The purpose of this dissertation was to explore how a landscape architect may help to address environmental decay and the threat of food scarcity that are the results of rapid urban growth. For this urban renewal scheme, it is proposed that the underutilized open spaces within the city are reclaimed and interconnected in order to maximize their potential, forming a continuous landscape network. It is believed that this landscape network needs to function beyond mere beautification in order to be successful and productive. A multifunctional strategy is thus brought forward, as emphasis is placed upon providing for food security and realizing the city’s wasted resources. Along with related economic and ecological advantages, ways in which open space may be more sustainably managed are explored. Acknowledging the sheer lack of municipal funds, community involvement is believed to be the catalyst of this vision. Surrounding neighbourhoods are hence proposed to be the maintainers of their surrounding open spaces, decreasing the monetary pressures on the authorities. Emphasis is placed on ways in which communities may be incorporated through designing for flexibility, pride of ownership and sense of belonging. A new identity that ties in with the original genius of place is ultimately promoted through this meaningful utility parkland. An abandoned stretch of land along the Walker Spruit between Pretoria’s Sunnyside East and Clydesdale suburbs served as a model for testing the hypothesis of a spatially continuous, linear and productive community park. / Dissertation ML(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / Unrestricted

Le maintien de la connectivité à travers les paysages urbains, par nature très fragmentés, est un enjeu majeur de conservation de la biodiversité urbaine. On observe une prise en compte croissante de la connectivité dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire, notamment avec l’établissement de la trame verte et bleue. De multiples outils cartographiques permettent de mettre en évidence les continuités écologiques (zones de forte connectivité), mais leur validation fonctionnelle fait souvent défaut. L’objectif de cette thèse est de valider les prédictions d’un modèle de chemin de moindre coût, sur plusieurs villes et avec différents modèles biologiques. Les espèces étudiées présentent différents modes et capacités de dispersion (vol, marche, reptation) et des exigences écologiques spécifiques (préférences pour les milieux herbacés ou boisés). Des protocoles de validation basés sur l’écologie du mouvement et la génétique du paysage sont appliqués, dans un souci de réplication (au sein de plusieurs villes) et de contrôle de la variabilité inter-individuelle. Nos résultats montrent des mouvements accrus au sein des continuités écologiques comparés à ceux observés en contextes paysagers prédits comme non connectés : les hérissons transloqués s’y déplacent sur des distances plus longues, plusieurs passereaux répondent à la repasse de chant sur de plus longues distances et les papillons de nuit montrent des taux de recapture beaucoup plus élevés. Par ailleurs, les analyses indirectes réalisées sur l’escargot petit-gris montrent une relation assez faible entre la différenciation génétique des populations et les modèles de connectivité. Ce travail fournit des arguments scientifiques pour soutenir la mise en place de continuités écologiques en milieu urbain. / Maintaining connectivity across urban landscape, intrinsically fragmented, is a major issue of urban biodiversity conservation. Connectivity is increasingly taken into account by policy and stakeholders, especially through the establishment of the blue-green infrastructure. Multiple mapping tools allow to detect ecological networks (highly connected areas), however their functionnal validation is often lacking. The objective of this study is to validate least cost path analysis predictions in several cities with different biological models. Studied species vary in terms of dispersal means and capacities (flight, walk, crawling) and habitat requirement (e.g. herbaceous or forested habitats). Several protocols based on movement ecology and landscape genetic are applied, focusing on replication (within and among cities) and control of inter-individual variability. Our results indicate that movement is increased in predicted ecological networks when compared with areas predicted as poorly connected: the translocated hedgehogs travelled longer distances, several passerine responded to song playback over longer distances, and moths showed increased recapture rates. Indirect analysis on the garden snail showed a weak relation between population genetic differentiation and connectivity models. This work provides scientific support for the establishment of ecological networks in urban landscapes.

[pt] A Prefeitura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o Estado do Rio de Janeiro assinaram, no ano de 2009, um termo com o Comitê Olímpico Internacional, COI, a fim de implementar diversas alterações urbanas para que a cidade fosse nomeada sede dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. A mobilidade urbana teve uma atenção especial e foi escolhida a solução do sistema de transporte coletivo BRT para conectar grande parte da cidade nas zonas oeste, norte e leste, interligando, por outros sistemas de transportes, às zonas sul e centro. Sua implementação demandou grandes obras de infraestrutura urbana e os bairros mais impactados sofreram com demolições de prédios residenciais e comerciais, alterações e/ou retiradas de canteiros paisagísticos, desvios de ruas, travessias de pedestres distanciadas, construção de estações no meio das principais ruas e avenidas, entre outras alterações. Esta pesquisa observou as intervenções ocorridas para a implantação do BRT e analisou a paisagem urbana modificada, como foco de estudo, a consequência da intervenção do espaço pelas infraestruturas. O objetivo principal foi entender o impacto produzido pelas mudanças na paisagem urbana após a intervenção do espaço urbano, de modo a compreender como as infraestruturas afetaram a qualidade de vida dos moradores e usuários da região. A pesquisa buscou analisar as mudanças na paisagem urbana, tanto do ponto de vista estético quanto funcional, a fim de identificar os principais desafios enfrentados pela população local. Para isso, os objetivos específicos da pesquisa consistiram em identificar a mudança da paisagem urbana antes e depois da implantação da infraestrutura do BRT, e desdobraram-se em discutir os impactos da infraestrutura de mobilidade na paisagem urbana, bem como compreender os impactos das infraestruturas de mobilidade na paisagem urbana e seus efeitos no espaço urbano. A metodologia foi baseada em um estudo de caso ajustado ao trecho do sistema modal BRT da linha Transcarioca, localizado na Av. Vicente de Carvalho entre as estações de Vicente de Carvalho e Vila Kosmos, no entroncamento dos bairros de Vicente de Carvalho, Vila da Penha e Vila Kosmos, na zona norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para a análise, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica cimentada nos conceitos de infraestrutura, espaço urbano e paisagem urbana. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações assistemáticas, bem como registros fotográficos da área em estudo. Para avaliar as mudanças ocorridas, foi feita uma análise comparativa de imagens utilizando os aplicativos Google Earth e Street View, com o objetivo de perceber as transformações que ocorreram ao longo do tempo. A pesquisa permitiu afirmar que a falta de um planejamento urbano mais sensível, concomitantemente à inadequada implantação do BRT, causou alterações profundas na paisagem urbana dos bairros afetados e, portanto, na percepção e nas relações dos moradores da região com seu entorno próximo. / [en] The City Hall of the city of Rio de Janeiro and the State of Rio de Janeiro signed in 2009 a term with the International Olympic Committee, IOC, to implement several urban changes for the city to be nominated to host the 2016 Olympic Games. Urban mobility received special attention and the BRT public transportation system was chosen to connect most of the city in the West, North and East zones, interconnecting, through other transportation systems, the South and Center zones. Its implementation required major urban infrastructure works and the most affected neighborhoods suffered from the demolition of residential and commercial buildings, alterations and/or removal of landscaping, detour of streets, distanced pedestrian crossings, construction of stations in the middle of the main streets and avenues, among other changes. This research was based on the interventions that occurred for the implementation of the BRT and analyzed the modified urban landscape, as the focus of study, the consequence of the intervention of space by the infrastructure. The main objective was to understand the impact produced by the changes in the urban landscape after the intervention of urban space, to understand how the infrastructures affected the quality of life of the residents and users of the region. The research sought to analyze the changes in the urban landscape, both from an aesthetic and functional point of view, to identify the main challenges faced by the local population. To this end, the specific objectives of the research consisted in identifying the change in the urban landscape before and after the implementation of the BRT infrastructure and unfolded into discussing the impacts of mobility infrastructure on the urban landscape, as well as understanding the impacts of mobility infrastructure on the urban landscape and its effects on urban space. The methodology was based on a case study adjusted to the stretch of the BRT modal system of the Transcarioca line, located on Vicente de Carvalho Avenue between the stations of Vicente de Carvalho and Vila Kosmos, at the junction of the neighborhoods of Vicente de Carvalho, Vila da Penha and Vila Kosmos, in the northern zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro. For the analysis, a bibliographic review was carried out cemented in the concepts of infrastructure, urban space and urban landscape. In addition, semi-structured interviews and systematic observations were carried out, as well as photographic records of the area under study. To evaluate the changes that have occurred, a comparative analysis of images was made using Google Earth and Street View applications, with the objective of perceiving the transformations that have occurred over time. The research allowed us to state that the lack of a more sensitive urban planning, concomitant with the inadequate implementation of the BRT, caused profound changes in the urban landscape of the affected neighborhoods and, therefore, in the perception and relationships of the region s residents with their immediate surroundings.

Publiées dans la Collection des prospects durant la guerre d’Indépendance américaine, les vues d’optique Vuë de la Place capitale dans la Ville basse a Quebec, Vuë de la haute ville a Quebeck, Vuë de la basse Ville a Quebec vers le fleuve St-Laurent, Vuë de la rue des recolets de Quebeck et Vuë de Quebeck gravées par les Allemands Franz Xaver Habermann (1721-1796) et Balthasar Frederich Leizelt (1755-1812) entretiennent des liens ténus avec la configuration réelle de la ville de Québec qu’elles représentent. L’escamotage du paradigme documentaire dans ces images est l’enjeu principal de ce mémoire. Il permet de mettre l’accent sur les contraintes formelles découlant du dispositif optique de lecture utilisé ainsi que sur les modèles culturels concernant la perception du territoire urbain américain ayant prévalu lors de la création et de la réception des cinq vues d’optique à l’étude. L’analyse de la vision fictionnelle du paysage donnera également des indices sur les orientations idéologiques et l’imaginaire du lieu, perçu comme un ailleurs lointain, par un ensemble politique qui n’exerce pas de domination directe sur la colonie installée sur le bord du fleuve Saint-Laurent. / Published during the American Revolution in the Collection des prospects, the perspective views Vuë de la Place capitale dans la Ville basse a Quebec, Vuë de la haute ville a Quebeck, Vuë de la basse Ville a Quebec vers le fleuve St-Laurent, Vuë de la rue des recolets de Quebeck et Vuë de Quebeck were etched by the German engravers Franz Xaver Habermann (1721-1796) and Balthasar Frederich Leizelt (1755-1812). The main goal of this thesis is to show how these five images were perceived as authentic even if the urban scenery that they depict is not topographically accurate. This allows us to highlight the formal constraints stemming from the optical instruments as well as the cultural models prevailing within the dominant perception of the American urban territory at the time of their creation and reception. Analyzing the fictionality of the German engravings also yields clues into the ideological orientations and the collective discourse about Quebec, perceived as a far away land, by a political ensemble which was not exerting direct domination on the colony founded on the shores of the Saint-Lawrence river.

Ce travail de recherche en histoire de l'art a débuté par une enquête sur la série photographique Interface (2014) de l'artiste palestinien Taysir Batniji. Réalisée au Bahreïn, l'oeuvre présente une vision topographique et métaphorique des archipels axée sur la représentation d'infrastructures vernaculaires et de lieux interstitiels. Notre analyse de l'iconographie des images et de leur mode de production soutient qu'une vision critique subtile de la situation sociopolitique actuelle du Bahreïn imprègne le travail de Batniji. C'est dans cette perspective que ce mémoire s'intéresse plus généralement à la représentation photographique de l'espace limitrophe comme lieu de médiation où peuvent émerger des réflexions pertinentes sur la situation sociopolitique, économique et environnementale actuelle. Dans notre analyse de l'oeuvre d'art, la notion de médiation est centrale et intervient sous plusieurs formes. Nous l'abordons autant du point de vue de l'histoire sociale de l'art, en considérant les conditions matérielles et contextuelles de l'oeuvre, que d'un point de vue ancré dans une vision philosophique de l'objet d'art comme dispositif capable d'agir sur nos perceptions et nos attitudes. / This research in art history investigates the photographic series Interface (2014) by Palestinian artist Taysir Batniji. Photographed in Bahrain, the work presents a topographic and metaphorical vision of the archipelagos, focused on the representation of vernacular structures and interstitial sites. Our analysis of the iconographic motifs of the images and their mode of production suggests that Batniji's work presents a subtle critique of Bahrain's contemporary sociopolitical situation. The focus of this thesis is the photographic representation of bordering spaces as places of mediation through which relevant viewpoints on current sociopolitical, economic and environmental questions are set to emerge. The concept of mediation intervenes in many forms and is central to our analysis. We are borrowing from its use in social theories of art history, where material and contextual conditions are considered, as well as in various perspectives rooted in philosophy in which the artistic object functions as a device able to act upon our perceptions and our attitudes.

Le tanji est d'abord construit sur des terrains vagues, pour ensuite servir au réaménagement du territoire : il remplace brutalement le modèle de l’habitation basse. La structure urbaine existante perd ainsi l’occasion d’évoluer de façon séquentielle et logique et finit par disparaître. Développés comme outils de modernisation du logement, les tanji interrompent ainsi la modernisation de la structure urbaine.Or, cette étude essaye de réévaluer la structure urbaine des quartiers d’habitations basses et de trouver le moyen d’y intégrer le tanji. Cela suppose que ce dernier change, et ce changement a sans doute déjà commencé, car on voit apparaître de petits tanji parmi les habitations basses. L’échelle de ce nouveau modèle correspond mieux à la structure existante. Cependant, le petit tanji fonctionne lui aussi comme un système fermé, et le problème de la circulation entre les deux types de logements existants persiste. Dans un tel contexte, le golmok, une ruelle piétonne encore présente dans le tissu urbain existant, apparait comme un espace intermédiaire susceptible d’améliorer le flux urbain.Ainsi, dans la première partie, la question principale est de comprendre comment le tanji est devenu un modèle de logement représentatif de la classe moyenne. Celle-ci a quitté les quartiers d’habitations basses pour les tanji, y laissant les classes populaires et défavorisées, et causant une ségrégation sociale manifeste. Dans les quartiers d’habitations basses, faute de capital, les petites maisons particulières sont transformées illégalement en petits logements collectifs de rapport ; l’infrastructure n’y est pas non plus réaménagée. En parallèle, le modèle de l’habitation basse n'évolue pas de manière spontanée pour autant.La deuxième partie cherche à déterminer comment faire évoluer la structure urbaine et quelle est la potentialité du tissu urbain d’habitations basses face au tanji. En fait, depuis le début du 20e siècle, la modernisation du tissu urbain a été réalisée selon l’ancien modèle japonais de composition des îlots, et répond difficilement aux enjeux de la ville actuelle : les rues sont très étroites, les parcelles très réduites, et les logements petits et modestes. Il en résulte une dépréciation naturelle de leur valeur immobilière et un frein à leur évolution spontanée. Dans cet environnement, le golmok représente un espace potentiel grâce auquel ces habitations basses possèdent encore certaine valeur.Dans la troisième partie, la question est de définir si le tanji peut s’intégrer dans la structure urbaine. L’insertion de petits tanji au milieu des habitations basses présente de vraies possibilités de communiquer avec le voisinage et d’ouvrir le tanji. En fait, le grand tanji est considéré comme un plan d’urbanisme qui aménage le quartier et même la ville. Mais, le petit tanji peut devenir un simple modèle de logements, libérant les barres et les tours enfermées dans le tanji et les réintégrant dans la ville. Si, par ailleurs, le tanji ouvert bénéficie du flux des golmok, le tissu urbain évoluera vers un modèle d’îlot ouvert à la coréenne.Finalement, plus la ville est dense, plus il faut l’ouvrir. Pour une véritable urbanisation, il est nécessaire de dégager plus d’espaces intermédiaires, ce qui conduit à la problématique centrale de cette thèse : comment restructurer le tanji ? / During urbanization, it is essential to develop a model of collective housing that adapts to the urban structure. Such a model can be applied easily and abundantly, and can thus respond to population growth. However, today in Seoul one can find a refutation: a large apartment complex called tanji. Although it is a heterogeneous element in the urban structure, it is considered successful: thus it is extensively applied in the city. Despite being isolated from its neighborhood, it works by creating its own independent environment. At the perimeter of the tanji, a sudden urban discontinuity appears. Concerning the evolution of the urban structure, it is not a successful model. Moreover, it has standardized the life of the individual, making Seoul’s urban landscape monotonous.At first, the tanji is built in vacant land, and subsequently it is utilized for the redevelopment of all other problematic urban fabrics. The urban structure thus cannot evolve sequentially and logically, and finally disappears. This process is also brutal, ignoring the lives of original inhabitants. Nonetheless, this process is repeated because there is no multiple dwelling-house model that corresponds well to low-rise housing. In other words, there is no motor for the spontaneous evolution of this urban fabric. Thus, the success of the tanji is partially due to the defects of the existing urban structure. Indeed, as a tool for modernizing housing, tanjis finally interrupt the modernization of the urban structure.Thus, this study reassesses the urban structure of low dwellings, and seeks a way to integrate the tanji into this. Change is now beginning: small tanjis appear in the low-rise residential area. But since tanjis belongs to a closed system, there is no real flow between the areas: in the existing urban fabric, pedestrian alleys (golmoks) act as intermediate space.Thus, the first part asks “How can the tanji become a successful model?” As the principal housing of the middle class, it will separate them from the underprivileged, who remain in lower housing. If capital is not invested, small houses are transformed illegally into small collective housing for rent. Nor is the infrastructure being redesigned. Thus, the low dwellings cannot evolve spontaneously.The second part asks, “Is it possible to develop logically the urban structure instead of the simple replacement by tanji?” and “What is the potentiality of the urban fabric of low dwellings as an alternative to the tanji?” In fact, the modernization of the urban fabric continued throughout the 20th century, influenced by the old Japanese model for urban blocks, which cannot meet today's demands, thus causing declining real estate values. Spontaneous evolution is thus difficult, yet the golmok is a potential space that gives these low dwellings a certain value.The third part asks, “Can the tanji fit into the urban structure?” This begins with the appearance of small tanjis, so that those among lower housing can communicate better with their neighborhood. In fact, big tanjis are considered rather as town plans that develop the neighborhood and even the city. Small tanjis can become a simple type of housing, as apartment blocks enclosed in the tanji can be freed and reintegrated into the city. In addition, open tanji can bring the flow of golmoks, thus evolving toward Korean-style open blocks.Eventually, intensive urbanization requires more intermediate space. Finally, the central problem is now how to respatialize the tanji.Keywords : History and formation of city – Seoul Metropolitan – Urban morphology and urban tissue – Urban landscape – Collective housing : Tanji – Gated community – Intermediate space

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para um debate sobre a possibilidade de intervenções ou ações para a qualificação urbano-paisagístico-ambiental em áreas de fundo de vale urbanas, um tema relativamente emergente no Brasil, e de relevante interesse e importância em âmbito científico, técnico e legal. Realizada entre os anos de 2011 e 2015, a pesquisa de referência esteve alocada na área de concentração \"Paisagem e Ambiente\", dentro da linha de pesquisa \"Sistemas da Paisagem\", do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAUUSP). O objeto do estudo são as águas urbanas, definidas aqui como os corpos d\'água integrantes do meio ou da paisagem, que compõem um sistema urbano de espaços livres, e que devem ser considerados como espaços da vida cotidiana, tendo suas orlas aproveitadas para fins urbanos diversificados, e não apenas para suporte de infraestruturas como sistema viário ou drenagem. Fruto de uma relação perversa e conflitante entre a sociedade e o meio, as águas urbanas foram, e ainda vêm sendo vistas, no início deste século XXI, de forma excludente do cotidiano urbano, mesmo após a imposição de legislações específicas e de programas públicos. Os impasses para uma efetiva gestão pública dos corpos d\'água são muitos, e isso se dá principalmente devido à não existência de políticas e/ou ações integradas para sua conservação e manejo. Mesmo assim, existe uma realidade possível de ser alcançada em termos de qualificação ou requalificação das águas urbanas, principalmente em regiões densamente ocupadas, como as metrópoles brasileiras. Nesses grandes centros urbanos o desafio está na busca de um equilíbrio hídrico, cuja solução de conflitos passa obrigatoriamente pelo planejamento urbano-paisagístico-ambiental sobre o território, tanto na micro e como na macroescala, e conforme os preceitos do planejamento / arquitetura da paisagem. Para tanto, faz-se necessário, de preferência, o uso das tecnologias disponíveis, mediante o consenso entre os grupos e/ou sociedades envolvidas, enfim, através de uma agenda conjunta e continuada, que trata dos atuais conflitos, prevenindo e evitando novos conflitos e problemas. O trabalho traz como recorte a área drenada pela Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê (BHAT), uma das bacias mais complexas do País no que se refere à gestão ambiental, principalmente por decorrência das profundas alterações em suas várzeas, causadas por intervenções hidráulicas, mas também pelo modelo de urbanização adotado e pela ocupação extensiva do solo urbano. Entretanto, apesar de seus contrastes e paradoxos, a região apresenta ainda reais possibilidades de utilização de seus espaços livres na metrópole contemporânea, como meio de viabilização de uma requalificação funcional e ambiental, considerando-se, os sérios problemas decorrentes do estado atual de degradação da paisagem e do meio ambiente. Um exemplo são as várzeas da sub-região Cabeceiras, a jusante da Capital, localizada na porção leste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP): uma área bastante sensível, com grande parte de seus limites incluídos em Área de Proteção aos Mananciais (incluindo áreas destinadas à reserva de água para o abastecimento público), e com grande parte de sua várzea ainda preservada (incluindo alguns trechos com mata nativa), e que tem na ocupação urbana (vetor de crescimento), o seu principal e grande conflito. / The present thesis aims to debate the possibility of actions as well as interventions in the current Brazilian legislation policy for sustainable urban landscape planning in urban lands alongside Tietê River, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This theme, relatively emergent in Brazil, is considered of great importance in the scientific, technical, and legal contexts. This study is part of the \"Landscape System\" academic research conducted by the University of São Paulo (USP), with focus on \"Landscape and Environment\", performed by the Architecture and Urbanism Post-Baccalaureate Program from years 2011 to 2015. The main scope of this research is to consider sustainable utilization and development of open spaces alongside urban waters, focusing on multiple benefits within the urban areas, and improving population\'s quality of life. The current role played by open spaces has been mostly to support drainage and transport systems infrastructure. However, such open spaces should be considered part of everyday life, together with becoming an accessible asset to the actual population and the future generations. In spite of the development of public programs during the 21st century, in conjunction with existing legislation, urban waters have not being considered part of everyday life. The public management of urban waters lacks efficiency, especially due to the non-existence of proper policies as well as effective integrated actions for its conservation and administration. Nevertheless, it is feasible to redefine the qualification/requalification of open spaces alongside urban waters, especially in overpopulated areas, like the Brazilian metropolis. The purpose of this research is to explore the drained area by Alto Tietê River basin, one of the most complex river basins in Brazil in terms of sustainable management, particularly due to the dramatic changes in its surrounding lands caused by hydraulic interventions, unplanned urban expansion, and deficient urban model. Despite all the adversities and paradoxes, this region still remains a possible zone for urban open spaces development. This could be a way not only to improve environmental sustainability, but also to benefit the population with long term environment protection, and with the implementation of sensible public facilities. In order to achieve this new reality, an integrated approach regarding the planning, monitoring, designing, and maintaining these projects are imperative, in addition to the optimization of the proper policies.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor, entre os índices já existentes, um índice que avalie a qualidade da cobertura vegetal em relação à sua função ecológica, no meio urbano. Para a composição deste índice, compararam-se os métodos de amostragem aleatória simples e de amostragem estratificada de inventários da arborização de calçadas com o censo, com a finalidade de se escolher o melhor método de levantamento quali-quantitativo para árvores de calçada. Determinou-se o número de árvores por quilômetro, número total de árvores, Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (IDS) para árvores de calçada. Foram calculados o Índice de Espaços Livres de Uso Público (IELUP), a Porcentagem de Espaços Livres de Uso Público (PELUP), o Índice de Cobertura Vegetal em Áreas Urbanas (ICVAU) e o Índice de Verde por Habitante (IVH). Foram utilizadas planta baixa digital, fotografia aérea e videografia para mensurar as áreas ocupadas pela vegetação. A unidade de paisagem escolhida para estudo foi o bairro Santa Cecília em Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2000 a 2003. O levantamento amostral qualitativo das árvores de calçada foi feito por amostragem aleatória simples, escolhido, no trabalho, como o melhor método para inventariar árvores de rua. Considerando o ano de 2003, para a proposição do índice, os resultados obtidos foram: a) o IELUP variou de 11,42 a 41,62m2/hab (videografia); b) o PELUP variou de 1,52% a 2,89%; c) o ICVAU foi de 25,76m2 (forração + cobertura arbórea) e de 16,48 m2 (cobertura arbórea); d) o IVH foi de 101,96m2/hab (forração + cobertura arbórea) e de 65,21m2/hab (cobertura arbórea). Para a avaliação de espaços verdes urbanos foi feita discussão em função de obter-se um chamado "Índice de Qualidade do Espaço Verde Urbano" (IQEVU), particularizado para a função ecológica, então denominado "Índice de Qualidade do Espaço Verde Urbano com Função Ecológica" (IQEVUe). Os parâmetros para avaliação deste último índice foram: sombreamento, para árvores de calçadas; hidrologia, fixação de Carbono e influência de temperatura, para todos os espaços verdes. O IQEVUe mostrou-se adequado e coerente para mensurar os benefícios da vegetação em áreas urbanas, fornecendo subsídios para o planejamento e o manejo de cidades. / The aim of this work was to propose a new index, amongst other already known, that evaluates the quality of green coverage in relation to its ecological role in urban environment. To elaborate this index, simple random and stratified random sampling were compared with the census, in order to assess the best qualitative and quantitative method to do the tree inventory. A survey of sidewalk arborisation, as well as trees per kilometre, total number of trees and the Shannon Diversity Index (IDS) of sidewalk trees were evaluated. Amongst the studied indexes were the Index of Open Spaces for Public Use (IELUP), Percentage of Open Spaces for Public Use (PELUP), Index of Green Coverage for Urban Areas (ICVAU) and Index of Green per Inhabitant (IVH), by means of digital plan, aerial photography and videography for the areas covered by vegetation measurement. Santa Cecilia District in Piracicaba City, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was the object of study from 2000 to 2003. The qualitative sampling survey of trees was carried out by simple random sampling, as found to be the most adequate to survey sidewalk trees. Data obtained for 2003, the year chosen to propose the new index, were: a) IELUP varied from 11.42 to 41.62m2/inhab, using videography; b) PELUP varied from 1.52% to 2.89%; c) ICVAU was 25.76m2 (coverage + tree canopy) and 16.48m2 ( tree canopy ); d) IVH consisted of 101.96m2/hab (coverage + tree canopy) and 65.21m2/inhab (tree canopy). The index for the evaluation of green spaces, so named "Index for Quality of Green Urban Space" (IQEVU) was one of the subsidies to study and propose the "Index for Quality of Green Urban Space with Ecological Role" (IQEVUe). The parameters for evaluation of such index were the shading from sidewalk trees; hydrology, Carbon sequestration and temperature influence for all green space. In this study, the proposed IQEVUe seems to be adequate and coherent as an evaluation method for the benefits of urban vegetation, providing subsidies for the planning and management of cities.

A pesquisa desenvolve uma análise da história do espaço educacional na cidade de São Paulo, a partir de problemáticas contemporâneas que envolvem o equipamento público escolar. O objeto de estudo que mobiliza a leitura histórica é o Centro Educacional Unificado, um complexo de equipamentos educacionais, culturais e recreativos, implantados pela prefeitura de São Paulo, originalmente entre 2002-2004, nos bairros periféricos que apresentavam carência de equipamentos sociais, espaços públicos e infraestrutura urbana. O ceu foi aclamado por seus idealizadores e pela mídia especializada, como um equipamento indutor de urbanidade. Uma vez que a multiplicidade de suas funções se organiza na criação de um espaço público diferenciado, que remete à cidade formal, atendendo tanto ao público escolar quanto à comunidade local. A partir dessa interpretação, o conjunto arquitetônico resultante ofereceria serviços de qualidade e vivências do espaço urbano que contribuiriam para a expansão das perspectivas da educação para a cultura, os esportes e a recreação. A análise detalhada desse exemplo levou à compreensão de que o ceu poderia ser lido a partir de três eixos temáticos, os quais consequentemente orientariam a análise histórica: a escola era ao mesmo tempo uma política pública, uma tipologia arquitetônica e uma intervenção urbana. É a partir dessa estrutura analítica que se buscou compreender como o equipamento educacional chegou historicamente a essa proposta multifacetada que, ao condominializar uma série de equipamentos tradicionalmente distribuídos pela cidade, equaliza a oferta de serviços a populações carentes, mas tensiona as relações entre a escola e cidade. A produção de equipamentos públicos educacionais é estudada desde 1935, a partir da criação do Departamento de Cultura e dos Parques Infantis instalados nos bairros operários, chegando até os dias atuais, com 45 ceus em funcionamento na periferia de São Paulo. / This research develops an analysis on the history of educational spaces in São Paulo, based on contemporary issues involving public school facilities. The case study that leads the historical approach is the Centro Educacional Unificado (ceu, Unified Educational Center) a complex of educational, cultural and recreational institutions, deployed by the city of São Paulo, originally between 2002-2004, in the low-income areas that showed a lack of social facilities, public spaces and urban infrastructure. ceus were hailed by their developers and specialized media as urbanity inductors. The multiplicity of their functions were organized by creating a distinctive public space which refered to the formal city, serving both the public and the local school community., Thus the resulting architectural ensemble would offer quality services and experiences of urban space that would contribute to the expansion of the perspective of education for culture, sports and recreation. A detailed analysis of this example led to the understanding that the ceu could be read from three points of view, which organize the historical analysis: the school was at the same time a public policy, an architectural typology and an urban intervention. Studying that analytical framework, this work sought the understanding on how the regular public schools ended up becoming this multi -proposal facility which groups a series of institutions that were traditionally distributed through the city, equalizing the provision of services to underserved populations, , however stresses the relation between the school and the city. The production of public education facilities is studied from 1935 - with the development of the Department of Culture, that installed playgrounds in working class neighborhoods - to the present day, when 45 ceus are in operation in the periphery of São Paulo.

Esta pesquisa busca uma interface entre os projetos de saneamento básico que implementam obras de abastecimento de água, esgoto e drenagem de águas urbanas em bairros da periferia de São Paulo, com o campo conceitual e propositivo do estudo da Paisagem urbana, não apenas considerando as configurações espaciais como também a percepção dos sentimentos manifestos pelos sujeitos moradores, através da memória, da afetividade e do pertencimento ao respectivo bairro de moradia. Partindo da capacidade dos projetos de saneamento de qualificarem ambientalmente áreas degradadas, foi estruturada uma pesquisa que evidenciasse a relação dos moradores com o ressurgimento de elementos da relação cidade e natureza. Fica demonstrada a capacidade dos Espaços Livres Públicos, remanescentes ou criados pelos projetos de saneamento urbano, de favorecerem essa mediação entre os processos antrópicos, os culturais e os biofísicos naturais, sustentando a formação e a qualificação da paisagem urbana nas periferias das grandes cidades. Ao considerar o pressuposto de que a percepção da paisagem tem a ver com o sujeito e com seu modo de estar no mundo, os estudos de campo foram orientados por uma pesquisa qualitativa, relacionada a observações da dinâmica local; percebendo, caminhando ou fotografando fenômenos correlatos, proporcionando uma convivência com o cotidiano do bairro. Na abertura de diálogos e discernimento de revelações de seus moradores, crianças e adultos, evidenciaram-se atitudes compassivas com a degradação ambiental, as quais demonstraram a necessidade de uma abordagem pedagógica sensível, que transmita informações claras e objetivas acerca dos limites da relação, no meio urbano,entre homem e natureza. Os resultados da qualificação ambiental dos projetos de saneamento básico, associados a práticas educativas de percepção da Paisagem do bairro, favoreceram a necessária visão intersubjetiva da relação entre morador e cidade. / This research presents an interface between basic sanitation projects that implement water supply works, sewage and drainage urban water in neighborhoods on the outskirts of São Paulo, considering the conceptual and propositional framework of urban landscape; not only the spatial configuration as well as the residents\' feelings perception through their memory, affection and belonging to their housing neighborhood. Based on the capability of sanitation projects in qualify environmentally degraded areas, the research demonstrated the residents relationship with the resurgence of elements of the city-nature connection. This indicates the ability of the Public Open Spaces, remaining or created by urban sanitation projects, in facilitating the mediation between human, cultural and biophysical processes; supporting the conformation and qualification of the urban landscape on the outskirts of large cities. Considering the assumption that the landscape perception is related with the subject and their way of being in the world, field surveys were guided by a qualitative research associated to observations of the local dynamics; seeing, walking or shooting related phenomena, providing a local everyday familiarity. The disclosure of residents\' dialogues and discernment from children and adults set fourth that compassionate attitudes to environmental degradation; which evidence the need for significant pedagogical approach, to convey clear and objective information about the limits of human-nature relationship in urban environments.. The results of the environmental qualification of sanitation projects related to educational practices of local landscape perception fomented the inter-subjective view of the residents-city relationship.