<p>This report is written in cooperation with the Swedish National Road Administration South-Eastern Region in Jönköping. The report is a result of the evaluation to give an answer to the question about how well the function contract has been carried out on the E4 in Östergötlands and Jönköpings län. The evaluation is divided in two hard parameters and one soft.</p><p>The Swedish National Road Administration is interested in knowing how the standard on the road have been changed during the functions period, which is the reason why the first hard parameter is considering road standard. To evaluate the standard there have been a comparison of values from measures taken every year on the current road stretch. The second hard parameter considers economy. The Swedish National Road Administration wants to know if there are any economic reasons to continue this sort of purchasing, which only contains requirements of functions. The third and last parameter contains experiences from each part of the function contract and what each part thinks about this kind of contract.</p><p>The result of the research dealing road standard indicates a clear increase of standard ensuring roughness and road markings. In an economic point of view the function contract shows many benefits, one of them is that the Swedish National Road Administration South-Eastern Region has paid a smaller amount of money compared to the calculated cost of purchase the same measures in a traditional contract. Based on the answers from the interviews the overall opinion of the function contract is very good, from each part of the function contract.</p><p>The final conclusion is that this kind of contract suits very well for this sort of project and that the Swedish National Road Administration South-Eastern Region should use this kind of contract for the E4 also in the future.</p> / <p>Denna rapport är skriven i samarbete med Vägverket Region Sydöst som ett resultat av den utvärdering som gjorts för att ge ett svar på hur bra den funktionsupphandling som är gjord på E4:an i Östergötlands och Jönköpings län fungerar. Den studie som ligger till grund för rapporten är uppdelad i tre olika parametrar, två hårda och en mjuk.</p><p>Den första hårda parametern handlar om vägstandard då Vägverket är intresserade av att veta hur den förändrats under funktionsperioden. För att få fram en mätbar siffra på detta har en jämförelse av värden från de årliga vägytemätningarna på den aktuella vägsträckan gjorts. Man vill även få reda på om det är ekonomiskt hållbart att upphandla standard endast med hjälp av funktionskrav, därför handlar den andra hårda parametern om ekonomi. I den mjuka parametern vill man få reda på vad berörda aktörer tycker om funktionsentreprenaden. Genom intervjuer och samtal med personer som berörs av entreprenaden vill man få reda på vilka erfarenheter man har fått av den tid som hittills förflutit.</p><p>Resultatet av undersökningen av vägstandarden visar indikationer på en tydlig standardhöjning sett till ojämnheter och vägmarkeringar. Ekonomiskt sett finns det också fördelar med funktionsentreprenaden, då Vägverket Region Sydöst fått lägga ut en lägre summa pengar under funktionsentreprenaden än vad det skulle kostat att upphandla samma åtgärder med utförandeentreprenad. Baserat på de intervjuer som genomförts har man kommit fram till att entreprenaden ses med positiva ögon från såväl beställarhåll som entreprenörhåll.</p><p>Slutsatsen med rapporten är därmed att denna upphandlingsform lämpar sig mycket väl för denna typ av projekt och att Vägverket Region Sydöst bör använda sig av denna upphandlingsform för den valda vägsträckan även i framtiden.</p>

<p>Vår uppsats är skriven på uppdrag av Vägverket Region Sydösts informationsavdelning i syfte att ta reda på hur deras kundtidning Vägskälet är ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv. Vi har delat upp undersökningen i två delar. I den första delen använder vi oss av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Här undersöker vi innehållet i tidskriften genom att ta reda på hur könsfördelningen ser ut bland intervjuobjekt och i bilder samt hur könsfördelningen är bland skribenter och fotografer när Vägskälet skapas. Denna undersökning baseras på sex nummer av Vägskälet, tre nummer från 2004 och tre nummer från 2007. Tyngdpunkten i studien ligger på att ta reda på hur det ser ut idag, år 2007, men för att få en jämförelsepunkt valde vi att även undersöka 2004 års tidskrift.</p><p>För att se hur Vägskälets redaktion tänker ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv när tidskriften skapas ägnades den andra delen av undersökningen till samtalsintervjuer med fyra av nyckelpersonerna i den nuvarande redaktionen.</p><p>Resultaten från den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen visar att fördelning mellan män och kvinnor bland intervjuobjekt och i bilder är ojämn. Bland intervjuobjekten, de som får komma till tals i Vägskälet, är det en majoritet av män på 72 procent år 2007. Motsvarande siffra för år 2004 ligger på 73 procent vilket innebär att skillnaden mellan åren är liten. Även vad gäller könsfördelningen i bilder förekommer män i högre utsträckning än kvinnor även om siffran inte är lika markant som bland intervjuobjekten. Resultaten visar att det är fler kvinnor på bild i 2007 års nummer av Vägskälet i jämförelse med 2004 års nummer. Resultaten gällande manliga och kvinnliga skribenter och fotografer i Vägskälet visar på olika siffror 2004 och 2007. Redaktionen för Vägskälet 2007 domineras av kvinnor medan det 2004 är en jämnare fördelning mellan manliga och kvinnliga skribenter och fotografer.</p><p>Resultaten från våra samtalsintervjuer visar att det finns en medvetenhet i redaktionen när det gäller att tänka på jämställdhetsperspektivet i det dagliga arbetet med tidskriften. Det visade sig att redaktionen främst tänker på könsfördelningen i tidskriften, informanterna arbetar med att få med kvinnor i text och bild i den mån det går. De pekar på det faktum att den verksamhet som Vägskälet speglar är mansdominerad och den ojämna könsfördelningen i tidskriften kan bland annat förklaras av det. Informanterna var eniga om det finns förbättringspotential när det kommer till att få en jämnare könsfördelning i tidskriften.</p> / <p>Our dissertation is written by commission from Vägverket Region Sydösts information department. The purpose is to find out how their customer magazine Vägskälet is from an equality perspective. We have divided the survey into two different parts. In the first part we use a quantitative content analysis. In the quantitative part of our essay we examine the content of the customer magazine by finding out how the gender equality shows itself among interview objects and in pictures, but also among writers and photographers when Vägskälet is created. This study is based on six issues of Vägskälet, three issues from 2004 and three issues from 2007. The centre of gravity in this study lies in finding out how the gender equality is represented today in the year 2007, but to get a point of comparison we also chose to examine the 2004 issues of Vägskälet.</p><p>To determine how the editorial staff of Vägskälet thinks from an equality perspective when the magazine is created, the other part of our study was committed to interviewing four of the key persons that currently are a part of the editorial staff.</p><p>The result from the quantitative content analysis shows that the distribution between men and women among those who have been interviewed and in number of pictures are uneven. Among the interview objects, those who have been interviewed and have made a statement in Vägskälet, there are a majority of men by 72 percent in the year of 2007. The corresponding numbers for the year 2004 lies at 73 percent which means that the differences between the years are minimal. Even when it comes to the gender equality among pictures, men are shown far more immensely even though the numbers aren’t as prominent as in those who make statements. The results show that far more women occur in pictures in the 2007 in comparison to 2004. Regarding the results concerning male and female writers and photographers between the years 2004 and 2007, the results are different. The editorial staff for Vägskälet in 2007 are dominated by women when in 2004 men and women where more evenly divided.</p><p>The research findings from our interviews show that there are certain amounts of awareness among the editorial staff when it concerns the equality perspective in the everyday work with Vägskälet. This equality awareness concerns foremost the gender distribution in the magazine and our informants work on a daily basis to achieve a higher degree of representation of women in the magazine. Our informants point out that the labour occupation Vägskälet reflects are mainly dominated by men and the uneven numbers in the magazine could be explained by that fact. All of our informants agreed on that there were room for improvement when it concerns the progress of achieving even numbers in the representation of gender distribution in the magazine.</p>

<p>A fauna passage is a way for animals to cross roads separated from the traffic. In Sweden, there are an unknown number of passages with different functions and appearances. These passages would, with the question “Which fauna passages can be found in Sweden, and how well do they work?” as a base, be compiled in a comparable way. This would be done with a number of questions asked to the different regions of Vägverket. The essay was delimited to only include ecoducts, animal bridges, landscape bridges, animal gates, tunnels for small animals, shore passages and fence openings.</p><p>Most of Vägverkets regions had poor documentation of their passages and lacked the time to improve it. Most questions could only be answered for the region in general, and not for every passage, which forced us to change our way of account. In the end, most of the questions were answered by every region, even though it had not seemed possible earlier. Almost all regions also accounted for all their pas-sages in tables and with selected pictures to illustrate the passages.</p><p>The compiled result showed that there were no ecoducts in the country and the passages directed to otter was clearly dominating. There were only a few passages constructed for larger animals, such as deer and elk, but those existing were better documented and followed up, than the smaller passages. It is likely that a lot of animals use regular road bridges and tunnels, but there is no documentation of this.</p><p>The smaller passages are often planned in a simplified way, sometimes only through discussion in field. This often gave a fully sufficient and functional result, but there are examples of passages which did not function alright due to simplify-ing and inadequate planning.</p><p>The passages varied in shape in the different regions, which all seemed to prefer certain kinds. It was not clear from the basic data if this depended on climate dif-ferences between the regions, or if it simply was a question of taste.</p>

<p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external constructors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the constructor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the constructor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the constructors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same constructor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the constructor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the constructors and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and constructor.</p>

<p>This report studies the effect the opening up of routineroad maintenance in Sweden, traditionally carried out by theSwedish National Road Administration (SNRA). The main aim is tostudy the effect contracting out has had on work quality,transaction costs and the learning organization year 2001. Theresearch is built upon three hypotheses: Hypotheses 1: The SNRAcannot determine if the quality of the work is as contracted.Hypotheses 2: Transaction costs are less than 5% of theproduction costs. Hypotheses 3: The lack of cooperation ofSNRA's regional offices with each other and with the headoffice makes it difficult for SNRA to function as a learningorganization. The main research methods used were interviews, aquestionnaire, and participation in various meetings, such assite meetings and quality audits. Great emphasis has been puton the detailed questionnaire, which was sent to clientrepresentatives. The report includes a description of thebackground, definition and use of three theoretical concepts;quality, transaction costs and learning organization. Theresults show that client representatives at the regional levelcan determine that the SNRA receives the contracted quality,but at the central level it is not possible to determinequality fulfillment due to lack of complete and comparabledata. The study also concludes that it is not possible tocompletely separate transaction costs from the other productioncosts, mainly because man-hours spent per task is not accountedfor at the regional level. The questionnaire results show thatthe largest single transaction costs are those associated withreviewing the contracted work. This study shows that the clientrepresentatives think that the SNRA receives the contractedquality. The client representatives believe that the reviewprocess plays an important role in assuring the quality of theentrepreneurs' work. This study also shows that the client'swork is carried out differently in the different SNRA regionsstudied. This lack of administrative control by a centralauthority has lead to the main offices in the regions becoming"head offices" for the offices at the local level. The freedomallowed each regional office affords its employees theopportunity to develop new methods and organizationalstructures. At the same time substantial differences betweenthe regions and the lack of cooperation between the regionaloffices and the regional offices with the head office makes itdifficult for the SNRA to function as a learningorganization.</p>

This report is written in cooperation with the Swedish National Road Administration South-Eastern Region in Jönköping. The report is a result of the evaluation to give an answer to the question about how well the function contract has been carried out on the E4 in Östergötlands and Jönköpings län. The evaluation is divided in two hard parameters and one soft. The Swedish National Road Administration is interested in knowing how the standard on the road have been changed during the functions period, which is the reason why the first hard parameter is considering road standard. To evaluate the standard there have been a comparison of values from measures taken every year on the current road stretch. The second hard parameter considers economy. The Swedish National Road Administration wants to know if there are any economic reasons to continue this sort of purchasing, which only contains requirements of functions. The third and last parameter contains experiences from each part of the function contract and what each part thinks about this kind of contract. The result of the research dealing road standard indicates a clear increase of standard ensuring roughness and road markings. In an economic point of view the function contract shows many benefits, one of them is that the Swedish National Road Administration South-Eastern Region has paid a smaller amount of money compared to the calculated cost of purchase the same measures in a traditional contract. Based on the answers from the interviews the overall opinion of the function contract is very good, from each part of the function contract. The final conclusion is that this kind of contract suits very well for this sort of project and that the Swedish National Road Administration South-Eastern Region should use this kind of contract for the E4 also in the future. / Denna rapport är skriven i samarbete med Vägverket Region Sydöst som ett resultat av den utvärdering som gjorts för att ge ett svar på hur bra den funktionsupphandling som är gjord på E4:an i Östergötlands och Jönköpings län fungerar. Den studie som ligger till grund för rapporten är uppdelad i tre olika parametrar, två hårda och en mjuk. Den första hårda parametern handlar om vägstandard då Vägverket är intresserade av att veta hur den förändrats under funktionsperioden. För att få fram en mätbar siffra på detta har en jämförelse av värden från de årliga vägytemätningarna på den aktuella vägsträckan gjorts. Man vill även få reda på om det är ekonomiskt hållbart att upphandla standard endast med hjälp av funktionskrav, därför handlar den andra hårda parametern om ekonomi. I den mjuka parametern vill man få reda på vad berörda aktörer tycker om funktionsentreprenaden. Genom intervjuer och samtal med personer som berörs av entreprenaden vill man få reda på vilka erfarenheter man har fått av den tid som hittills förflutit. Resultatet av undersökningen av vägstandarden visar indikationer på en tydlig standardhöjning sett till ojämnheter och vägmarkeringar. Ekonomiskt sett finns det också fördelar med funktionsentreprenaden, då Vägverket Region Sydöst fått lägga ut en lägre summa pengar under funktionsentreprenaden än vad det skulle kostat att upphandla samma åtgärder med utförandeentreprenad. Baserat på de intervjuer som genomförts har man kommit fram till att entreprenaden ses med positiva ögon från såväl beställarhåll som entreprenörhåll. Slutsatsen med rapporten är därmed att denna upphandlingsform lämpar sig mycket väl för denna typ av projekt och att Vägverket Region Sydöst bör använda sig av denna upphandlingsform för den valda vägsträckan även i framtiden.

A fauna passage is a way for animals to cross roads separated from the traffic. In Sweden, there are an unknown number of passages with different functions and appearances. These passages would, with the question “Which fauna passages can be found in Sweden, and how well do they work?” as a base, be compiled in a comparable way. This would be done with a number of questions asked to the different regions of Vägverket. The essay was delimited to only include ecoducts, animal bridges, landscape bridges, animal gates, tunnels for small animals, shore passages and fence openings. Most of Vägverkets regions had poor documentation of their passages and lacked the time to improve it. Most questions could only be answered for the region in general, and not for every passage, which forced us to change our way of account. In the end, most of the questions were answered by every region, even though it had not seemed possible earlier. Almost all regions also accounted for all their pas-sages in tables and with selected pictures to illustrate the passages. The compiled result showed that there were no ecoducts in the country and the passages directed to otter was clearly dominating. There were only a few passages constructed for larger animals, such as deer and elk, but those existing were better documented and followed up, than the smaller passages. It is likely that a lot of animals use regular road bridges and tunnels, but there is no documentation of this. The smaller passages are often planned in a simplified way, sometimes only through discussion in field. This often gave a fully sufficient and functional result, but there are examples of passages which did not function alright due to simplify-ing and inadequate planning. The passages varied in shape in the different regions, which all seemed to prefer certain kinds. It was not clear from the basic data if this depended on climate dif-ferences between the regions, or if it simply was a question of taste.

No description available.

No description available.

Abstract This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping. In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external contractors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep. The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for. In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed. The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the contractor. It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the contractor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration. Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the contractors feel affect their work in any sense. Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same contractor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the contractor was a newcomer. The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the contractors and the road users. The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and contractor.