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The urban study is related to the notion of continuity of the different threatening conditions to physical, biological and socio wellness of the built space. The occupational dimension was observed with advanced techniques in Geographic Information System (GIS) and evaluated from the degree of accessibility and mobility directly guided by the patterns and processes of constructed space in which mobile and immobile elements are ordered. Both the environment people live in a state of continuous and profound environmental changes and the dynamic urban conditions. The urban space continues with a negative balance in the set of network that has been modernized in the current metropolitan system, the dynamics of urban structure is compromised by mobility circularity and municipal boundaries that the road network and its vectored patterns are actively oriented to the ecological conditions of the current state of the critical socio-organization. The city of Aracaju and its metropolitan area are the main determinants as complementary arrangements of roads and require a reorganization to improve their access and mobility implying its broadest extension. A solution to the urbanized space can be suggested starting from necessary and urgent reform of the metropolitan road network aiming fluidity and distribution of space and movement. / O estudo urbano está relacionado à continuidade das diferentes condições ameaçadoras ao bem estar físico, biológico e socioambiental do espaço construído. Neste sentido, a dimensão ocupacional foi observada com técnica avançada em Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), avaliada a partir do grau de acessibilidade e mobilidade pautada nos padrões e processos do espaço construído, no qual elementos moveis e imóveis estão ordenados. O espaço urbano continua com um saldo negativo no conjunto de rede que foi modernizado no atual sistema metropolitano, em que a dinâmica da estruturação urbana está comprometida na mobilidade, circularidade e principalmente pelos limites municipais que desempenham um papel ativamente linear pela complexidade da expansão urbana a partir do litoral. Conclui-se que a rede viária e seus padrões vetorizados são continuamente orientados para as condições ecológicas da atual organização socioestrutural. A cidade de Aracaju e sua Região Metropolitana são complementares em principais condicionantes do arranjo das vias urbanas e necessitam de uma (re) organização para o melhoramento do seu acesso e mobilidade implicando na sua extensão mais abrangente. Sugerem-se algumas soluções para o espaço urbanizado a partir de reformas necessárias e urgentes da rede viária metropolitana, visando fluidez e (re) distribuição de espaço e circulação.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor, entre os índices já existentes, um índice que avalie a qualidade da cobertura vegetal em relação à sua função ecológica, no meio urbano. Para a composição deste índice, compararam-se os métodos de amostragem aleatória simples e de amostragem estratificada de inventários da arborização de calçadas com o censo, com a finalidade de se escolher o melhor método de levantamento quali-quantitativo para árvores de calçada. Determinou-se o número de árvores por quilômetro, número total de árvores, Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (IDS) para árvores de calçada. Foram calculados o Índice de Espaços Livres de Uso Público (IELUP), a Porcentagem de Espaços Livres de Uso Público (PELUP), o Índice de Cobertura Vegetal em Áreas Urbanas (ICVAU) e o Índice de Verde por Habitante (IVH). Foram utilizadas planta baixa digital, fotografia aérea e videografia para mensurar as áreas ocupadas pela vegetação. A unidade de paisagem escolhida para estudo foi o bairro Santa Cecília em Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2000 a 2003. O levantamento amostral qualitativo das árvores de calçada foi feito por amostragem aleatória simples, escolhido, no trabalho, como o melhor método para inventariar árvores de rua. Considerando o ano de 2003, para a proposição do índice, os resultados obtidos foram: a) o IELUP variou de 11,42 a 41,62m2/hab (videografia); b) o PELUP variou de 1,52% a 2,89%; c) o ICVAU foi de 25,76m2 (forração + cobertura arbórea) e de 16,48 m2 (cobertura arbórea); d) o IVH foi de 101,96m2/hab (forração + cobertura arbórea) e de 65,21m2/hab (cobertura arbórea). Para a avaliação de espaços verdes urbanos foi feita discussão em função de obter-se um chamado “Índice de Qualidade do Espaço Verde Urbano” (IQEVU), particularizado para a função ecológica, então denominado “Índice de Qualidade do Espaço Verde Urbano com Função Ecológica” (IQEVUe). Os parâmetros para avaliação deste último índice foram: sombreamento, para árvores de calçadas; hidrologia, fixação de Carbono e influência de temperatura, para todos os espaços verdes. O IQEVUe mostrou-se adequado e coerente para mensurar os benefícios da vegetação em áreas urbanas, fornecendo subsídios para o planejamento e o manejo de cidades. / The aim of this work was to propose a new index, amongst other already known, that evaluates the quality of green coverage in relation to its ecological role in urban environment. To elaborate this index, simple random and stratified random sampling were compared with the census, in order to assess the best qualitative and quantitative method to do the tree inventory. A survey of sidewalk arborisation, as well as trees per kilometre, total number of trees and the Shannon Diversity Index (IDS) of sidewalk trees were evaluated. Amongst the studied indexes were the Index of Open Spaces for Public Use (IELUP), Percentage of Open Spaces for Public Use (PELUP), Index of Green Coverage for Urban Areas (ICVAU) and Index of Green per Inhabitant (IVH), by means of digital plan, aerial photography and videography for the areas covered by vegetation measurement. Santa Cecilia District in Piracicaba City, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was the object of study from 2000 to 2003. The qualitative sampling survey of trees was carried out by simple random sampling, as found to be the most adequate to survey sidewalk trees. Data obtained for 2003, the year chosen to propose the new index, were: a) IELUP varied from 11.42 to 41.62m2/inhab, using videography; b) PELUP varied from 1.52% to 2.89%; c) ICVAU was 25.76m2 (coverage + tree canopy) and 16.48m2 ( tree canopy ); d) IVH consisted of 101.96m2/hab (coverage + tree canopy) and 65.21m2/inhab (tree canopy). The index for the evaluation of green spaces, so named “Index for Quality of Green Urban Space” (IQEVU) was one of the subsidies to study and propose the “Index for Quality of Green Urban Space with Ecological Role” (IQEVUe). The parameters for evaluation of such index were the shading from sidewalk trees; hydrology, Carbon sequestration and temperature influence for all green space. In this study, the proposed IQEVUe seems to be adequate and coherent as an evaluation method for the benefits of urban vegetation, providing subsidies for the planning and management of cities.

Esta pesquisa busca uma interface entre os projetos de saneamento básico que implementam obras de abastecimento de água, esgoto e drenagem de águas urbanas em bairros da periferia de São Paulo, com o campo conceitual e propositivo do estudo da Paisagem urbana, não apenas considerando as configurações espaciais como também a percepção dos sentimentos manifestos pelos sujeitos moradores, através da memória, da afetividade e do pertencimento ao respectivo bairro de moradia. Partindo da capacidade dos projetos de saneamento de qualificarem ambientalmente áreas degradadas, foi estruturada uma pesquisa que evidenciasse a relação dos moradores com o ressurgimento de elementos da relação cidade e natureza. Fica demonstrada a capacidade dos Espaços Livres Públicos, remanescentes ou criados pelos projetos de saneamento urbano, de favorecerem essa mediação entre os processos antrópicos, os culturais e os biofísicos naturais, sustentando a formação e a qualificação da paisagem urbana nas periferias das grandes cidades. Ao considerar o pressuposto de que a percepção da paisagem tem a ver com o sujeito e com seu modo de estar no mundo, os estudos de campo foram orientados por uma pesquisa qualitativa, relacionada a observações da dinâmica local; percebendo, caminhando ou fotografando fenômenos correlatos, proporcionando uma convivência com o cotidiano do bairro. Na abertura de diálogos e discernimento de revelações de seus moradores, crianças e adultos, evidenciaram-se atitudes compassivas com a degradação ambiental, as quais demonstraram a necessidade de uma abordagem pedagógica sensível, que transmita informações claras e objetivas acerca dos limites da relação, no meio urbano,entre homem e natureza. Os resultados da qualificação ambiental dos projetos de saneamento básico, associados a práticas educativas de percepção da Paisagem do bairro, favoreceram a necessária visão intersubjetiva da relação entre morador e cidade. / This research presents an interface between basic sanitation projects that implement water supply works, sewage and drainage urban water in neighborhoods on the outskirts of São Paulo, considering the conceptual and propositional framework of urban landscape; not only the spatial configuration as well as the residents\' feelings perception through their memory, affection and belonging to their housing neighborhood. Based on the capability of sanitation projects in qualify environmentally degraded areas, the research demonstrated the residents relationship with the resurgence of elements of the city-nature connection. This indicates the ability of the Public Open Spaces, remaining or created by urban sanitation projects, in facilitating the mediation between human, cultural and biophysical processes; supporting the conformation and qualification of the urban landscape on the outskirts of large cities. Considering the assumption that the landscape perception is related with the subject and their way of being in the world, field surveys were guided by a qualitative research associated to observations of the local dynamics; seeing, walking or shooting related phenomena, providing a local everyday familiarity. The disclosure of residents\' dialogues and discernment from children and adults set fourth that compassionate attitudes to environmental degradation; which evidence the need for significant pedagogical approach, to convey clear and objective information about the limits of human-nature relationship in urban environments.. The results of the environmental qualification of sanitation projects related to educational practices of local landscape perception fomented the inter-subjective view of the residents-city relationship.

Tehran, the capital of Iran has undergone major urbanization in the last century, which has caused uncontrollable urban growth. Poor regulation and control of this growth has given rise to environmental problems including high air and water pollution. In turn, this has led to urban growth towards the mountains in the north, where the environment is better. However, this pressure to develop in the north has increased segregation of the city and created a clear social division of class between the northern and southern parts of the City. In light of this, and in the context of Tehran as an extremely dense city with limited green space, the City sees a possibility in transforming an unused military airport in the southern districts of the city into a new urban park. This master thesis explores how to reclaim the 270Ha former airfield and develop it as an urban park with strengthened links to surrounding neighbourhoods. The work aims to gain an understanding of how large vacant areas can become successful public areas and green places in the community. The work is based on urban theory and site analysis and brings forward design proposals for the park. Analysis work is divided into an investigative and exploratory stage. The investigative part includes literature studies, data collection and mapping of the city’s urban morphological development, taking into account physical and socio-economic processes. The exploratory part consisted of inventories, site studies and interviews in Tehran, as well as integration analysis with space syntax to explore accessibility and connections in the new park. Throughout the study shows how and why the city has evolved and highlights a connection between living in the southern districts, which are low-income areas, with also having poor access to public and recreation areas. This analysis forms the foundations for the design proposal, visualizations and programs presented about how the area can be designed as a new urban city park. In conclusion, the study highlights that in order to be able to develop new places or renew existing area’s, consideration must be given to urban morphological development. This includes the socio-economic and socio-ecological process. It further concludes, that a ecological viewpoint together with a understanding of the physical environment, the urban landscape identity and the need of people in the context needs to be brought together to plan and create parks and urban spaces

A pesquisa desenvolve uma análise da história do espaço educacional na cidade de São Paulo, a partir de problemáticas contemporâneas que envolvem o equipamento público escolar. O objeto de estudo que mobiliza a leitura histórica é o Centro Educacional Unificado, um complexo de equipamentos educacionais, culturais e recreativos, implantados pela prefeitura de São Paulo, originalmente entre 2002-2004, nos bairros periféricos que apresentavam carência de equipamentos sociais, espaços públicos e infraestrutura urbana. O ceu foi aclamado por seus idealizadores e pela mídia especializada, como um equipamento indutor de urbanidade. Uma vez que a multiplicidade de suas funções se organiza na criação de um espaço público diferenciado, que remete à cidade formal, atendendo tanto ao público escolar quanto à comunidade local. A partir dessa interpretação, o conjunto arquitetônico resultante ofereceria serviços de qualidade e vivências do espaço urbano que contribuiriam para a expansão das perspectivas da educação para a cultura, os esportes e a recreação. A análise detalhada desse exemplo levou à compreensão de que o ceu poderia ser lido a partir de três eixos temáticos, os quais consequentemente orientariam a análise histórica: a escola era ao mesmo tempo uma política pública, uma tipologia arquitetônica e uma intervenção urbana. É a partir dessa estrutura analítica que se buscou compreender como o equipamento educacional chegou historicamente a essa proposta multifacetada que, ao condominializar uma série de equipamentos tradicionalmente distribuídos pela cidade, equaliza a oferta de serviços a populações carentes, mas tensiona as relações entre a escola e cidade. A produção de equipamentos públicos educacionais é estudada desde 1935, a partir da criação do Departamento de Cultura e dos Parques Infantis instalados nos bairros operários, chegando até os dias atuais, com 45 ceus em funcionamento na periferia de São Paulo. / This research develops an analysis on the history of educational spaces in São Paulo, based on contemporary issues involving public school facilities. The case study that leads the historical approach is the Centro Educacional Unificado (ceu, Unified Educational Center) a complex of educational, cultural and recreational institutions, deployed by the city of São Paulo, originally between 2002-2004, in the low-income areas that showed a lack of social facilities, public spaces and urban infrastructure. ceus were hailed by their developers and specialized media as urbanity inductors. The multiplicity of their functions were organized by creating a distinctive public space which refered to the formal city, serving both the public and the local school community., Thus the resulting architectural ensemble would offer quality services and experiences of urban space that would contribute to the expansion of the perspective of education for culture, sports and recreation. A detailed analysis of this example led to the understanding that the ceu could be read from three points of view, which organize the historical analysis: the school was at the same time a public policy, an architectural typology and an urban intervention. Studying that analytical framework, this work sought the understanding on how the regular public schools ended up becoming this multi -proposal facility which groups a series of institutions that were traditionally distributed through the city, equalizing the provision of services to underserved populations, , however stresses the relation between the school and the city. The production of public education facilities is studied from 1935 - with the development of the Department of Culture, that installed playgrounds in working class neighborhoods - to the present day, when 45 ceus are in operation in the periphery of São Paulo.

The theme: \Contemporary landscape and the presence of man in it" is rather wide. The aim of the thesis is to focus on the mutual relation of man and the landscape, namely the symbolic and the manipulative relation of man towards the landscape. In the opening chapter of the theoretical part the term of landscape is de ned. The theme \New perspectives on the approach to the theme of landscape painting" is developed in the chapter about land-art as an artistic movement, comparing the European and American land-art and their di erent approaches to landscape. Further on the thesis follows the transformation of the landscape of pesky st redoho r and the re ection of it in the works of visual artists. The following chapters deal with the relation of man to urban landscape, to open landscape and to derelict landscape. The subject of the practical part of the diploma thesis is a photo documentation of an art installation in derelict urban area of Karl n. The theme is applied in teaching process by presenting artistic sets. During its creation the relation of art education and environmental education was considered.

Ce mémoire explore l'évolution récente de la définition du patrimoine ainsi que son application potentielle à l'infrastructure autoroutière dans les contextes urbains à travers le monde. La nouvelle approche au patrimoine ici proposée, contrairement à une interprétation conventionnelle du terme qui met l'accent sur les attributs esthétiques ou historiques, reconnaît une plus grande variété des valeurs que peut posséder une structure. Ceci inclut des valeurs sociales et écologiques existantes ou ajoutées grâce à la réhabilitation. Cette interprétation plus large du patrimoine témoigne de l’émergence d’un nouveau paradigme de la conservation du patrimoine qui trouve ses racines dans les textes de Graham Fairclough et dans la Recommandation adoptée par l’UNESCO en 2011 concernant le paysage urbain historique. Ces développements théoriques proposent une vue holistique du patrimoine où la totalité de l'environnement urbain hérité possède potentiellement des valeurs. Selon ces principes, le mot patrimoine ne s'applique pas exclusivement à ce qui est rare, ancien ou esthétique, mais peut l’être à ce qui est banal, récemment construit et mal-aimé. Ce nouveau paradigme permet de questionner l'infrastructure comme un patrimoine. Ce concept est mis à l'épreuve à travers trois études de cas d’autoroutes intraurbaines vieillissantes dans trois environnements urbains très denses: le centre de Séoul (Corée), Seattle (É.-U.), et São Paulo (Brésil). Examinant ces cas, ce mémoire réfléchit sur le rôle d'une nouvelle perspective patrimonialisant dans la gestion de l'infrastructure vieillissante en ville. / This paper explores the changing definition of heritage in recent years and its potential application to aging automotive infrastructure in urban settings across the globe. The proposed new approach to heritage, unlike a conventional understanding of the term, which emphasizes aesthetic and historical attributes, acknowledges a wider range of values that a structure can possess. This range includes social and ecological values either existing or added through adaptation. This broader understanding of heritage reflects current discussions about a paradigm shift in heritage conservation, which is rooted principally in English scholar Graham Fairclough's writings and in UNESCO's Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. These theoretical developments embrace a holistic view of heritage, with the totality of the inherited urban environment potentially exhibiting value. Based on these principles, the term “heritage” applies not only to that which is rare, old, or aesthetically pleasing, but also to that which is commonplace, recently built, and unappealing. This definition suggests that not only buildings and monuments but also infrastructure can constitute heritage, as it can be associated with a broad range of values. This concept is put to the test through three case studies of aging intraurban expressways in three dense urban environments: central Seoul (Korea), Seattle (USA), and São Paulo (Brazil). Through examining these cases, this thesis attempts to deduce the role of this new heritage perspective in dealing with aging automotive infrastructure in cities.

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Freeways that once tore through the urban fabric are now reaching the end of their lifespan and raising the question as to whether it is time to rebuild or remove them. The Interstate system has revolutionized transportation, connecting cities nationwide, but at the same time has slashed through existing neighborhoods. The very land from which hundreds of Fox Point residents were evicted for the construction of Interstate 195 through Providence, Rhode Island, now lies barren as a result of the interstate’s realignment. The surplus land, rezoned as the East Side Overlay District (ESOD), connects the Providence River and Narragansett Bay waterfronts. The ESOD is awaiting request for proposals (RFP), presenting an opportunity to redefine sustainable community development for Fox Point’s waterfront. The latest research on sustainable development employs culture as a direction for environmental, economic and social vitality. This project utilizes the historic urban landscape approach as a framework for providing knowledge and planning tools, for a more informed decision making process. In response, a proposal for redevelopment merges cultural development with visitor interaction in a reactivated waterfront. The post-freeway city has an opportunity to rebuild sustainable communities through cultural infrastructure.