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Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for older adults (≥65 years) that is associated with reduced quality of life and risk of institutionalization. This convergent, mixed methods research study, informed by a model of clinical complexity, explored the complexities for older adults living with UI and T2DM, and home-care nurses providing care to this population in Ontario. In the quantitative strand, the most recently completed Resident Assessment Instruments for Home Care from 2011-2016 for older home-care clients with diabetes were analyzed to determine the prevalence and correlates of UI. The qualitative strand used interpretive description methodology to explore the experiences of 18 older adults living with T2DM and UI receiving home-care services and the experiences of 15 home-care nurses caring for this population. These data sources were converged to describe the factors that contributed to complexity for older adults with UI and T2DM: (a) challenges of living with multiple chronic conditions (MCC), medical instability, and high care needs; (b) financial barriers; (c) lack of understanding of older adults’ values and preferences by health-care providers; (d) caregiver burden; and (e) functional impairments. The health-care system contributed to this complexity through: (a) inadequate and minimal provision of nursing and interprofessional home-care services; (b) task-focused structure of home care; (c) minimal interprofessional collaboration; (d) lack of an integrated communication system; and (e) lack of navigation to community resources. Providing health-promoting care for older adults with UI and T2DM requires a system-wide enactment of integrated care that takes both a person- and family-centred care and social determinants of health approach. Interventions for older adults with MCC should involve standardized and comprehensive assessment, care coordination, enhanced nursing service provision, and interprofessional team collaboration to attend to the dimensions of complexity and ensure the needs of older adults and their caregivers are met. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Many older adults with diabetes have urinary incontinence that is emotionally and physically bothersome. These older adults also receive home-care services. In this study, older adults were asked about how they care for their diabetes and incontinence and how their home-care workers help them with this care. Nurse participants were asked how they help older adults with diabetes and incontinence and the challenges they face. The results of home-care assessments done in Ontario were also analyzed to learn how common incontinence is in older adults with diabetes and factors associated with having incontinence. The study found many factors, such as living with many chronic conditions and lack of finances, as well limited home-care service provision and the task-focus of home care created challenges for these older adults. The findings can help in making changes to home-care service delivery to improve care for older adults and their caregivers.

Background: Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training is recommended as first line conservative management for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The fundamental issue of how to optimally contract the PFM has not previously been investigated. An effective voluntary PFM contraction is known to positively influence the bladder neck and urethra which are urethrovesical (UV) structures associated with continence. The PFM may be globally or selectively contracted according to cue to instruction. The main research question was to investigate which cue to instruction for a PFM contraction has the potential to optimise position of UVSs following a brief period of practice in continent nulliparous pre-menopausal women (aiming to provide normative data) and parous menopausal women with previously unreported SUI. Hypotheses: Posterior or combined cues for instruction of PFM contraction are more influential in optimising UV position (UVP) during PFMC following brief practice than an anterior cue. Posterior or combined cues are equally influential in altering UVP. Aims: Preliminary aim was to investigate the reliability and suitability of 2-DRTUS and angle of urethral inclination (AUI) for imaging of selective contraction of the PFM and ease of reading images by a non diagnostic imaging researcher. Principal aim was to investigate if there is an optimal cue to instruction for a PFM contraction in two groups of women. Study 1: pre menopausal nulliparous continent women (to provide normative data) and Study 2: post menopausal parous stress incontinent women. Secondary aims were investigation of posture; ability to selectively contract the PFM contraction; and cue preference. Method: Study 1: Twenty women who were able to effectively and selectively contract were taught the following cues: anterior; posterior; anterior and posterior combined. Following 4 weeks of practice, perineal 2-D RTUS images of three PFMC for each cue were captured in supine and standing twice (for repeatability analysis) five minutes apart. Two raters measured AUI. Data analysis was undertaken using a Customized General Linear Model (GLM) ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for interactions between all variables; subject, cue, posture and test. Seventeen data sets were available for analysis. Study 2: Methodology was based on Study 1. Twenty-one women were taught the study cues, followed the practice protocol and underwent data collection in the supine position. Twenty-one sets of data were available for analysis. Results: Reliability: ICC [1,3] for intra rater reliability was 0.957 [CI 95%: 0.946 to 0.967 p=0.000], inter rater reliability [2,1] 0.820 [CI 95%: 0.768 to 0.861] and for repeatability [1,3] 0.781 [CI 95%: 0.690 to 0.849 p=0.000] (continent) and 0.954 [CI 95%:0.931 to 0.971 p=0.000] (incontinent). Principal results Study 1: anterior vs posterior cues (difference) 3.979˚ (CI 95%: [0.503 to 7.455 p=0.021]); anterior vs combined 3.777˚ (CI 95%: [-0.099 to 6.853 p= 0.059]) posterior vs combined cues -0.602˚ (CI 95%: [-2.874- 4.078 p=1.00]). Aggregated data from tests 1 and 2: anterior vs posterior 4.240° (CI 95%: [1.213 to 7.267 p=0.003]); anterior vs posterior 3.756° (95%CI: [0.729 to 6.783 p=0.009]); posterior vs combined-6.48° (95% CI: [-3.511 to 2.542 p=1.000]). Principal results Study 2: anterior vs posterior 3.936˚ (95%CI: [0.863 to 7.008p=0.008]; 4.946˚ anterior vs combined (95%CI: [1.873 to 8.018 p=0.001]); posterior vs combined 1.010° (95%CI: -[2.062 to 4.082 p=1.000]). Aggregated analysis was anterior vs posterior 3.703˚ (95%CI: [1.639 to 5.761 p=0.000]); anterior vs combined 5.089˚ (95%CI: [3.0287 to 7.1503 p=0.000]) and posterior and combined 1.389° (95%CI: [-0.672 to 3.450 p=0.309]). Secondary results: 2-D RTUS and the AUI were found to be suitable for investigating selective PFM contraction. Posture: supine vs standing (difference) 9.496˚ (p=0.000); (posture did not affect absolute AUI). Three continent (13%) and 2 incontinent (7%) subjects were unable to selectively contract the PFM. Cue preference in both studies was posterior or combined. Conclusions: AUI was significantly narrower/optimal when instruction for PFM contraction included a posterior cue, in both continent and stress incontinent women. This is proposed to be due to optimal recruitment of puborectalis. Puborectalis may be more important in urinary continence than widely recognized. This study has provided seminal information with respect to optimal cue to contraction for a PFM contraction and will change practice. Investigation of the potential impact of these findings clinically is required. It is proposed that further understanding will lead to standardisation of PFM instruction, ease of comparability between PFM research studies, and will clarify PFM instructions for the media and lay public.

But : Cette étude a comme objectif principal d’évaluer la faisabilité d’utiliser une combinaison de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien (MPP) et de réadaptation par la réalité virtuelle (RRV) (programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV) pour traiter l’incontinence urinaire mixte (IUM) de la femme âgée. La faisabilité est évaluée par le taux de participation et d’achèvement du programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV et du programme d’exercices à domicile. Les objectifs secondaires de cette étude sont 1) d’évaluer l’effet du programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV sur la sévérité des symptômes urinaires, sur les dimensions de la qualité de vie, sur la fonction musculaire des MPP et sur les fonctions cognitives, plus précisément le processus exécutif de coordination de deux tâches, 2) d’évaluer, suite à l’intervention, la satisfaction des participantes. Le volet qualitatif a, quant à lui, pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs ayant influencé la participation au programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients associés à l’ajout de la RRV au traitement conventionnel de renforcement des MPP. Méthode : Les participantes ont effectué deux évaluations pré-traitement (pré-1 et pré-2), ont assisté à 12 classes hebdomadaires d’entraînement MPP/RRV et ont effectué une évaluation post-traitement. Elles ont aussi complété un programme d’exercices des MPP à domicile. Finalement, suite à la dernière classe, elles ont participé à un groupe de discussion. Les évaluations pré-1 et pré-2 ont été effectuées à deux semaines d’intervalle et étaient nécessaires pour s’assurer de la stabilité des mesures en l’absence d’une intervention. Résultats : 24 femmes ont participé à l’étude. Les taux de participation aux classes d’exercices hebdomadaires et au programme d’exercices à domicile étaient de 91 % et de 92 % respectivement. Le taux d’achèvement au programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV était de 96 %. Le programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV s’est avéré efficace dans l’amélioration des symptômes urinaires, de la qualité de vie ainsi que de la capacité à coordonner deux tâches simultanées chez les femmes âgées avec de l’IUM; il tend également à améliorer la fonction musculaire du plancher pelvien de ces femmes. L’appréciation de la composante RRV, par les participantes, était de 9.8/10 et ces dernières l’ont identifiée comme un facilitateur à leur participation hebdomadaire au traitement. Conclusion : Ce projet de maîtrise a permis de démontrer qu’une combinaison de renforcement des MPP et de RRV est une approche de traitement acceptable pour les femmes âgées souffrant d’IUM puisqu’elles sont capables de suivre les exigences de ce programme d’entraînement. / Aims: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a combination of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training and virtual reality rehabilitation (VRR) (PFM/VRR training program) to treat mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) among older women. Feasibility was defined as the participants’ rate of participation and completion of the PFM/VRR training program and of the home exercise program. The other study objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of the PFM/VRR program on MUI symptoms, on quality of life (QoL), on PFM function and on cognitive functions, more precisely on dual-task executive functioning. Patient satisfaction was also assessed after the intervention. The study included a qualitative component aiming to gather information regarding: (1) patient-perceived facilitators and barriers to weekly PFM/VRR class attendance and (2) patient-perceived advantages and inconveniences associated with the use of VRR as a component of conventional PFM rehabilitation. Methods: Every woman participated in two pre-intervention evaluations (pre-1 & pre-2) followed by 12 weeks of a PFM/VRR training program and one post-intervention evaluation (post). Participants were also given a 20-minute static PFM home exercise program. At the end of the twelfth class, a participant group discussion was conducted. The first two evaluations were conducted 2 weeks apart to ensure consistency in the incontinence, PFM and executive functions measures prior to the intervention. Results: 24 women participated in the study. The majority of participants complied with the study demands in terms of attendance to the weekly treatment sessions (91 %), adherence to the home exercise program (92%) and completion of the three (pre-1, pre-2 and post) evaluations (96 %). The PFM/VRR training program was effective in reducing urinary incontinence symptoms, in enhancing QoL, in improving the ability of older women with MUI to manage dual-task situations and tends to improve PFM function of these women. The participant appreciation of the VRR component was 9.8/10 and the VRR component was identified by the participants as a facilitator to their weekly class participation. Conclusion: A combined PFM/VRR is an acceptable functional training approach for older women with MUI as they are capable of complying with treatment program demands.

Introdução: O século XXI trouxe novos paradigmas na tecnologia da informação, com repercussões nos mais diversos aspectos da vida cotidiana. Aplicativos móveis, sites, softwares desenvolvidos para smartphones e tablets são cada vez mais utilizados na área da saúde, permitindo o suporte remoto ao paciente ou a autopromoção dos cuidados com a saúde. O rastreio do câncer de próstata (CP) permitiu o diagnóstico de CP em fases iniciais, resultando em procedimentos mais curativos, como a prostatectomia radical. Entre as principais complicações após a cirurgia estão a incontinência urinária e a disfunção erétil. No entanto, os números exatos relacionados a essas morbidades estão sempre escassos devido à breve entrevista durante a consulta no consultório médico. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi construir um aplicativo para coletar dados de pacientes sobre a recuperação após o tratamento em um ambiente informal e mais confortável. Métodos: O aplicativo foi construído usando o sistema IONIC Framework e aplicado aos pacientes através de um estudo prospectivo randomizado. Foram incluídos 100 pacientes divididos em dois grupos 1. Pacientes que usaram o aplicativo (n = 50) 2. Pacientes que responderam através de questionários impressos validados (grupo controle) (n = 50). Todos os pacientes receberam aconselhamento de alta para responder aos questionários 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o procedimento. O grupo de aplicativos após orientações verbais sobre como o monitoramento ocorreria recebeu um SMS com um nome de usuário e senha permitindo o acesso ao sistema e enviou alertas aos usuários para responder aos questionários. Resultados: O aplicativo desenvolvido é chamado UroHealth e está disponível para download na loja da Apple ou no site www.urohealth.com.br. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 64,45 anos (± 8,33). Idade, PSA, volume da próstata, grau ISUP e estadiamento patológico foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Quando avaliamos as taxas de resposta, encontramos que 43,8% dos pacientes responderam ao questionário pré-operatório no grupo app, enquanto 16,3% responderam no grupo controle (p = 0,003). O acompanhamento em um, três, seis e 12 meses manteve taxas de resposta mais altas no grupo app, mas não houve significância estatística para nenhum deles (p > 0,05). Conclusão: O desenvolvimento de aplicativos, como o UroHealth, pode ser de grande valor no acompanhamento de pacientes após procedimentos cirúrgicos, permitindo informações de boa qualidade quanto à recuperação e morbidade relacionada ao tratamento. Nossos resultados iniciais indicam que pode se tornar uma ferramenta útil na obtenção de respostas mais frequentes e realistas, auxiliando na melhora das técnicas cirúrgica / Introduction: The 21st century brought new paradigms in information technology, with repercussions in the most diverse aspects of daily life. Mobile applications, websites, softwares developed for smartphones and tablets are increasingly used in healthcare, allowing remote patient support or self-promotion of health care. The prostate cancer (PC) screening allowed PC diagnosis in early stages resulting in more curative procedures as radical prostatectomy. Among the main complications following surgery are urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. However, the exact numbers related to these morbidities are often missing due to the brief interview during consultation in the medical office. Therefore, the objective of the study was to build an app to collect data of patients regarding recovery after treatment in an informal and more comfortable environment. Methods:The app was built using the IONIC Framework system and applied to patients through a prospective randomized study. We included 100 patients divided into two groups 1. Patients who used the app (n = 50) 2. Patients who responded via validated printed questionnaires (control group) (n = 50). All patients received discharge counseling to respond to questionnaires 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure. The app group after verbal guidance on how the monitoring would occur received an SMS with a user name and password allowing access to the system and sent alerts to users to respond the questionnaires. Results: The app developed is called UroHealth and is available for download in the Apple store or at www.urohealth.com.br. The mean age of patients was 64.45 years-old (± 8.33). Age, PSA, prostate volume, ISUP grade and pathological staging were similar between groups. When we evaluated response rates, we found that 43.8% of the patients answered the preoperative questionnaire in the app group while 16.3% responded in the control group (p = 0.003). The follow up in one, three, six and 12 months maintained higher response rates in the app group, but there was no statistical significance for any of them (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The app development, such as UroHealth may be of great value in monitoring patients after surgical procedures, allowing information of good quality regarding recovery and morbidity related to treatment. Our initial results indicate that it may become a useful tool in obtaining more frequent and realistic answers, helping the improvement of surgical techniques

As Disfunções do Trato Urinário Inferior (DTUI) é um termo amplo que descreve todo o espectro de distúrbios em qualquer uma das fases da micção, de causas neurogênicas, anatômicas e funcionais. A Terapia Comportamental é um método que permite acompanhar o desenvolvimento físico e emocional da criança e do adolescente. Objetivo: Analisar os resultados obtidos com a Terapia Comportamental em crianças e adolescentes portadores de disfunções do trato urinário inferior associada ao refluxo vesico- ureteral. Materiais e Métodos: A população foi composta por 109 crianças e adolescentes, 60% do sexo feminino e 40% do sexo masculino, entre 3 e 16 anos de idade. O tratamento aconteceu no período de 2007 a 2014, sendo realizado por 3 anos, com seguimento mensal por 1 ano. Foi realizada avaliação dos exames laboratoriais e de diagnóstico de imagem: Ultrassom Dinâmico da Micção e Uretrocistografia. A avaliação dos sintomas e o acompanhamento dos Hábitos por meio dos Diários da micção, das noites secas, do funcionamento intestinal, da Ingesta hídrica, dos alimentos, do café da manhã e do sono. A Identificação dos Transtornos de Comportamentos Externalizantes dos Pacientes com DTUI foi realizada por intermédio das Escala de Avaliação do Comportamento Infantil. A Terapia Comportamental baseou-se em: educação do corpo humano, conscientização do treinamento vesical, hidratação, dieta e organização do sono. Resultados: Quando a capacidade vesical atingiu a esperada, as crianças não apresentaram contrações do detrusor e a média de contrações do assoalho pélvico foi de 0,25. Apenas 0,005% das crianças apresentaram resíduo pós miccional. Entre 18 e 24 meses, os episódios de infecção do trato urinário desapareceram. A média da frequência miccional foi de 7 a 8x/dia e da ingesta hídrica de 1500ml/dia. 95% dos pacientes ingeriram média de 8 verduras e frutas/semana e apresentaram funcionamento intestinal >3x/semana. As perdas urinárias diurnas e noturnas desapareceram. Houve melhora da inatenção e socialização negativa que apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na avaliação inicial do tratamento. Conclusão: A Terapia Comportamental, por si só, é um método eficaz para melhorar e, até mesmo, curar os sintomas das Disfunções do Trato Urinário Inferior, prevenindo complicações futuras para o Trato Urinário Superior. / Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a broad term that describes the entire spectrum of disorders in any of the stages of urination with neurogenic, anatomical and functional causes. Behavioral Therapy is a method that allows monitoring the physical and emotional development of children and adolescents. Objective: To analyze the results obtained with Behavioral Therapy in children and adolescents with LUTD associated with vesicoureteral reflux. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 109 children and adolescents, 60% female and 40% male, aged 3 to 16 years old. The treatment occurred between 2007 and 2014, within a period of 3 years, with monthly follow-up for 1 year. Laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging by dynamic urinary ultrasound and urethrocystography were carried out. It was also performed evaluation of symptoms and monitoring of habits through diaries of urination, dry nights, intestinal functioning, water intake, food ingestion, breakfast and sleep. The identification of externalizing behavioral disorders of patients with LUTD was performed using the Child Behavior Assessment Scale. Behavioral Therapy was based on: education of the human body, awareness of bladder training, hydration, diet and sleep organization. Results: When the bladder capacity reached the expected level, the children did not present detrusor contractions and the mean number of contractions of the pelvic floor was 0.25. Only 0.005% of the children had post-urination residue. Urinary tract infection episodes disappeared between 18 and 24 months. The mean urination frequency was 7-8 times/day and the water intake was 1500 mL/day. As much as 95% of the patients ingested on average 8 vegetables and fruits per week and presented intestinal functioning >3x/week. Daytime and nighttime urine losses disappeared. There was an improvement of the inattention and negative socialization, with statistically significant difference from the initial evaluation of the treatment. Conclusion: Behavioral Therapy, by itself, is an effective method to improve and even resolve the LUTD symptoms, preventing future complications for the upper urinary tract.

Introdução: A ocorrência das diferentes incontinências e da constipação intestinal (CI), de forma isolada ou concomitante, não é pouco frequente no ambiente hospitalar. Esses problemas de saúde ainda são pouco investigados e os estudos com pacientes hospitalizados são escassos. Conhecer sua prevalência e fatores associados em pacientes hospitalizados é necessário para promover a sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde sobre a importância dessas necessidades passíveis de intervenções durante o período da internação. Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a prevalência das incontinências urinária (IU) e fecal (IF), de forma isolada e combinada, e da CI e as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas associadas às suas ocorrências em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, transversal, analítico e descritivo, onde a amostra do estudo foi composta de 345 pacientes adultos e idosos hospitalizados no Hospital Universitário da USP. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, exame físico e registros de prontuários, utilizando-se os seguintes instrumentos: questionário de dados Sociodemograficos e Clínicos, Características das Perdas Urinárias, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - ICIQ-SF, Hábito Intestinal na População Geral e o Índice de Incontinência Anal IIA. A prevalência dos eventos estudados foi levantada quatro vezes (prevalência-ponto), em um único dia, nos meses de março, abril, maio e junho, sempre no mesmo dia do mês, de forma a atender o tamanho amostral para a análise dos fatores associados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes qui-quadrado e Fisher para as variáveis categóricas, os testes t-student e Mann-Whitney para as variáveis numéricas, além de regressão logística (forward stepwise) para a identificação de fatores associados. Resultados: Obtiveram-se as seguintes prevalências: 22,9% para IU (28% para mulheres e 16,1% para homens); 7,9% para IF (9,4% para mulheres e 6% para homens); 4,7% para incontinência combinada (IC) (7,3% para mulheres e 1,4% para homens) e 14,9% para CI (15% para mulheres e 14,7% para homens). Dentre as incontinências, conseguiu-se detectar fatores associados somente para a IU: sexo feminino (OR=3,89; IC95% 1,899-7,991); idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,019-1,054); asma (OR=3,66; IC95% 1,302-10,290); estar em uso de laxantes (OR=3,26; IC95% 1,085-9,811); o uso de fralda no momento da avaliação (OR=2,75; IC95% 1,096-6,908); o uso de fralda em casa (OR=10,29; IC95% 1,839-57,606) e o uso de fralda em algum momento da internação (OR=6,74; IC95% 0,496-91,834). Especificamente para o sexo feminino, as variáveis associadas à IU foram: idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,017-1056); Diabetes Mellitus (OR=2,59; IC95% 1,039-6,489); asma (OR=4,92; IC95% 1,460-16,588) e número de partos (OR=1,27; IC95% 1,064-1,522). Os fatores que apresentaram associação com a CI foram: anos de estudo (OR=0,91; IC95% 0,856-0,985) e estar em uso de laxantes (OR=8,08; IC95% 3,387-19,282). Conclusão: Os valores de prevalência encontrados no presente estudo, assim como os fatores associados, foram similares aos achados de estudos epidemiológicos nacionais e internacionais realizados com população geral, porém distintos daqueles oriundos da escassa literatura internacional existente sobre o tema para adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Estudos longitudinais fazem-se necessários para a confirmação das relações encontradas entre as variáveis estudadas, contribuindo para o diagnóstico mais acurado da causalidade dessas condições e, portanto, o estabelecimento de medidas mais eficazes de prevenção e tratamento das incontinências e da CI no cenário hospitalar. / Introduction: The occurrence of different incontinences and intestinal constipation (IC), alone or concomitantly, is not uncommon in the hospital setting. These health problems are still poorly investigated and studies of inpatients are scarce. Knowing their prevalence and associated factors in hospitalized patients is necessary to promote the awareness of health professionals about the importance of these possible interventional needs during the period of hospitalization. Objective: To identify and to analyze the prevalence of urinary (UI) and fecal incontinence (FI), in an isolated and combined manner, and IC, and sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with their occurrences in hospitalized patients. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive epidemiological study, where the study sample consisted of 345 adult and elderly patients hospitalized at University Hospital of USP. The data were collected through interviews, physical examination and medical records, using the following instruments: Sociodemographic and Clinical Data, Characteristics of Urinary Loss, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - ICIQ-SF, Intestinal Habit of the General Population and the Anal Incontinence Index - IIA. The prevalence of the events studied was raised four times (point-prevalence) in a single day in March, April, May and June, always on the same day of each month, in order to meet the sample size for the analysis of the factors associated. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher tests for categorical variables, t-student and Mann-Whitney tests for numerical variables, and logistic regression for the identification of associated factors. Results: The following prevalences were obtained: 22.9% for UI (28% for women and 16.1% for men); 7.9% for FI (9.4% for women and 6% for men); 4.7% for combined incontinence (CI) (7.3% for women and 1.4% for men) and 14.9% for IC (15% for women and 14.7% for men). Among the incontinences, it was possible to detect factors associated only for UI: female gender (OR=3.89; IC95% 1,899- 7,991); age (OR=1.03; IC95% 1.019-1.054); asthma (OR=3.66; IC95% 1.302-10.290); being in use of laxatives (OR=3.26; IC95% 1.085-9.811); The use of the diaper at the time of evaluation (OR=2.75; IC95% 1.096-6.908); The use of diapers at home (OR=10.29; IC95% 1,839-57,606) and the use of diapers at some time of hospitalization (OR=6.74; IC95% 0.496- 91.834). Specifically for females, the variables associated with UI were: age (OR=1.03; IC95% 1.017-1056); Diabetes Mellitus (OR=2.59; IC95% 1.039-6.489); asthma (OR=4.92; IC95% 1,460-16,588) and number of deliveries (OR=1.27; IC95% 1.064-1.522). The factors that showed association with IC were: years of study (OR=0,91; IC95% 0,856-0,985) and being in use of laxatives (OR=8,08; IC95% 3,387-19,282). Conclusion: The prevalence values found in the present study as well as the associated factors were similar to the findings of National and International epidemiological studies conducted with the general population. But they were quite different from those of the scarce existing International literature for hospitalized adults and elderly people. Longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the relationships found between the studied variables, contributing to a more accurate diagnosis of the causality of these conditions and, therefore, the establishment of more effective measures of prevention and treatment of incontinence and IC in the hospital setting.

A Disfunção do Assoalho Pélvico (DAP) é uma condição ginecológica comum que afeta a confiança e auto -estima da mulher. A alteração é frequentemente encontrada no período pós menopausa e parece ter uma influência negativa na qualidade de vida (QV) .A falta de acesso a bens materiais tem fortes associações com o conhecimento e o conceito das mulheres sobre saúde e bem-estar, bem como o impacto destas patologias na sua qualidade de vida. Muitas evidências demonstram que, em classes sociais mais baixas , há maior mortalidade e morbidade. Não existem estudos que correlacionam a classe econômica e sua interferência na qualidade de vida de mulheres com DAP .O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a relação entre classe socioeconômica e qualidade geral de vida (QV) em mulheres pós-menopausa com ou sem disfunção do assoalho pélvico (DAP). A pesquisa foi realizada no Departamento de Ginecologia de um hospital de referência no estado do Ceará, Brasil, no período outubro de 2011 a julho de 2012. As mulheres foram encaminhadas da Atenção Básica de Saúde para avaliação no setor de Uroginecologia do Hospital Geral Dr.Cesar Cals, do Departamento de Saúde do Estado do Ceará. Durante o período do estudo 230 pacientes foram incluídas, divididas em 2 grupos, Caso (com Disfunção do assoalho pélvico) e Controle (sem disfunção do Assoalho Pélvico).Utilizou-se como critérios de inclusão mulheres na pós-menopausa , sem uso de terapia hormonal nos últimos seis mesese e que não apresentassem contração não inibida do detrusor comprovada pelo estudo uridinâmico. Foram comparados com mulheres sem DAP confirmado pela história clínica e exame ginecológico com as mesmas características em relação ao estado pós-menopausa. Foram utilizados para a coleta de dados socioeconômicos o questionário Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil - 2011 ( CCEB ), proposto pela Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) Pelo CCEB, são avaliados a escolaridade e os demais pontos são fornecidos pela quantidade de bens de consumo duráveis que a família possui (automóvel, televisão em cores, rádio, geladeira, freezer, máquina de lavar roupa, etc), pela quantidade de cômodos da casa, com ênfase no número de banheiros, e pela quantidade de empregados domésticos mensalistas que trabalham na casa.A soma desse indicadores, ou seja, o número de pontos obtidos, permite distribuir a população em classes , sendo \"Classe A (30 a 34 pontos)\" a mais favorecida e a \"Classe E (de 0 a 5 pontos)\" menos favorecida.Para avaliar a qualidade de vida nas DAP´s foi utilizado o questionário da qualidade de vida geral SF-36.Foram estudadas as variáveis socioeconômicas (idade , escolaridade, classe econômica e renda ), variáveis de percepção de saúde ( o impacto da incontinência / prolapso , as limitações de tarefas de desempenho , limitação física , a limitação social , relações pessoais , as emoções, sono e energia e medições de gravidade ) . Os dados coletados foram tabulados por meio do SPSS 17.0 e analisados estatisticamente através do teste qui- quadrado com nível de significância de 5%.Foram avaliadas 230 mulheres com 136 DAP e 94 sem DAP. As mulheres deste estudo pertenciam às classes B, C ou D. Comparando entre os grupos com e sem DAP, observamos que a maioria das variáveis epidemiológicas foram semelhantes, com exceção de índice de massa corporal e paridade na classe B, e para a paridade, o parto vaginal e idade em classes C e D. Quase todos os domínios do SF-36 foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos com e sem DAP (p < 0,05), com exceção do domínio Aspectos Sociais (p < 0,06). Por isso as mulheres com DAP tem uma qualidade de vida geral pior do que aqueles sem DAP. No entanto, comparando mulheres com e sem DAP em cada classe socioeconômica, encontramos resultados diferentes. Mulheres de classe B com DAP tiveram piores escores do SF-36 em cinco domínios: capacidade funcional (p < 0,05), limitação física (p < 0,05), dor (p < 0,05), estado geral de saúde (p < 0,05) e aspectos emocionais (p < 0,05). Não houve diferenças na classe B para os domínios, vitalidade (p = 0,08), aspectos sociais (p = 0,28) e saúde mental (p = 0,5). As mulheres da classe C com DAP tiveram piores escores do SF-36 em todos os oito domínios do questionário (p < 0,05). As mulheres da classe D com DAP tiveram piores escores do SF-36 em apenas um domínio: capacidade funcional (p < 0,05).Mulheres com DAP tem uma qualidade de vida em geral pior do que aqueles sem. Esses resultados foram semelhantes nas mulheres das classes B e C. No entanto, as mulheres de classe D tiveram pouca diferença entre domínios do SF-36. Estratificar as mulheres de acordo com a classe socioeconômica, possibilitou verificar que a condição socioeconômica têm um grande impacto na sua qualidade de vida, independentemente da presença de DAP. No entanto, a classe economica não parece alterar a qualidade de vida geral em mulheres na pós-menopausa brasileiros / Introduction: Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a common gynecologic condition that affects patient\'s confidence and self-esteem. Such disturbance is frequently encountered around the menopause and have a negative influence on quality of life (QoL). Lack of access to material goods has strong associations with the women concept of health and wellness, and the impact of these pathologies in their QoL. Many evidences demonstrate that in lower social classes there are higher mortality and morbidity. There are no studies that correlate the economic class and socioeconomic factors and its interference in QoL of women with PFD. Aims of study: To evaluate and compare the relationship between socioeconomic class and general quality of life (QoL) in post menopausal Brazilian women with or without pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in two referral hospitals in the state of Ceara, Brazil in the period from October 2011 to July 2013. The Ethics Committee of the local Hospitals approved the present study. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Only postmenopausal women were included in the study. Women who were taking hormone therapy in the last six months or who had non-inhibited contraction of the detrusor in urodynamic were excluded from the study. They were divided in two groups: with or without complaints of pelvic floor dysfunction (urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse). The group of women without pelvic floor dysfunction was confirmed by clinical history and gynecological examination, all from the general gynecology outpatient clinic. Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form (SF-36), a generic QoL questionnaire, was applied to all women. The Criterion of Brazilian Economic Classification (CCEB) was used for the economic stratification of the population, according to schooling (school graduation) and possession of itens as television, car, bathroom, etc. This classification stratifies in classes from A to E, so that class A is the best social status and class E is the worst. Statistical analysis were performed with the Statistical Package Social Science (SPSS), version 20.0. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the statistical significance considering p < 0.05. Sample size calculation was performed to determine the number of women in each group and it was established that 94 women would be needed in each group to evaluate the quality of their lives. Results: We evaluated 230 women 136 with PFD and 94 without PFD. Women from this study belonged to classes B, C or D. Comparing between groups with and without PFD, we found that most epidemiological variables were similar, except for body mass index and parity in class B, and for parity, vaginal delivery and age in classes C and D. Scores of almost all SF-36 domains were statiscally different between groups with and without PFD (p < 0.000), except to social aspects (p < 0.06) . Therefore women with PFD have a worse general QoL than those without it. However, comparing women with and without PFD in each socioeconomic class, we found different results. Women from class B with PFD had worse SF-36 scores in five domains: functional capacity (p < 0,000), physical limitation (p< 0,000), pain (p < 0.000), general health status (p < 0,000) and emotional aspects (p < 0.000). They did not have differences in class B for vitality (p=0.08), social aspects (p=0.28) and mental health (p=0.5). Women from class C with PFD had worse SF-36 scores in all eight domains (p < 0.000). Women from class D with PFD had worse SF-36 scores in only one domain: functional capacity (p < 0.000). Conclusion: Women with PFD showed worse QOL in all domains of the SF- 36 questionnaire compared to women without PFD. Women of pelvic floor dysfunction group included in the socioeconomic profile D class had less interference in QOL compared with women of the classes of groups B and C

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata é a neoplasia sólida mais comum em homens. Na doença localizada, as alternativas de tratamento cirúrgico são a Prostatectomia Radical Retropúbica (PRR), Prostatectomia Radical Perineal (PRP), Prostatectomia Radical Laparoscópica (PRL) e Prostatectomia Radical Robótica Assistida (PRRA). A cirurgia robótica tem recebido atenção de especialistas pelas perspectivas de melhores resultados funcionais, se comparado às demais técnicas, porém não há evidências suficientes na literatura que defina fatores prognósticos para os resultados funcionais. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores prognósticos para resultados funcionais em portadores de câncer de próstata localizado submetidos à PRRA. MÉTODO: Analisaram-se vídeos de 143 PRRA realizadas de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2012 no Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Brasil) por um único cirurgião. A potência sexual foi avaliada considerando os parâmetros de dissecção bilateral ou unilateral, nota de dissecção, uso de cautério, uso de tração, uso de pontos hemostáticos no Feixe Vásculo Nervoso (FVN) e dados pré e pós-operatórios. Em relação à continência urinária, considerou-se o comprimento e qualidade do coto uretral, o tamanho do colo vesical e dados pré e pós-operatórios. No pós-operatório, potência sexual foi definida como a capacidade de penetração em mais de 50% das tentativas de intercurso sexual (escore >= 3 na Questão 2 do IIEF-5) com ou sem o uso de inibidores de Fosfodiesterase tipo 5. Continência urinária foi considerada quando não houve necessidade do uso de forros ou, se usados, que fosse no máximo um e apenas como segurança, ou que apresentaram escore zero no ICIQ-SF. RESULTADOS: Observou-se correlação para recuperação da potência com dissecção bilateral do FVN (p=0,001), maior nota de dissecção do FVN no 6º (p < 0,01) e 12º mês (p < 0,01), mediana de nota 9 para dissecção do FVN (p < 0,01), menor idade no 6º (p < 0,01) e 24º mês (p=0,01), idade média de 59 (p=0,007), 58,35 (p=0,02) e 57,7 anos (p=0,005) no 6º, 18º e 24º mês, respectivamente, peso corporal médio de 76,18 Kg (p=0,01), peso prostático com mediana de 31 g (p=0,03), menor valor de Gleason total (p=0,03), Gleason total com mediana de 6 (p=0,009), mediana de 12 fragmentos retirados (p=0,001), menor volume tumoral no 1º (p=0,01) e 18º mês (p=0,02), volume tumoral com mediana de 5,25 (p=0,03), 5,40 (p=0,02) e 5,25 cm³ (p=0,04) no 1º, 18º e 24º mês, respectivamente, tumor unilateral (p=0,02), e ausência de invasão capsular (p=0,02). As variáveis, uso de cautério, tração e pontos hemostáticos no FVN não apresentaram correlação com recuperação de potência sexual. A continência urinária apresentou correlação com maior tempo de cirurgia no 3º (p < 0,01) e 12º mês (p=0,02), mediana de tempo de cirurgia de 3,45 (p=0,001), 3,35 (p=0,04) e 3,30 horas (p=0,04) no 3º, 6º e 12º mês, respectivamente. As variáveis, comprimento do coto uretral, qualidade do coto uretral e tamanho do colo vesical não se correlacionaram com continência urinária, apesar de tamanho do colo vesical mostrar tendência com mediana de 15,92 mm (p=0,054). CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis, dissecção bilateral, nota de dissecção do FVN, idade, peso corporal, peso da próstata, Gleason total, número de fragmentos retirados, volume tumoral, estadiamento tumoral e tempo de cirurgia apresentaram-se como ferramentas úteis para definir fatores prognósticos para resultados funcionais em homens portadores de câncer de próstata localizado, submetidos à PRRA / INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the most common solid malignancy in men. For localized disease, surgical alternatives include Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy (RRP), Radical Perineal Prostatectomy (RPP), Radical Laparoscopic Prostatectomy (RLP) and Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP). The robotic approach has received great attention, due to the perspective of better functional outcomes when compared to the other surgical alternatives; however, there is not enough evidence in the literature to define prognostic factors for functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To identify prognostic factors for functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients undergoing RARP. METHODS: We analyzed the video files of 143 RARP performed by a single surgeon between January 2009 and 2012 at Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Sexual potency was evaluated considering unilateral or bilateral dissection, grade of dissection, use of electrocautery, use of traction, and use of hemostatic stitches on the neurovascular bundles (NVB), and pre and postoperative data. Urinary continence was evaluated considering the length and quality of the urethral stump, size of the bladder neck, and pre and postoperative data. Postoperatively, sexual potency was defined as successful vaginal penetration in more than 50% of sexual intercourses (IIEF-5, Question 2, score >= 3) with or without the use of Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Urinary continence was defined as no pad use, or the use of up to one pad for safety, or an ICIQ-SF score of zero. RESULTS: For the sexual potency recovery, we found correlations with bilateral NVB dissection (p=0.001), higher NVB dissection grade at 6º month (p<0.01) and 12º month (p < 0.01), median NVB dissection grade of 9 (p < 0.01), younger age at 6º month (p < 0.01) and 24º month (p<0.01), mean age of 59 (p=0.007), 58.35 (p=0.01) and 57.7 years (p=0.005) at the 6º, 18º and 24º months respectively, median body weight of 76.18 kilograms (p=0.01), median prostatic weight of 31 g (p=0.03), lower total Gleason score (p=0.03), total Gleason with a median of 6 (p=0.009), median of 12 fragments removed at biopsy (p=0.001), lower tumor volume at 1º (p=0.01) and 18º months (p=0.02), median tumor volume of 5.25 (p=0.03), 5.40 (p=0.02) and 5.25cc (p=0.04) at 1º, 18º and 24º months respectively, unilateral tumor (p=0.02), and absence of capsular invasion (p=0.02). Use of electrocautery, traction and hemostatic stitches on the NVB where not significant. Urinary continence showed correlation with longer surgical times at 3º (p < 0.01) and 12º months (p=0.02), median surgical times of 3.45 (p=0.001), 3.35 (p=0.04) and 3.3 hours (p=0.04) at 3º, 6º and 12º months, respectively. Urethral stump length, quality, and bladder neck size did not show correlation with continence, although there was a trend for bladder necks of 15.92 mm (p=0.054). CONCLUSIONS: The following parameters: NVB bilateral dissection, NVB dissection grade, patient age and weight, prostate weight, total Gleason, number of removed fragments, tumor volume, tumor stage, and surgical time are useful prognostic factors for predicting functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients undergoing RARP

A prostatectomia radical é o método terapêutico mais utilizado no tratamento do câncer de próstata localizado. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a readaptação urinária e sexual no período pós- operatório. Método: Foram estudados 46 homens tratados por Prostatectomia Radical à quatro tempos: pré-cirurgia e após três meses; seis meses e um ano após cirurgia, através dos seguintes instrumentos: escala adaptativa operacionalizada redefinida- (EDAO-R); questionário de avaliação da disfunção sexual masculina - (QSM); questionário de incontinência urinária - (ICIQ-SF) e o questionário de comprometimento cognitivo - (MEEM). Em um ano de estudo a análise estatística avaliou quantitativamente a eficácia adaptativa em quatro setores, estruturados nos seguintes pressupostos: Afetivo-Relacional (A-R); Produtividade (Pr); Orgânico (Or) e Socio-Cultural (S-C). Resultados: Encontrou-se diferença significativa nos valores da adequação diagnóstica pela EDAO-R entre o momento 3 (6 meses de PR: G1 8,7%; G2 15,2%; G3 17,4%; G4 28,3%; G5 30,4%) e o momento 4 (1 ano de PR: G1 8,7%, G2 17,4%; G3 23,9%, G4 19,6%; G5 30,4%) em relação ao momento 1(précirurgíco: G1 28,3%; G2 17,4%; G3 26,1%; G4 17,4%, G5 10,9%). E no momento 3 (6 meses de PR: G1 8,7%; G2 15,2%; G3 17,4%; G4 28,3%; G5 30,4%) houve um aumento significativo em relação ao momento 2 (3 meses de PR: G1 10,9%; G2 17,4%; G3 37,0%; G4 17,4%; G5 17,4%). O ICIQ-SF diagnosticou diferenças significativas entre os todos os momentos (p < 0,001). O MEEM resultou no momento 2 (um ano de PR) com valores significativamente maiores que os apresentados no momento 1 pré-cirúrgico (p=0,001). O QS-M revelou no momento pré-cirúrgico que 80,5% dos pacientes se encontravam num escore de bom a excelente em relação ao desempenho sexual e que 19,5% se encontravam num escore de desfavorável a regular. No momento 4 (um ano de PR), os achados foram: 21,7% dos pacientes classificados na categoria de bom a excelente; 54,4%, na categoria de ruim a desfavorável e 23,9%, na categoria de nulo a ruim. Conclusão: Os homens submetidos à PR durante o período do estudo ficaram comprometidos na organização e na readaptação às alterações urinárias e sexuais decorrentes do tratamento / Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the most widely used therapeutic method in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the urinary and sexual rehabilitation in the postoperative period. Methods: A study was done of 46 men treated with radical prostatectomy at four time intervals: pre-surgery, three months, six months and one year postsurgery. The following instruments were used: Revised Operational Adaptive Diagnostic Scale - (ROADS); questionnaire for the assessment of male sexual dysfunction - (QS -M); International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ -SF) and the cognitive impairment test (Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE). In a year of study the statistical analysis quantitatively evaluated the adaptive efficacy in four sectors, structured in the following assumptions: Affective - relational (AR); Productivity (Pr); Organic (Or) and Socio-Cultural (S- C). Results: There was a significant difference in the values of diagnostic suitability for the ROADS between time interval 3 (6 months of RP: G1 8.7%; G2 15.2%; G3 17.4%; G4 28.3%; G5 30.4%) and time interval 4 (1 year RP: G1 8.7%; G2 17.4%; G3 23.9%; G4, 19.6%; G5 30.4%) relative to time interval 1 (pre-surgical: G1 28.3%; G2 17.4%; G3 26.1%; G4 17.4%; G5 10.9%). Additionally at time interval 3 (6 months of RP: G1 8.7%; G2 15.2%; G3 17.4%; G4 28.3%; G5 30.4%) there was a significant increase compared to the second time interval (RP 3 months: G1 10.9%; G2 17.4%; G3 37.0%; G4 17.4%; G5 17.4%). The ICIQ-SF diagnosed significant differences between all four time intervals (p < 0.001). The MMSE resulted in time interval 2 (1year os RP) having significantly higher values than those presented pre-surgery in time interval 1 (p = 0.001). The QS-M revealed that 80.5% of the patients were found to have a good to excellent score in relation to sexual performance and that 19.5% had an unfavorable to regular score prior to surgery. At time interval 4 (one year PR), the findings were: 21.7% of patients were classified as good to excellent; 54.4% were classified as bad to unfavorable and 23.9% were in the null to bad category. Conclusion: The men submitted to PR during the study period were committed to the organization and rehabilitation of the urinary and sexual changes due to treatment