[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa relativa ao tema da mobilidade urbana sustentável, mais especificamente o uso da bicicleta como um meio de transporte urbano. Para esta pesquisa, levantou-se a evolução da tecnologia ao longo dos séculos em especial o desenvolvimento da indústria automobilística no período pós-guerra e identificou-se os principais impactos no território da cidade e seus reflexos nas dinâmicas sociais contemporâneas. A partir disto, foi traçado um panorama dos benefícios da bicicleta como um meio de transporte urbano através de quatro estudos de caso pelo mundo, cada um com suas particularidades: Nova Iorque, Londres, Bogotá e Copenhague. A partir destes exemplos destacaram-se alguns dos principais fatores que influenciam no potencial que uma cidade possui para a utilização da bicicleta como um meio de transporte urbano. Baseado nestes fatores traçou-se um estudo comparativo do Rio de Janeiro dentro de sete categorias de análises distintas: a taxa de motorização; o clima; a segurança e qualidade da malha cicloviária; a integração com outros meios de transporte; as distâncias a serem percorridas; o relevo e a forma urbana; e as políticas de incentivo. / [en] This paper presents a study related to the theme of sustainable urban mobility with a focus on the factors that contribute to the development of a city s potential in regards to the use of the bicycle as a means of urban transportation. For this study, changes in technology over the past centuries, in particular the development of the automobile industry in the postwar period, were examined and main impacts on the city and their reflections in contemporary social dynamics were identified. Based on this, an overview of the benefits of the bicycle as a means of urban transportation was defined employing four case studies from around the world, each with its own peculiarities: New York, London, Bogota and Copenhagen. From these examples, several key factors that influence a city s potential for the use of the bicycles as a means of urban transportation were extracted. Using these factors as a foundation, a comparative study of Rio de Janeiro was performed employing seven different categories of analysis such as: the rate of motorization; the weather; the safety and quality of bicycle paths; integration with other means of transportation; the distances to be traveled; terrain and the urban form; and incentive policies. The impact of the rate of change on the social environment, coupled with the territorial impact of transportation infrastructure, has been gradually reducing, fragmenting and marginalizing the behavior and available space for the pedestrian. As a general consequence, statistics and studies tend to disregard non-motorized transportation as a part of the overall system. This contributed greatly, as pointed out by GRAHAM and MARVIN (2001), to the social drain in transportation planning which initiated in the 1970s. Thus, it is possible to state that the way we commute in a city directly influences not only our perception of the area, but also the way we interact socially. This assumption reinforces the centrality of mobility as a fundamental aspect of a healthy urban environment. The individual who rides in a car does not perceive the important aspects of the urban environment. The car distances the individual from the surroundings and creates a controlled and isolated environment for the passengers. Aspects that define the ambiance of a city such as temperature, sounds, smells and urban textures, go unnoticed when commuting within isolated environments. The same applies to subways, trains and buses, whereas just the opposite occurs when we commute on foot or bicycle. Consequently, the reduction of public space is directly related to the process of technological acceleration, which occurred mainly during the twentieth century, but that began a few years earlier at around 1870. Accordingly, a paradigm shift in transportation planning has become essential. Access to diverse means of transportation, including the bicycle, needs to be promoted. In this context, the use of the bicycle, as a more efficient and affordable means of transportation, has been gaining more importance in urban centers by being able to serve as a complementary infrastructure to the existing mobility network and increasing the penetration in the territory. In addition, the bicycle is an inclusive means of transportation, when we take into account the low investment and maintenance costs, making it widely affordable and highly efficient. However, when analyzing the need of a transportation policy focused on sustainability, we realize that the use of the bicycle as a means of effective transportation has been lacking over the years in Brazil. This discernment becomes clearer when we analyze some of the European cities where bicycle use was amplified and maintained, both on the local and national level, through deliberate action. Although enormous potential to increase bicycle use in the city of Rio de Janeiro does exists, this can only be achieved through the development of a coherent approach. If we take the other main metropolitan regions into consideration, the Greater Rio area has the sixth largest motorization rate in the country following Curitiba, São Paulo, Distrito Federal (DF), Porto Alegre and Belo Horizonte. This is extremely significant. Not surprisingly, the motorization rates of London, Copenhagen and New York are also below their national average. In other words, a motorization rate below the national average could represent potential for the bicycle as a means of urban transportation. Another important factor, the weather, was considered. However, periodic data from cyclists in Rio de Janeiro does not exist making it difficult to assess any variations. In general, for the most part of the year, the weather for biking in the city of Rio de Janeiro is usually favorable. Nonetheless, the summer months are extremely hot and humid. Still, a policy that encourages companies to build changing rooms for employees could be an important incentive for the use of bicycles in the city, even during the hottest times. As previously mentioned, the quality and efficiency of a biking infrastructure is not measured by its length. For example, the extension of the existing network in Rio de Janeiro is comparable to Bogota and Copenhagen; however, its efficiency falls short of the above-mentioned examples. In addition, a relationship does exists between the number of cyclists and the implementation of measures that control traffic speed and prioritize safe, fast, and comfortable access, while at the same time, respect the rights of the cyclists. In Rio de Janeiro, the current infrastructure for cyclists is confusing and inconsistent, ranging from excellent bicycle paths, which serve mainly for cycling as a leisure activity, to precarious pathways that put the riders safety at risk. This in turn generates distrust in regards to the infrastructure and the general functioning of the cycling grid. The bicycle paths around the Lagoon and along the edge of the South Zone are the best examples of well-marked and maintained bicycle paths, while the cycling infrastructure of Botafogo, for example, is confusing, discontinuous and deprived of maintenance. The possibility of using the bicycle in combination with other means of transportation greatly enhances the rider s reach. In Rio de Janeiro, this is still an aspect that is underdeveloped. The bike-sharing system, located almost exclusively in the south zone of the city, has been making strides but still has its glitches. In addition, the use of the bicycles during the week is only permitted up to 21:00, while the use on weekends and holidays has no restrictions. This reinforces the stance of the City Hall and the concessionaires that the bicycle is used more for leisure rather than transportation. From the cyclist s point of view, the distances in Rio de Janeiro are generally shortened. However, the high temperatures during the summer months can reduce these distances to a range of 2 km and 8 km, but the bicycle, as compared to other modes of transportation, can serve as means of transport for shorter trips. In addition to these and other factors, Rio de Janeiro has one crucial factor that stands in the way of implementing an efficient cycling grid: the urban form of the city that is often determined by its terrain. This directly influences the street layout of the city, creating difficult constrictions, as for example, in the case of Botafogo. Aspects involving public policy, regulatory bodies and public awareness also have an impact on urban cycling indices. Municipal Law No. 4,678, which encourages the use of bicycles as a form of urban transportation, establishes overall objectives by compiling a series of good ideas, but lacks solid guidelines regarding the measures to be taken to ensure its execution. Bicycle use incentive policies should be based on studies and technical reports that can quantify the benefits of cycling as a means of urban transportation so that the results of implemented projects can be evaluated and measured. The analysis and monitoring must be executed on a regular basis in order to build a reliable database to assist in decision making. Setting of numerical goals and evaluation of project results was extremely effective in the cases presented. Despite the potential of the city, the reduced quantity of data available to serve as a basis makes the analysis of any future project very difficult. Unlike what takes place in Copenhagen, London, New York and Bogota, this lack of data makes it very difficult to understand the present situation and to prepare a strategic plan based on numerical targets. For example, the government of the city of Rio de Janeiro has few channels for the observation and monitoring of data on non-motorized transportation. This makes it difficult to establish goals and deadlines for improving the infrastructure. We are aware of the problem but do not know the exact cause. We must invest in research and diagnostic tools that allow, over time, for the consolidation of a database that is reliable and easy to access. There is insufficient research and data on traffic accidents involving cyclists and on the economic impacts of the industry that revolves around the bicycle. There is a lack of cyclists associations and an absence of specialized research institutes and transportation department data that effectively considers the bicycle as a means of transportation. Planning, implementation and evaluation of results is crucial in order to progress in the construction of bicycle paths and to encourage cycling as a means of transportation. However, this is a challenge in the city of Rio de Janeiro, mainly due to the lack of collection and systematization of data collected. The potential to transform the city through the use of the bicycle as a means of transportation does exists, but is not taken advantage of.

[pt] A descentralização é vista como uma das possíveis formas de melhorar a provisão do serviço público. Todavia, os resultados de uma descentralização dependem do contexto local e da forma de implementação. Esta pesquisa investiga um programa que promove a autonomia escolar no Brasil. O Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola recursos a serem administrados pela escola tendo em vista a melhoria da infraestrutura escolar e o aumento da participação da comunidade na escola. Os recursos são administrados pelo conselho escolar constituído por membros da comunidade. Considerando regras não-lineares deste programa, explora-se dois diferentes aspectos deste programa em duas amostras diferentes de escolas. A principal contribuição deste estudo é separar o efeito de introduzir o conselho escolar na administração dos recursos do efeito de mais recursos. Esta análise é realizada para escolas pequenas em ambiente rural. Os resultados apontam que a administração dos recursos pelo conselho escolar melhora a infraestrutura da escola e também eleva o desempenho escolar. Também explora-se como o contexto local afeta este resultado. Apesar da melhoria em infraestrutura ser generalizada entre as escolas, o aumento do desempenho dos alunos só ocorreu em escolas localizadas em comunidades mais escolarizadas. A outra contribuição relevante desta pesquisa é a investigação do efeito de mais recursos em escolas urbanas. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento de recursos administrados pelo conselho escolar não elevam a participação dos pais na escola. Todavia, estes recursos extras contribuem para uma melhoria dos equipamentos existentes na escola. Tais recursos são investidos mais em equipamentos do que em infraestrutura física. Também o contexto local afeta este resultado. Quanto maior a educação da mãe e o engajamento prévio da comunidade, maiores são as melhorias que beneficiam diretamente o aluno. / [en] Decentralization to lower levels of government is considered to improve public service provision. Nonetheless, decentralization outcomes are context and design dependent. This research investigates a school decentralization program that devolves authority to the school level in Brazil. The Direct Cash to School Program transfers cash direct to school management in order to improve school infrastructure and to increase community participation at school. The autonomous budget is managed by a school council constituted with community members. Considering non-linear rules in the Direct Cash to School Program, we explore two different aspects of this program within different school samples. Our main contribution is to disentangle the effects of having a school council to manage autonomous resources from the effects of additional funding. This analysis is essentially limited to small rural schools and our findings indicate that school council resource management improve school infrastructure and slightly enhance student performance. We also explore how local community educational level affects this result. Although infrastructure upgrading was generalized, investments directly benefiting students and improvement on student performance were restricted to schools with more educated community. The other relevant contribution is the investigation of whether additional locally managed resources improve school quality in an urban setting. Our findings suggest that increasing the resources under school council control do not increase overall parent participation at school. We also obtained that additional resources improve school equipment quality instead of physical infrastructure. In addition, we also consider how different local characteristics affect these outcomes. The higher the mothers education and the higher the community engagement at school, the greater the investment that directly benefit the students.

[pt] O que significa estar entre arquitetura e infraestrutura? Esta dissertação busca interrogar os limites e localizar algumas fronteiras entre essas categorias, a partir da análise de projetos que parecem não pertencer exclusivamente ao universo de uma ou de outra. O trabalho irá apontar as bases em que, tradicionalmente, arquitetura e infraestrutura se definem, a fim de, estabelecidas suas bordas, observar deslocamentos. O ambiente crítico dos anos 1960 é o cenário no qual os limites da arquitetura parece tornarem-se difusos, evidenciado pelo surgimento de práticas que ampliam seu campo, incorporando a infraestrutura em sua esfera de trabalho. O recorte dos projetos aqui debatidos leva em conta a ideia de reivindicarem a transversalidade desses campos, especificamente buscando redefinir o solo enquanto arquitetura. O fato de que tenham sido desenvolvidos por arquitetos brasileiros, no contexto da segunda metade do século XX, é um indício tanto da ressonância desta revisão crítica da disciplina no cenário nacional, quanto do papel efetivo da arquitetura brasileira nesta inflexão. O projeto da Plataforma Rodoviária de Brasília (1957-60), concebido por Lucio Costa, será examinado a fundo, por sintetizar o enlaçamento entre arquitetura e infraestrutura, responsabilizando-se pelas operações de desenho do terreno onde esse projeto veio a se implantar, e pela fusão dos elementos construtivos que ali se sobrepuseram. / [en] What does it mean to be between architecture and infrastructure? This dissertation seeks to question the limits and find some boundaries between these categories based on project analysis that seem not to belong exclusively to the universe of one or the other. This work will point out the basis on which traditional architecture and infrastructure are defined, in order to, when their edges are established, displacements can be observed. The critical setting lived in 1960 is the scenario which architecture limits seem to become pervasive, not only by the emergence of practices that extend architectures field, but also incorporating the infrastructure in its sphere of work. Part of the projects discussed here take into account the fact that there is a transversality claim in these fields, specifically the one seeking to redefine the ground as architecture. The fact that they were developed by Brazilian architects in the context of the second half of the twentieth century, this is an indication of both, the resonance of this critical discipline review on the national scene, and the effective role of Brazilian architecture in this inflection. Brasilia s central platform (1957-60) by Lucio Costa will be examined thoroughly as it summarises the connection between architecture and infrastructure, being responsible not only for the land drawing operations, where it was implemented but also for the merging of the constructive elements which have overlapped.

[pt] A pesquisa analisa a questão do planejamento do transporte público no plano de mobilidade urbana em casos de municípios com população entre 100.001 e 500 mil hab. O estudo de caso desta pesquisa é o município de Petrópolis, com população de 295.917 habitantes, sendo 60.633 habitantes no centro. Investiga-se a criação do pré-metrô, desenvolvido na Bélgica, em parceria com a União Internacional de Transporte Público – UITP, em 1975, implantado e utilizado no projeto do Metrô Rio, em 1977, como sistema alternativo preliminar à implantação do sistema definitivo da Linha 2, mais tarde substituído pelos carros do Metrô Rio, ampliando o sistema de média para alta capacidade. São apresentados critérios para planejamento, projeto e implantação do pré-metrô, com base na metodologia de planejamento integrado de transportes (PIT), desenvolvida sob princípios de equilíbrio social, urbano e ambiental, econômico e técnico-operacional. Esse método sistêmico considera o usuário como parte integrante da solução e propõe o planejamento do transporte com horizonte de longo prazo. À luz dos critérios propostos, o estudo no município de Petrópolis avalia cenários possíveis e soluções ao crescimento da cidade. / [en] This paper discusses modal division strategies adopted by cities with low levels of environmental footprint that are based on sustainable principles. Modal division, characterizes the proportion of total trips captured by each available modal transport alternative and it should be integrated in a strategic systemic vision defined by the municipality such that people s mobility and accessibility is optimized. The lack of modals has to be considered from building sidewalks and bikelanes, concerned how mature the accessibility is, to high capacity infrastructures transportation such as rapid trains or airplanes. The CO2 emissions ought to be taken into consideration so that the city is framed in the World Ranking of cleanest cities with the smallest possible environmental footprint, contributing to the sustainability of the planet. The Light Rail Vehicle, can carry between 9 000 and 30 000 passengers / hour / direction and move as trolleybus in the city with the advantages of coupling 2 to 4 cars simultaneously. The Light Rail Vehicle, also called the VLT uses electric traction and is considered 100 percent clean. This feature brings VLT to a higher position than Bus Rapid Transit - BRT modal and all bus systems that use fossil fuels as an energy source, and does not need to occupy exclusive track for its circulation. The discussion arises in the context of an urban space classified as a compact city.

[pt] A necessidade em alcançar projetos cada vez mais eficientes e com impactos reduzidos tem encorajado a indústria AEC (Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção) a desenvolver novas metodologias para a obtenção de projetos mais eficientes, resultem em menos impactos econômicos, ambientais e sociais. É nesse contexto que a metodologia BIM vem para proporcionar ambientes mais colaborativos, dinâmicos e que obtenha como resultado um projeto mais eficiente e viável. Diante disso, o presente trabalho propõe um novo fluxo de trabalho através de um mapa de processos (IDM-Information Delivery Manual), para a elaboração de projetos de infraestrutura, especialmente pontes e viadutos, que ajude a melhorar a longevidade dessas estruturas e dessa forma também ajude a diminuir os impactos ambientais provenientes da substituição das mesmas. Para ilustrar o processo proposto no IDM, foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma ponte localizada em Porto Seguro/BA, na qual foram criados cenários, cada um com sua especificação de projeto e a partir disso foram feitas previsões no tempo em que se inicia a corrosão assim como custos associados a melhorias nas especificações de projeto. Além disso, foram mensurados os impactos decorrentes de uma interdição da ponte ocasionados pela sua degradação precoce. Dessa forma, foi possível realizar um estudo comparativo e de viabilidade para uma melhor tomada de decisões referentes às especificações de projeto consideradas, incluído dentro do mapa de processo proposto, sendo possível uma análise integrada de todas as equipes envolvidas em relação às especificações do projeto. / [en] In need to achieve increasingly efficient projects with reduced impacts has encouraged the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry to develop new methodologies for obtaining more sustainable projects, resulting in less economic, environmental and social impacts. In this context that the BIM methodology comes to provide more collaborative, dynamic environments and that results in a more efficient and viable projects. Therefore, this work proposes a new workflow through an IDM (Information Delivery Manual), for the elaboration of infrastructure projects, especially bridges, which guarantee longevity of the structure and thus also guaranteeing the sustainability issue. For this, a case study was carried out on a bridge located in Porto Seguro/BA in which scenarios were created, each with its project specifications and from that predictions were made in the time when corrosion starts as well as costs. In addition, the impacts resulting from an interdiction of the bridge caused by its early degradation were measured. In this way, it was possible to carry out a comparative and feasibility study for better decision making regarding the project specifications considered.

[pt] Neste trabalho, estudo o papel dos bancos públicos na implementação de Programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda (CCTs). Usando um modelo de entrada com firmas heterogêneas inspirado em Bresnahan e Reiss (1991), consigo determinar como o programa Bolsa Família no Brasil impacta as decisões da Caixa Econômica Federal e de outros bancos de forma diferente. Também avalio se os beneficiários do programa têm acesso efetivo ao Bolsa Família quando não há instituição financeira em seu município. Explorando variação na cobertura bancária após uma resolução do Banco Central, também encontro que menos benefícios são retirados em municípios sem banco, causando cancelamentos involuntários do programa. Os resultados sugerem que cobertura bancária é um aspecto relevante na implementação de políticas de transferência de renda e que bancos públicos podem ser eficazes na melhoria simultânea do acesso às políticas públicas e a serviços financeiros. / [en] In this work, I study public banks role in implementing Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs). Using an entry model with heterogeneous firms inspired by Bresnahan and Reiss (1991), I can determine how the Bolsa Família program in Brazil impacts Caixa Econômica Federal and other bank s decisions differently. I also evaluate whether beneficiaries are able to effectively access the Bolsa Família program when there is no financial institution in their municipality. Exploiting variation in bank coverage following a Central Bank resolution, I also find that fewer benefits are withdrawn in municipalities without a bank, causing involuntary cancellations of the program. The results suggest that bank coverage is a relevant aspect of the implementation of cash transfer policies and that public banks can be effective in simultaneously improving access to public policies and financial services.

[pt] A dissertação tem por objetivo utilizar os conceitos da infraestrutura verde – tida como o estado da arte do planejamento ecológico da paisagem – como instrumento ao planejamento urbano sustentável. A teoria da infraestrutura verde defende o argumento de que a conservação, restauração e manutenção do funcionamento dos sistemas naturais não apenas protegem os valores e as funções ecológicas, mas também promovem diversos benefícios econômicos, sociais e culturais. Primeiramente, analisa a evolução do pensamento ambiental e a forma como ele foi sendo incorporado ao planejamento da paisagem, até chegar à infraestrutura verde. Em seguida, aborda o tema da infraestrutura verde, expondo seus princípios, funções, benefícios e aplicações. Por fim, aplica seus conceitos e métodos na elaboração de um Plano Básico de Ocupação para uma área específica do município de Nova Friburgo (RJ): a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas, cuja escolha teve por motivação as trágicas consequências decorrentes das intensas chuvas de janeiro de 2011 na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que representaram um exemplo importante de como desastres naturais tomam proporções maiores devido à falta de planejamento e aos erros das ocupações humanas, muitas vezes situadas em áreas indevidas e suscetíveis a riscos. A aplicação do estudo de caso na Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D’Antas tem por objetivo demonstrar a importância da compreensão dos processos ecológicos da paisagem para o planejamento das ocupações humanas. Parte-se do princípio de que entendendo-se o funcionamento dos sistemas naturais, consegue-se direcionar a ocupação com muito mais segurança. O planejamento da rede de infraestrutura verde para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas se dá a partir do mapeamento do suporte biofísico natural, com a identificação das áreas importantes ao funcionamento dos processos naturais da paisagem, classificadas como prioritárias à preservação e como elementos fundamentais à rede. Simultaneamente à identificação das áreas que deverão integrar a rede de infraestrutura verde, é feito o direcionamento da ocupação urbana, a partir da definição das áreas propícias à ocupação. Assim, a dissertação apresenta uma proposta metodológica de análise da paisagem para o planejamento da ocupação urbana, baseada nos conceitos da infraestrutura verde e alcançando como resultado final um Plano Básico de Ocupação para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas. / [en] This dissertation examines the concepts of green infrastructure – taken as the state of the art in ecological landscape planning – as instruments for sustainable urban planning. The theory of green infrastructure holds that conservation, restoration and maintenance of the functioning of natural systems not only protect ecological values and functions, they also promote many economic, social and cultural benefits. Green infrastructure is a new expression, first used in Florida (USA) in 1994 in a report directed to the American government on strategies to preserve the environment, with the intention of reflecting the notion that natural systems are just as or even more important than the components of conventional (gray) infrastructure to the functioning and development of a community. However, although the expression green infrastructure is relatively new, its concept is not, because it is based on studies of landscape design and the interactions between man and nature dating back more than 150 years. In summary, green infrastructure is a response to the new paradigm of sustainable urbanization, based on the promotion of ecological services and natural landscaping in constructed environments, to enable urban development in harmony with environmental and socio-cultural concerns. Among the possible applications of green infrastructure is the planning of a green infrastructure network in broader scales (municipal, state, regional or even national), based on protection and rehabilitation of natural areas that are interconnected, to promote natural ecological processes. Green infrastructure should be designed so that an area s natural ecological patterns are replicated and appropriate starting and ending points are provided for the connections of the landscape. In short, the green infrastructure network connects ecosystems and landscapes in a system composed of hubs and links, which vary in size, function and domain. The hubs are the origin or destination of the animals, people and ecological processes that move through the system, functioning as anchor spaces of the network, while the links interconnect the system, functioning as ecological corridors, which are fundamental for the maintenance of ecological processes. Planning a green infrastructure network implies defining which areas will integrate the system and what their functions will be in the network. This definition is intrinsically related to the definition of the land use and occupation, since incompatible uses can compromise the network s functioning. Defining the areas that will be included in the network also entails choosing which areas must be protected and hence not occupied. Therefore, planning a green infrastructure network results, among other outcomes, in the definition of land use and is a useful planning too for sustainable urban planning. The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the planning of a green infrastructure network can be an effective instrument not only for sustainable urban planning, but also can reduce the risks to the population by preventing tragedies from natural disasters, besides favoring enhanced natural landscapes and preservation of the environment. This dissertation is divided into five chapters, as follows: The first, the introduction, briefly sets the context of the worsening urban problems and the negative impacts generated by cities, such as the occurrence of increasingly frequent extreme natural events (floods, heat and cold waves, strong hurricanes, blizzards, landslides and droughts) and the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity, with the consequent loss of ecological benefits, and touches on the urgent need for solutions that seek to conciliate urban development with the environment. The second chapter, Green infrastructure, summarizes the theoretical framework underpinning the dissertation s theme. It first provides a brief retrospective of the concepts and practices that served as the base for developing the idea of green infrastructure and then presents its definition, principles, functions, benefits and applications, focusing on the green infrastructure construct as an instrument for land occupation planning. The main academic work utilized in examining the theme was the book Green Infrastructure – Linking Landscapes and Communities, by Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. McMahon, published in 2006, from where the concepts, principles and applications presented in this paper were drawn. Mark A. Benedict is recognized as the main proponent of green infrastructure in the United States. He founded the Conservation Fund s Green Infrastructure Program and helped develop the Fund s tools and training programs to support planning of development so as to preserve green spaces. The third chapter, Green infrastructure applied to urban occupation in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, brings an application of the concepts and methods of green infrastructure to the formulation of a Basic Occupation Plan for a specific area in the municipality of Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro state): The D Antas Stream Environmental Basin. This basin covers an area of 5,820 hectares and is under pressure from urban expansion but is still suitable for planned occupation. It is also one of the areas that were hard hit by the tragic landslides and flooding in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro in January 2011 (the main reason for choosing it as a case study). As such, it serves as an example of how errors of urbanization and lack of proper land use planning aggravate the consequences of natural disasters. The case study of the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin aims to demonstrate the importance of understanding the ecological processes of the landscape for planning human activities. A first important step in planning occupation is to identify the areas that should not be occupied, and the basis of this is understanding the landscape as a network of ecological processes that are reflected in the structure of this landscape, defined as type of snapshot of the distribution of matter and energy according to the ecological processes at a determined point in time. The underlying principle is that comprehending the functioning of natural systems permits more secure direction of land occupation. The definition of the Basic Occupation Plan for the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin is based on the planning of a green infrastructure network. The methodology indicated which areas are most important to the maintenance of environmental functions and should thus be protected by restricting occupation. This restriction was defined mainly by selecting the biophysical indicator parameters (terrain, hydrology and plant cover), with the objective of characterizing the natural landscape – the main conditioner of the Plan. These restrictions are presented and analyzed in maps. The factors restricting occupation are divided into two general themes: physical restrictions and biological restrictions. The presence of Permanent Protection Areas was also a parameter restricting occupation, because besides being required by law, these areas are coherent with the preservation of natural systems due to their varied environmental functions. The next step was to define the areas favorable and unfavorable for occupation in light of the restrictions established, resulting in a map of the study area with classification into three categories: areas fully suitable for occupation, areas suitable for low occupation, and areas unsuitable for any occupation. This classification relied on the results of the diagnostic step and provided the bases for defining the green infrastructure network of D Anta Stream Environmental Basin. These last areas, considered as having priority for protection, restoration or reclamation, must compose the network, even over the long term, exercising the function of hubs or links. Development of the methodology applied to D Antas Stream Environmental Basin used as references the publications Espaços Livres: sistema e projeto territorial, by the architect and urbanist Raquel Tardin (2008), and Planejamento Ambiental: teoria e prática, by the biologist Rozely Ferreira dos Santos (2004). The fourth chapter, Green infrastructure types for the local scale, brings suggestions for multifunctional types of green infrastructure that can be applied at the local level, a scale that was not directly addressed in the case study proposal, but that is considered just as important as the planning scale of the green infrastructure network. The fifth and concluding chapter presents a summary of the main findings and evidence obtained during the work and also contains some recommendations. To recapitulate, this dissertation presents a methodological proposal for analysis of the landscape for urban occupation planning, based on the concepts of green infrastructure, with the final result being a Basic Occupation Plan for the D Anta Stream Environmental Basin.

[pt] A presente tese de doutorado versa sobre perspectivas infra-estruturais e afetivas da integração de pessoas venezuelanas LGBTI+ na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para essa finalidade, recorre à literatura sobre migração, gênero e sexualidade; a relatórios e documentos de Organizações Não-governamentais, Organizações Internacionais, e a entrevistas semi-estruturadas com oito pessoas migrantes venezuelanas LGBTI+, tendo o objetivo de abordar dimensões variadas da integração, palavra que merece olhares críticos a partir da percepção de que gênero e sexualidade perpassam a infra-estrutura migratória, mesmo em se tratando da cis-heterossexualidade, desde a decisão de migrar até a (longa e contínua) chegada no local de destino. O deslocamento de pessoas venezuelanas para o Brasil, assim como a intensificação de fluxos de pessoas de outras nacionalidades buscando refúgio em território brasileiro na década de 2010, vem levantando a necessidade de revisões de políticas migratórias nos níveis federal e local que, embora tenham recentemente se multiplicado, requerem maiores debates sobre a participação de migrantes, sobre seus direitos políticos enquanto cidadãos, e sobre as importantes interseccionalidades que perpassam raça, gênero e sexualidade, ponto focal desta tese. Por fim, as entrevistas semi-estruturadas lançarão luz sobre como as políticas LGBTI+ e os desdobramentos da cidadania sexual no Brasil incidem sobre a vida das pessoas entrevistadas, que acabam por fazer sentido de si mesmas ao narrar sobre as espacialidades e pertencimentos que perfazem suas vidas no Rio de Janeiro. Perspectivas de interseccionalidade e posicionalidade serão fundamentais para a reflexão de que as categorias de migração/migrante, refúgio/refugiado e gênero e orientação sexual se realizam a partir de processos materiais e históricos cujas incorporações acontecem de modos relacionais e contingentes que constróem e são construídos por experiências de discriminações e destituições. Por outro lado, permitem brechas e negociações para estratégias de sobrevivência e aspirações subjetivas e objetivas sobre o presente e o futuro. / [en] This doctoral dissertation deals with infrastructural and affective perspectives of the integration of Venezuelan LGBTI+ people in the city of Rio de Janeiro. For this purpose, it draws on the literature on migration, gender and sexuality; on reports and documents from Non-governmental Organizations, International Organizations; and semi-structured interviews with eight Venezuelan LGBTI+ migrants, with the aim of addressing varied dimensions of integration, a word that deserves a critical gaze based on the perception that gender and sexuality permeate the migratory infra-structure, even when it comes to cis-heterosexuality, from the decision to migrate to the (long and enduring) arrival at the destination. The displacement of Venezuelan people to Brazil, as well as the intensification of flows of people from other nationalities seeking asylum in the Brazilian territory in the 2010s, has raised the need of revisiting migration policies at the federal and local levels which, although have recently multiplied, require greater debates on the participation of migrants, on their political rights as citizens, and on the important intersectionalities that permeate race, gender and sexuality. Finally, the semi-structured interviews will shed light on how LGBTI+ policies and the developments of sexual citizenship in Brazil affect the lives of the people interviewed, who make sense of themselves as they narrate the spatialities and belongings that make up their lives in Rio de Janeiro. Perspectives on intersectionality and positionality will be fundamental to the reflection that the categories of migration/migrant, asylum/refugee and gender and sexual orientation are realized through material and historical processes whose embodiment occurs in relational and contingent ways that construct and are constructed by experiences of discrimination and destitution. On the other hand, it allows strategies of survival and subjective and objective aspirations about the present and the future.

[pt] Após uma criteriosa revisão de trabalhos acadêmicos que aplicam a abordagem de opções reais para a avaliação de concessões de infraestrutura e identificação das principais lacunas dessa literatura, desenvolvemos esta Tese, composta por quatro estudos independentes. O primeiro explica o modelo binomial e mostra como incorporar os fluxos de caixa do projeto usando a taxa de dividendos para criar a treliça de valor do projeto. Desenvolvemos um código em R, fornecemos um tutorial sobre este modelo e mostramos como o código pode ser personalizado para aplicações específicas. O segundo mostra porque cláusulas obrigatórias de investimentos adicionais em contratos de concessão são subótimos e propõe um modelo de opções reais que combina decisões flexíveis de expansão de capacidade com extensões condicionais de prazo. Usando um projeto de rodovia no Brasil, mostramos como essa flexibilidade pode ser útil para atrair investimentos privados em projetos públicos de infraestrutura. O terceiro avalia a concessão de um Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos no Brasil. Adotamos a abordagem de opções reais para modelar as cláusulas flexíveis embutidas neste contrato e analisamos se elas são conflitantes entre si e como impactam a avaliação geral do projeto. Por fim, o quarto utiliza testes de Raiz Unitária, Razão de Variância e Medida de Abordagem de Parâmetros para avaliar o processo estocástico mais adequado para modelar a incerteza de demanda de passageiros em concessões aeroportuárias no Brasil. Analisamos amostras ex-ante e ex-post covid-19 e mostramos que tanto a sazonalidade quanto a pandemia impactam significativamente o modelo de difusão estocástica. / [en] After a careful review of academic works that apply the real options approach to the evaluation of infrastructure concession projects and identifying the main gaps in this literature, we developed this Thesis, composed of four independent studies. The first explains the binomial model and shows how to incorporate the project cash flows using the cash flow dividend rate to create the project value lattice. We develop a R code, provide a tutorial on how to use this model and show how the code can be customized for particular applications. The second shows why additional investments in expansion as firm obligations in concession contracts are suboptimal and proposes a real options model that combines flexible capacity expansion decisions with conditional term extensions. Using a typical toll road project in Brazil, we show how this kind of flexibility can be useful for policy development to attract private investment in public infrastructure projects. The third evaluates the concession of a Light Rail Vehicle in Brazil. We adopt the real options approach to model the different flexible clauses embedded in this contract and analyze whether they conflict with each other and how they impact the overall project evaluation. Finally, the fourth uses Unit Root, Variance Ratio tests, and the Parameter Approach Measure to evaluate the most appropriate stochastic process to model the uncertainty of passenger demand in airport concessions in Brazil. We analyze samples ex-ante and ex-post covid-19 and show that both seasonality and the pandemic significantly impact the stochastic diffusion model.

[pt] A crescente ocorrência de eventos extremos, impulsionada pelas mudanças climáticas, tem um impacto direto nas cidades, onde aproximadamente 60 por cento da população mundial reside. As Soluções baseadas na Natureza (SbN) têm se tornado importantes estratégias de adaptação e mitigação climática nas políticas públicas. Esse estudo teve como objetivo orientar a Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro na implantação de SbN no Distrito de Baixa Emissão (DBE). Assim, foi elaborado um Caderno de Orientação para implantação de SbN que busca dar suporte à Prefeitura na ação estruturante de requalificação urbana do DBE. Uma ferramenta de Seleção de SbN foi utilizada e adaptada para o contexto do DBE e foram identificados os fatores de sucesso da capacidade institucional da Prefeitura na implementação das SbN, além da apresentação das 15 SbN recomendadas. Também foram gerados mapas de áreas prioritárias de infraestrutura verde para o distrito, baseados no Guia Metodológico para Implantação de Infraestrutura Verde. Por fim, foram elaborados um projeto conceitual de SbN para duas avenidas localizadas no DBE, a fim de ilustrar a aplicação prática dessas ações em escala local, e um estudo hidrológico do volume de águas pluviais amortecido nas sub-bacias dessas avenidas, para avaliar o desempenho das soluções propostas. Este estudo busca auxiliar a tomada de decisão da Prefeitura na implementação das SbN no DBE. A integração de SbN em programas e a realização de parcerias-público privadas são algumas estratégias importantes a serem consideradas pela Prefeitura, bem como a realização de outras pesquisas de SbN direcionadas para o DBE. / [en] The increasing occurrence of extreme events driven by climate change hasa direct impact on cities, where almost 60 percent of the world s population resides.Nature-based solutions (NbS) have become essential climate adaptation and mitigation strategies on public policies. This study aimed to guide the Rio de Janeiro City Hall in development of NbS in the Low Emission Zone (LEZ). Thus, a Guideline for the Deployment of NbS was formulated to support the City Hall instructuring urban renewal actions in the LEZ. An NbS Selection tool was used and adapted to the context of the LEZ, and the success factors of Rio s institutional capacity in implementing NbS were identified, in addition to the presentation of the 15 recommended NbS. Maps depicting priority areas for green infrastructure within the LEZ were also generated based on the Methodological Guide for Green Infrastructure Implementation. Finally, a conceptual project of NbS was created for two avenues located in the LEZ, to illustrate the practical application of the seactions on a local scale, and a hydrological study of the attenuated storm water volume in the sub-basins of these avenues, to evaluate the performance of the proposed solutions. This study seeks to assist the City Hall s decision-making in the implementation of NbS in the LEZ. The integration of NbS in programs and the realization of public-private partnerships are some relevant strategies to be considered by the City, as well as the realization of further research on NbS directed to the LEZ.