the new developed ambient grinding technology – were worked out. Finally, the material-specific failure mechanisms were formulated, incorporating the regeneration process of such regenerated materials.

As the world's population increase, measures against the climate crisis have not been sufficient to reduce global emissions. Contributing to minimizing climate change is our duty to the earth. As half of our world's population lives in cities, building construction and the process play an important role in urbanization and our society. Therefore, recycling will be a significant contribution, both in the current situation but also for the future. This bachelor thesis explores sustainability within the field of built environment through analysing the recycling process from the perspective of various parties in the construction industry. The aim is to create a deeper understanding for recycling and to gain an insight into its potential for development in the industry. The study uses a qualitative research methods where the data was collected from ten interviews as well as relevant literature searches and reviews. The work provides insight into economic models and concepts such as resilience and theories that discuss raw material shortages and virgin material. Furthermore, the work has highlighted difficulties, development opportunities and developed a theorem for local recycling as a proposal to make recycling easily accessible and aid involved parties in the construction process. It turned out that there was some variation in the view of recycling and that the actors are at different stages of incorporating recycling in their work. The study showed that recycling is in a phase of continuous development where interaction is required from relevant involved parties as well as from the public sector such as municipalities. Recycling is an important part of moving in a positive sustainable direction as it allows us to redistribute our resources rather than extract new material from the earth. / I takt med att världens befolkning ökar har åtgärderna mot klimatkrisen inte varit tillräckliga för att minska de globala utsläppen. Att bidra till att minimera klimatförändringarna är vår skyldighet till jorden. Då hälften av jordens befolkning bor i städer har byggandet och byggprocessen en viktig roll i urbaniseringen och samhället. Där kommer återbruk att vara en betydande insats, både i nuläget men också för vår framtid. Denna kandidatuppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i återbruksprocessen från diverse aktörers perspektiv i byggbranschen och föreslår ett digitalt verktyg för återbruksprocesser. Syftet är att skapa en djupare förståelse för att få en inblick om återbruk och dess utvecklingsmöjligheter i branschen. Studien använder sig av en kvalitativa forskningsmetoder där materialet samlats in från ett tiotal intervjuer samt relevant litteratur och forskningsartiklar. Arbetet ger inblick i ekonomiska modeller, begrepp som resiliens och teorier som diskuterar råvarubrist och jungfruligt material. Vidare har arbetet belyst svårigheter och utvecklingsmöjligheter samt tagit fram ett digitalt verktyg som ett förslag för att lättillgängliggöra återbruk i byggprocessen. Det visade sig att det finns en viss variation på synen av återbruk och att aktörerna är i olika skeden med återbruk i deras arbete. Studien visar att återbruk är i en utveckling där ett samspel krävs från aktörer men också från den offentliga sektorn som kommuner. Att återbruka är en viktig del för att ställa om mot en positiv hållbar riktning eftersom det tillåter att omfördela våra resurser snarare än att utvinna nytt material från jorden.

Studien avser att behandla återbruk av fönster och mer specifikt återbruk av fönster i nya byggnader. Studien undersöker designprocessen kopplat till detta. Byggsektorn står för 21% av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser, vilket motsvarar 9,8 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter. En tredjedel av allt avfall som uppstår i Sverige genereras från byggsektorn, vilket är cirka 9 miljoner ton icke-farligt avfall. Det återbrukas bara en liten mängd byggprodukter, där endast är ett tiotal ton bygg- och rivningsavfall som återanvänds på återvinningscentraler i Sverige i dagsläget. I Sverige så är målet att material som ska återbrukas och återvinnas från icke-farligt bygg- och rivningsavfall ska uppgå till minst 70% år 2025. Glas är ett material som kräver hög värme för att tillverkas vilket leder till en betydande del koldioxidutsläpp. Sanden i världen håller även på att ta slut, då efterfrågan på sand har tredubblats över två årtionden. Detta leder slutligen till att undersöka återbruk av fönster och processen kring det. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur arkitektens design- och gestaltningsprocess kan utvecklas och vara flexibel vid återbruk av fönster. Målet med studien är att få fram en ökad kunskap kring ämnet och vilka utmaningar och möjligheter som finns. Studien innefattar också ett gestaltningsförslag i en fallstudie genom ett projekt. För att uppnå syftet och målet med studien besvaras följande forskningsfrågor: Vilka utmaningar och möjligheter finns kring återbruk av fönster? Hur ser ett ramverk för designprocessen ut vid återbruk av fönster? Hur kan gestaltningsprinciper vid återbruk av fönster användas för att möjliggöra en flexibel process och skapa en estetisk tilltalande slutprodukt? Metoden för studien är uppdelad i tre delar: litteraturstudie och referensprojekt, intervjustudie samt projekt. Litteraturstudien ger en vetenskaplig grund för att sedan utföra kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och sedan att testa teorierna i ett projekt. Projektet gjordes i samarbete med Liljewall Arkitekter som tillhandahöll material och råd. Slutsatserna i studien kan summeras genom att resultatet av studien ger en inblick i nuvarande utmaningar och möjligheter kopplat till återbruk av fönster. Studien visar behovet av fler genomförda exempel för att öka kunskapen kring ämnet. Den visar på potentialen och svårigheterna kring processen med återbruk av fönster. Studien förenar både teoretiska och praktiska perspektiv, till en ökad förståelse för hur man kan återbruka fönster i nya byggnader och hur man kan implementera det i designprocessen för att möjliggöra utveckling och flexibilitet. Studien bidrar till ökad kunskap kring återbruk av fönster och vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns. Projektet tillämpar även teorierna i en kontext för att ge förslag hur man kan implementera återbruk av fönster i praktiken. / The study intends to research reuse of windows and more specifically reuse of windows in new buildings. The study examines the design process linked to this. The construction sector accounts for 21% of Sweden's total emissions of greenhouse gases, which corresponds to 9,8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. One third of all waste generated in Sweden is generated from the construction sector, which is approximately 9 million tonnes of non-hazardous waste. Only a small amount of construction products is reused, with only about ten tons of construction and demolition waste being reused at recycling centres in Sweden. In Sweden, the goal is for materials to be reused and recycled from non-hazardous construction and demolition waste to amount to at least 70% by 2025. Glass is a material that requires intense heat to be manufactured, which leads to a significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Sand is also scarce worldwide, as the demand for sand has tripled over two decades. This leads to investigating reuse of windows and the process around it. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the architect's design and creation process can be developed and be flexible when reusing windows. The goal of the study is to obtain an increased knowledge of the subject and what challenges and opportunities exist. The study also consists of a design proposal in a case study. In order to achieve the purpose and goal of the study, the following research questions are answered: What challenges and opportunities exist around the reuse of windows? What does a framework for the design process look like when reusing windows? How can design principles when reusing windows be used to enable a flexibleprocess and create an aesthetically pleasing final product? The method of the study is divided into three parts: literature study and reference projects, interviews, and additionally a project/case study. The literature study provides a scientific basis to then carry out qualitative semi-structured interviews and then to test the theories in a project. The project was done in collaboration with Liljewall Arkitekter, who provided materials and advice. The conclusions of the study can be summarized by the fact that the results of the study provide an insight into current challenges and opportunities linked to the reuse of windows. The study shows the need for more completed examples to increase knowledge about the subject. It shows the potential and difficulties of the process connected to reuse of windows. The study combines both theoretical and practical perspectives, to an increased understanding of how to reuse windows in new buildings and how to implement it in the design process to enable development and flexibility. The study contributes to increased knowledge about the reuse of windows and what opportunities and challenges that exist. The case study also applies the theories in a context to provide suggestions on how to implement window reuse in practice.

This paper introduces the application UpYours as a way to investigate how the field of Interaction Design can be utilized in three ways: 1) propose a waste management solution; 2) facilitate an easier upcycling process to enhance the potential of individual upcycling; 3) raise awareness and shift consumers' perspectives about unwanted items. The design process, a modified version of the double diamond, of creating this digital prototype is used for an Interaction Design evaluation. Finding approaches for waste management is becoming increasingly important since the amount of waste generated globally has increased excessively over the past decades. Upcycling as an approach has gained recognition, as it refers to a process where materials and objects that otherwise would go to waste are transformed into new products. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate the values and incentives for people that upcycle items via do it yourself (DIY) methods. A secondary aim is to introduce a shift in how people view upcycled products, by emphasizing consumers' perspective and intention. The final design contributes to the discussion about identifying and translating abstract human values to concrete design features which are illustrated with the interactive tool UpYours. The study identified categories of values and incentives which include practicality and safety of upcycled items; the individual and social aspect of upcycling as well as the ability to upcycle; the storytelling and uniqueness of an upcycled item and lastly, the current situation and societal aim of upcycling. Finally, the findings and insights contribute to research by providing and expanding the academic understanding of consumer values and incentives of upcycled items, as a research gap has been identified.

The automotive industry is expected to transition from a net-consumer to a net-producer of aluminum scrap as aluminum-intensive vehicles (AIVs, i.e., Ford’s aluminum-bodied F-150) begin to reach end-of-life (EOL). In the past, the industry has downcycled aluminum scrap to meet the consumption demands of the automotive sector. With the shift to having a large supply of this scrap in the near future, the industry needs to recover and reuse EOL Al by utilizing a circular economic model, create value via an upcycling paradigm (vs downcycling). This work establishes a platform as to how the recycling industry can be restructured to create value in our waste streams and is organized in three segments: First, an analysis of the flow of automobiles at EOL was carried out from the perspective of recovery and reuse; a recycling rate for Al has been determined, and the factors that go into the dynamics of the recycling rate have been identified. Secondly, the current state of the market was surveyed to evaluate where improvements could be made to affect material collection and recovery. The latter led to compositional characterization of aluminum auto-shred to identify the alloys in the mixture, and thereby the needed intelligent sorting systems for upcycling. Thirdly, these results were used in a dynamic material flow model to predict how the composition of auto-shred will change due to increased aluminum usage and as a function of various end-of-life processing scenarios. The outcome and impact of this work is that we have established a platform that enables the ELV recycling industry to upcycle the large amount of Al that will be available in the near future. These results will be discussed and reviewed during this presentation.

This thesis is based on a qualitative research which followed the construction process of a self-sustaining house Earthship that is located in the larger centre of Prague. I am making use of Tim Ingold's approach of ecological anthropology which allows me to track the lines of the material flow and the exchange of materials which take place within the house and during the construction process of the Prague Earthship. Apart from humans there are other actants involved in these construction processes, that is non-human materials and elements of the natural environment which the building is an integral part of and which it is embedded in. With the help of the Ingold's concept of meshwork I interpret the Earthship as a living and dynamic organism, which is connected to its environment and which is through its becoming involved in various social processes. The materiality of the building navigates actions of its builders and residents and directs them to changing their life style and everyday practices towards more sustainable consumption.

The focus of this diploma thesis is on the consumers' motives for purchasing upcycled clothing. Based on the research of available resources, this thesis firstly describes the most expanded model of clothing production, fast fashion, with special focus on the negative environmental impacts it has during different stages of a product life cycle. It later moves on to describe the traditional and more environmentally friendly model, slow fashion, and puts both these concepts (fast fashion and slow fashion) in connection with the hierarchy of waste management and the concept of circular economy. This theoretical base helps to fully understand the concept of upcycled fashion, which is thoroughly described in a separate chapter that also includes various examples of designers who focus on fashion upcycling. The last section of the theoretical part deals with motivation and motives for purchasing clothes. The empirical part of this diploma thesis focuses on how consumers perceive upcycled fashion in order to answer the main research question: What are the consumers' motives for purchasing upcycled clothes? To answer the question, qualitative research was used, specifically semi- structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with a total of twelve shoppers who have had previous personal experience...

Die Arbeit widmet sich der Problemstellung der Substitution des Primärrohstoffes Kautschuk durch Rezyklate in Form von Gummimehl. Die für das innerbetriebliche Recycling von Kleinchargen technischer Elastomere hier eigens konzipierte und umgesetzte Warmmahltechnologie dient zur Herstellung von Gummimehlrezyklat hoher Qualität aus Lkw-Altreifen. Hinsichtlich ausgewählter Verarbeitungs- und Materialkennwerte von Mischung und Vulkanisat werden die Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Rezyklaten und die wesentlichen Einflussgrößen des den Rezyklaten zugrunde liegenden Aufbereitungsprozesses – das Kryogenmahlverfahren bzw. die neu entwickelte Warmmahltechnologie – herausgearbeitet. Abschließend erfolgt die Formulierung materialspezifischer Versagensmechanismen, die das entsprechende Aufbereitungsverfahren der Rezyklate berücksichtigen.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Technik 3 2.1 Elastomerrecycling 3 2.2 Warm- und Kaltmahlverfahren 5 2.3 Warmmahlextrusion 8 3 Zielstellung 13 4 Werkstoffmechanische Charakterisierung von Elastomeren 15 4.1 Eigenschaften von Kautschuk und Gummi 15 4.2 Mechanisches Ersatzmodell 16 4.3 Vulkanisation 20 4.3.1 Grundlagen 20 4.3.2 Vernetzungsreaktion 22 4.3.3 Konstitution der Vernetzungsstellen 23 4.3.4 Reversion und „marching modulus“ 25 4.4 Verformungsverhalten 26 4.4.1 Hyperelastizität 26 4.4.2 Hysterese 27 4.4.3 Mullins-Effekt 28 4.4.4 Payne-Effekt 29 4.4.5 Spannungsrelaxation und Spannungsretardation 30 4.5 Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.1 Temperaturabhängige Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.2 Zeitabhängige Zustandsbereiche 32 4.5.3 Zeit-Temperatur-Superposition 33 4.6 Gummireibung 35 4.7 Bruchmechanische Ansätze 38 4.7.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 38 4.7.2 Rissinitiierung und Rissausbreitung 39 4.7.3 Rissabstumpfung (Blunting) 41 4.7.4 Einfluss der Verschlaufung der Makromoleküle und der Vernetzungsdichte 46 5 Eigenschaften und Versagensverhalten von Rezyklatcompounds 49 6 Warmmahltechnologie zur Verarbeitung sortenreiner Kleinchargen 53 6.1 Neuer Warmmahlprozess 53 6.2 Verfahrensoptimierung 55 6.3 Technische Elastomere 61 6.4 Ergebnisse der Verfahrensoptimierung 63 7 Untersuchung des Werkstoffverhaltens von Rezyklatcompounds 65 7.1 Charakterisierung der Ausgangsmaterialien 65 7.2 Mischungseigenschaften und Vulkanisationsverhalten 66 7.2.1 Mischungsrezeptur und Mischungsrheologie 66 7.2.2 Flüssig-Fest-Extraktion zur Ermittlung des Sol-Anteils 68 7.2.3 Vulkanisationsverhalten 71 7.3 Vulkanisateigenschaften 72 7.4 Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten 75 7.4.1 Zugversuch nach DIN 53504 75 7.4.2 Zugversuche bei verschiedenen Dehnraten 79 7.5 Bruchflächenmorphologie 87 8 Auswertung der Untersuchungen von Rezyklatcompounds 93 8.1 Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Gummimehlrezyklat in die Kautschukmischung 93 8.2 Versagensmechanismen von Rezyklatcompounds 94 8.3 Vergleich von Rezyklatcompounds mit warm oder kryogen vermahlenem Feinmehl 97 8.4 Rückschlüsse aus der Materialcharakterisierung 99 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 101 10 Literaturverzeichnis 103 11 Anhang 107 / The work is devoted to the problem of the substitution of the primary raw material rubber by recycled materials in the form of rubber powders. For the in-plant recycling of small batches of technical elastomers an ambient grind technology was specifically designed and implemented for making rubber powders of high quality out of used truck tires. In terms of selected processing and material characteristics of the mixture and the vulcanizate the influences of the addition of recycled material and the significant factors affecting the regeneration process underlying these recyclates – the cryogenic grinding versus the new developed ambient grinding technology – were worked out. Finally, the material-specific failure mechanisms were formulated, incorporating the regeneration process of such regenerated materials.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Technik 3 2.1 Elastomerrecycling 3 2.2 Warm- und Kaltmahlverfahren 5 2.3 Warmmahlextrusion 8 3 Zielstellung 13 4 Werkstoffmechanische Charakterisierung von Elastomeren 15 4.1 Eigenschaften von Kautschuk und Gummi 15 4.2 Mechanisches Ersatzmodell 16 4.3 Vulkanisation 20 4.3.1 Grundlagen 20 4.3.2 Vernetzungsreaktion 22 4.3.3 Konstitution der Vernetzungsstellen 23 4.3.4 Reversion und „marching modulus“ 25 4.4 Verformungsverhalten 26 4.4.1 Hyperelastizität 26 4.4.2 Hysterese 27 4.4.3 Mullins-Effekt 28 4.4.4 Payne-Effekt 29 4.4.5 Spannungsrelaxation und Spannungsretardation 30 4.5 Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.1 Temperaturabhängige Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.2 Zeitabhängige Zustandsbereiche 32 4.5.3 Zeit-Temperatur-Superposition 33 4.6 Gummireibung 35 4.7 Bruchmechanische Ansätze 38 4.7.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 38 4.7.2 Rissinitiierung und Rissausbreitung 39 4.7.3 Rissabstumpfung (Blunting) 41 4.7.4 Einfluss der Verschlaufung der Makromoleküle und der Vernetzungsdichte 46 5 Eigenschaften und Versagensverhalten von Rezyklatcompounds 49 6 Warmmahltechnologie zur Verarbeitung sortenreiner Kleinchargen 53 6.1 Neuer Warmmahlprozess 53 6.2 Verfahrensoptimierung 55 6.3 Technische Elastomere 61 6.4 Ergebnisse der Verfahrensoptimierung 63 7 Untersuchung des Werkstoffverhaltens von Rezyklatcompounds 65 7.1 Charakterisierung der Ausgangsmaterialien 65 7.2 Mischungseigenschaften und Vulkanisationsverhalten 66 7.2.1 Mischungsrezeptur und Mischungsrheologie 66 7.2.2 Flüssig-Fest-Extraktion zur Ermittlung des Sol-Anteils 68 7.2.3 Vulkanisationsverhalten 71 7.3 Vulkanisateigenschaften 72 7.4 Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten 75 7.4.1 Zugversuch nach DIN 53504 75 7.4.2 Zugversuche bei verschiedenen Dehnraten 79 7.5 Bruchflächenmorphologie 87 8 Auswertung der Untersuchungen von Rezyklatcompounds 93 8.1 Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Gummimehlrezyklat in die Kautschukmischung 93 8.2 Versagensmechanismen von Rezyklatcompounds 94 8.3 Vergleich von Rezyklatcompounds mit warm oder kryogen vermahlenem Feinmehl 97 8.4 Rückschlüsse aus der Materialcharakterisierung 99 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 101 10 Literaturverzeichnis 103 11 Anhang 107

The growing concern with the environmental impacts of disposable products has placed an emphasis on ensuring the sustainability of material systems. A shift in the selection of material can decrease the negative effects of disposable products. One class of materials with good credentials is biocomposite materials, a material partly consisting of biodegradable products. In this thesis project a compression molding machine suitable for the pressing of biocomposite materials are developed for the start-up Trash to Gold. The start up is in a early process of developing compression molding machine. As of now they use a modified workshop press to test out the pressing of to-go coffee cups made out of biodegradable a biocomposite material partly consisting of coffee grounds. The current press is not optimised for their expected customer group and it is therefore appropriate to develop a new one. The aim of this thesis project is to assist Trash to Gold in their development of a compression molding machine, suitable for upcycling biodegradable waste into disposable products. The objective of this thesis project is to develop a concept of a compression molding machine that can be used to print to-go coffee cups partly made of coffee grounds. The concept to be developed will be for a press that weighs less and has smaller dimensions than the current one to suit the target group. The product development methodology of the project is based on Ulrich and Eppinger’s book ”Product Design and Development”. Some of the approaches used from book are modified for better application on the project. The project also includes digital and theoretical tools to determine if the concept can withstand the pressure generated when the machine is in use. The result of the thesis project is a concept of a compression molding machine that meet requirements given by the start up. Suitable parts for the basic structure of the compression molding machine is presented such as how the pressing function will occur and the outer frame with where the different components will sit. The resulting concept is smaller and more light weight compared to the current machine. / Den växande oron för negativa effekter engångsprodukter har på miljön har lett till ett ökat intresse att säkerställa materialsystemens hållbarhet. En förändring av materialvalet fÅNor produkterna kan minska dessa negativa effekterna. En materialklass som hade kunnat minska de negativa effekterna är biokomposita material. Biokomposit material är ett material som delvis består av biologiskt nedbrytbara produkter. I detta examensarbete utvecklas en formpressningssmaskin anpassad för formpressning av biokomposita material. Projektet görs på uppdrag av startup-företaget Trash to Gold. Företaget håller på att utveckla en formpressningsmaskin och använder just nu en modifierad verkstadspress för att testa tillverkningen av engångskaffemuggar som delvis består av kaffesump. Den nuvarande pressen är inte anpassad för den förväntade kundgruppen och det är därför l'mpligt att utveckla en ny. Syftet bakom detta examensarbete är att hjälpa Trash to Gold att utveckla en formpressningsmaskin som är anpassad för återanvändningen av bionedbrytbara restprodukter till engångsartiklar. Målet med det här examensarbetet är att utveckla ett koncept av en formpressningsmaskin som kan användas för att formpressa engångskaffemuggar delvis bestående av kaffesump. Konceptet som tas fram ska vara för en press som väger mindre och har mindre dimensioner än den nuvarande för att passa målgruppen. Arbetets produktutvecklingsmetodik är baserad på Ulrich och Eppingers (U&E) bok ”Product design and Development”. Exempel på metoder som använts är identifiering av kundbehov, produktspekification, konceptgeneration, extern- och intern undersökning samt olika poängsättningsmetoder. Arbetet omfattar också teoretiska modeller och verktyg för att räkna på konceptets hållfasthet, materialval och val av komponenter. Resultatet av examensarbetet är ett koncept för en formpressningsmaskin som uppfyller de krav som ställts av start up-företaget. Lämpliga delar för grundkonstruktionen av formpressningsmaskinen presenteras. Till dessa hör vad som ska ge upphov till pressfunktionen samt den yttre ramen där de olika komponenterna kommer att sitta. Det resulterande konceptet väger mindre och har mindre dimensioner jämfört med den nuvarande maskinen.