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Designing and simulating a Car2X communication system using the example of an intelligent traffic signShil, Manash 03 March 2015 (has links)
The thesis with the title “Designing and simulating a Car2X communication system using the example of an intelligent traffic sign” has been done in Chemnitz University of Technology in the faculty of Computer Science. The purpose of this thesis is to define a layered architecture for Infrastructure to Vehicle (I2V) communication and the implementation of a sample intelligent traffic sign (variable speed limit) application for a Car2X communication system. The layered architecture of this thesis is defined based on three related projects. The application is implemented using the defined layered architecture. Considering the availability of hardware, the implementation is done using the network simulator OMNET++. To check the feasibility of the application three scenarios are created and integrated with the application. The evaluation is done based on the result log files of the simulation which show that the achieved results conform with the expected results, except some minor limitations.
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The local potential of V2G : Estimation of the benefits of Vehicle to Grid in the energy community of StenbergDrommi, Cyprien January 2022 (has links)
In the countries willing to follow an energy transition towards decarbonization, a strong emphasis is put on electrification. Carbon-free power production tends to rely more on intermittent renewable energies, bringing many uncertainties on the electricity output to the grid. The transportation sector aims to reach a high penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road to overcome its fossil fuels dependency, adding an important load to charge their batteries. The V2G technology intends to alleviate these new issues by allowing the fleet of EVs to act like a storage system for the grid. This concept was proven to be mature but requires more pilot projects to build a greater consensus. The energy community BRF Stenberg, under construction in Hudiksvall, is willing to integrate V2G in its energy system. In this paper a model of the energy system for the whole community is built. Different types of V2G application are simulated and compared to a baseline. The constraints are formulated as a quasi-linear optimisation, where the cost from electricity purchase is minimized. A direct DCDC connection between PV production and EV charging is investigated, as well as the impact on the degradation of the batteries. The results show that it is necessary to integrate frequency regulation services to build a profitable project. The DC connection does not bring a significant benefit to the system. The battery degradation is proven to be a critical parameter that must be accounted for in the design of the system. / I de länder som är villiga att följa en energiomställning mot en koldioxidfri utveckling läggs stor vikt vid elektrifiering. Kolfri elproduktion tenderar att vara mer beroende av intermittenta förnybara energikällor, vilket medför många osäkerhetsfaktorer i fråga om elproduktionen till elnätet. Transportsektorn strävar efter att uppnå en hög penetration av elfordon på vägarna för att övervinna sitt beroende av fossila bränslen, vilket ger en viktig belastning för att ladda deras batterier. V2G-tekniken syftar till att lindra dessa nya problem genom att låta fordonsflottan fungera som ett lagringssystem för nätet. Konceptet har visat sig vara moget men kräver fler pilotprojekt för att skapa ett större samförstånd. Energisamfälligheten BRF Stenberg, som håller på att byggas i Hudiksvall, är villigt att integrera V2G i sitt energisystem. I den här artikeln byggs en modell av energisystemet för hela Energisamfälligheten. Olika grader av V2G-tillämpning simuleras och jämförs med en baslinje. Begränsningarna formuleras som en kvasilinjär optimering, där kostnaden för elinköp minimeras. En direkt DC-DC-anslutning mellan solcellsproduktion och fordonsladdning undersöks, liksom effekten på batteriernas nedbrytning. Resultaten visar att det är nödvändigt att integrera frekvensregleringstjänster för att bygga ett lönsamt projekt. Likströmsförbindelsen ger inte någon betydande fördel för systemet. Batteridegraderingen visar sig vara en kritisk parameter som måste beaktas vid utformningen av systemet.
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Performance Evaluation of 3GPP Standards for C-V2X CommunicationsGonzález Malla, Edgar Emanuel 19 January 2025 (has links)
[ES] Las redes móviles de quinta generación (5G) destacan por su robustez, superando las prestaciones ofrecidas por sus predecesoras. Estas redes, comúnmente denominadas 5G, posibilitan mejoras significativas en los indicadores clave de rendimiento (KPIs, por sus siglas en inglés) con el propósito de respaldar casos de uso y servicios avanzados. Estos KPIs se clasifican en tres escenarios fundamentales: Banda Ancha Móvil Mejorada (eMBB, por sus siglas en inglés), Comunicaciones Ultra Fiables y de Baja Latencia (uRLLC, por sus siglas en inglés) y Comunicaciones Masivas entre Máquinas (mMTC, por sus siglas en inglés). El escenario eMBB se orienta primordialmente hacia servicios que demandan elevadas tasas de transmisión y recepción para garantizar una experiencia de usuario mejorada. En contraste, uRLLC aborda situaciones que requieren estrictos estándares de baja latencia y alta confiabilidad en la red, como es el caso de aplicaciones en tiempo real, donde la pronta respuesta de la red es indispensable. Por su parte, el escenario mMTC se refiere a aplicaciones y servicios que solicitan el respaldo de la red para la conectividad masiva de dispositivos por kilómetro cuadrado, además de una eficiencia energética mejorada. Entre los servicios y aplicaciones más destacados, se encuentran aquellos basados en comunicaciones vehiculares mediante la red celular, conocidos en el estándar como comunicaciones V2X.
En términos generales, la comunicación V2X engloba el intercambio de paquetes entre vehículos y diversos elementos de la red. Cuando estas comunicaciones se efectúan mediante estándares basados en redes móviles, ya sea en LTE o NR, la interfaz radio de 5G, se denominan C-V2X. En este contexto, las comunicaciones Vehículo a Vehículo (V2V) posibilitan el intercambio de paquetes entre vehículos, mientras que las comunicaciones de Vehículos con Infraestructuras (V2I) facilitan el intercambio entre vehículos e infraestructuras de red. Por su parte, las comunicaciones de Vehículos con Peatones (V2P) comprenden la transferencia de paquetes entre vehículos y dispositivos portados por peatones, y las comunicaciones Vehículo a Red (V2N) permiten el intercambio de tráfico V2X entre vehículos y la red. Cada tipo de comunicación posibilita la implementación de diversos servicios, desde funciones básicas hasta aplicaciones avanzadas que exigen potenciales requerimientos por parte de la red.
En esta Tesis Doctoral, se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva del estándar para comunicaciones V2X LTE y NR V2X, destacando particularmente los modos de comunicación descentralizados, como se mencionó anteriormente. Posteriormente, se realizó una campaña de simulaciones a nivel de sistema para configurar escenarios V2X conforme a las especificaciones del 3GPP. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron evidenciar que las prestaciones del modo 4 en LTE son adecuadas para servicios básicos que no requieren un alto throughput, bajas latencias o estrictos criterios de fiabilidad en la red. En contraste, mediante el modo 2 de NR V2X, se observó un rendimiento mejorado, lo que permite la adaptación a servicios V2X avanzados. Asimismo, se demostró que altas numerologías contribuyen a un mejor comportamiento del sistema al proporcionar una mayor diversidad de recursos, reduciendo la probabilidad de que dos vehículos utilicen los mismos recursos para sus transmisiones en el modo descentralizado. Además, se comprobó que en NR V2X es crucial una combinación adecuada de numerologías, anchos de banda de canal y tamaño de los subcanales sidelink, según los servicios V2X a implementar. Finalmente, se analizó la incorporación de tecnologías de múltiples accesos radio (multi-RAT) con el fin de respaldar servicios avanzados y mejorar la interoperabilidad mediante el uso de tecnologías de acceso basadas en LTE y NR, especialmente en escenarios con múltiples operadores de red móvil (MNOs), interfaces de conexión y modos de comunicación. / [CA] Les xarxes mòbils de cinquena generació (5G) destaquen per la seva robustesa, superant les característiques que ofereixen els seus predecessors. Aquestes xarxes, comunament anomenades 5G, permeten millores significatives en els indicadors de rendiment clau (KPI) per donar suport a casos i serveis d'ús avançats. Aquests KPI es classifiquen en tres escenaris fonamentals: banda ampla mòbil millorada (eMBB), comunicacions de baixa latència i fiabilitat (uRLLC) i comunicacions massives entre màquines (mMTC). L'escenari eMBB s'orienta principalment a serveis que exigeixen altes taxes de transmissió i recepció per garantir una millor experiència d'usuari. En canvi, uRLLC aborda situacions que requereixen estàndards estrictes de baixa latència i alta fiabilitat de la xarxa. Aquesta necessitat es manifesta, per exemple, en aplicacions en temps real on la resposta ràpida a la xarxa és un factor indispensable. Pel que fa a l'escenari mMTC, es refereix a aplicacions i serveis que sol·liciten suport de xarxa per a una connectivitat massiva de dispositius per quilòmetre quadrat, a més d'una millora de l'eficiència energètica. Entre els serveis i aplicacions esmentats, destaquen els basats en comunicacions vehiculars a través de la xarxa cel·lular, coneguts segons la norma com a comunicacions V2X.
En termes generals, la comunicació V2X engloba l'intercanvi de paquets entre vehicles i diversos elements de xarxa. Quan aquestes comunicacions es realitzen utilitzant estàndards basats en xarxes mòbils, ja sigui en Evolució a llarg termini (LTE) o Nova Ràdio (NR), s'anomenen C-V2X. En aquest context, les comunicacions Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) permeten l'intercanvi de paquets entre vehicles, mentre que les comunicacions Vehicle-to-Infraestructura (V2I) faciliten l'intercanvi entre vehicles i infraestructures de xarxa. Per la seva banda, les comunicacions Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) inclouen la transferència de paquets entre vehicles i dispositius transportats per vianants, i les comunicacions Vehicle a Xarxa (V2N) permeten l'intercanvi de trànsit V2X entre vehicles i la xarxa. Cada tipus de comunicació permet la implementació de diversos serveis, des de funcions bàsiques fins a aplicacions avançades que requereixen possibles requisits de la xarxa.
En aquesta tesi, es va dur a terme una revisió exhaustiva de les directrius estàndard per a les comunicacions V2X LTE i NR V2X, destacant especialment els modes de comunicació descentralitzats, com s'ha esmentat anteriorment. Posteriorment, es va dur a terme una campanya de simulació a nivell de sistema per configurar escenaris V2X segons les especificacions del Projecte d'Associació de Tercera Generació (3GPP). Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que el rendiment del mode 4 en LTE és adequat per a serveis bàsics que no requereixen un alt rendiment, latències baixes o criteris estrictes de fiabilitat de la xarxa. En canvi, es va observar un rendiment millorat mitjançant el mode 2 NR V2X, permetent l'adaptació a serveis V2X avançats. A més, s'ha demostrat que les numerologies altes contribueixen a un millor rendiment, proporcionant una major diversitat de recursos i reduint la probabilitat que dos vehicles utilitzin els mateixos recursos per a les seves transmissions en mode descentralitzat. A més, es va trobar que a NR V2X una combinació adequada de numerologies, amplades de banda del canal i mida dels subcanals SL és crucial, depenent dels serveis V2X a implementar. Finalment, es va analitzar la incorporació de múltiples tecnologies d'accés a la ràdio (multi-RAT) per donar suport a serveis avançats i millorar la interoperabilitat mitjançant l'ús de tecnologies d'accés basades en LTE i NR, especialment en escenaris amb múltiples operadors de xarxa mòbil (MNO), diferents interfícies de connexió i modes de comunicació. / [EN] Fifth-generation mobile networks, commonly referred to as Fifth Generation (5G), are known for their robustness and surpassing the performance of their predecessors. They enable significant improvements in Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to support advanced use cases and services. These KPIs are classified into three fundamental scenarios: Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (uRLLC), and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). The eMBB scenario focuses on services that require high transmission and reception rates to improve the user experience. In contrast, uRLLC addresses situations that demand strict low latency and high-reliability standards in the network. This need is particularly evident in real-time applications where prompt network response is essential. The mMTC scenario pertains to applications and services that require network support for massive device connectivity per square kilometer and enhanced energy efficiency. In particular, services and applications based on vehicular communications via the cellular network, referred to as Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications in the standard, are prominent.
V2X communication refers to the communication between vehicles and infrastructures. When using mobile network standards such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or New Radio (NR), it is referred to as Cellular-based V2X (C-V2X). Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication enables packet exchange between vehicles, while Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) facilitates the exchange between vehicles and network infrastructures. Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) are two other types of communication that enable the transfer of packets between vehicles and devices carried by pedestrians and the exchange of V2X traffic between vehicles and the network, respectively. These types of communication enable the implementation of various services, from basic functions to advanced applications with potential network requirements.
This thesis provides a comprehensive review of the standard guidelines for V2X LTE and NR V2X communications, with a particular focus on the decentralized communication modes mentioned above. Following this, system-level simulations were conducted to configure V2X scenarios according to 3GPP specifications. The results indicate that LTE mode 4 is sufficient for essential services that do not require high throughput, low latencies, or strict network reliability criteria. On the other hand, NR V2X mode 2 showed improved performance, allowing adaptation to advanced V2X services. High numerologies have been shown to contribute to better performance by providing greater resource diversity and reducing the probability that two vehicles use the same resources for their transmissions in decentralized mode. Additionally, it was found that in NR V2X, an adequate combination of numerologies, channel bandwidths, and sidelink subchannel sizes is crucial, depending on the V2X services to be implemented. Finally, the incorporation of multiple Radio Access Technologies (multi-RAT) was analyzed to support advanced services and improve interoperability through the use of LTE and NR-based access technologies, especially in scenarios with multiple Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), connection interfaces, and communication modes. / González Malla, EE. (2024). Performance Evaluation of 3GPP Standards for C-V2X Communications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/214051
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Predictable and Scalable Medium Access Control for Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksSjöberg Bilstrup, Katrin January 2009 (has links)
<p>This licentiate thesis work investigates two medium access control (MAC) methods, when used in traffic safety applications over vehicular <em>ad hoc</em> networks (VANETs). The MAC methods are carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), as specified by the leading standard for VANETs IEEE 802.11p, and self-organizing time-division multiple access (STDMA) as used by the leading standard for transponders on ships. All vehicles in traffic safety applications periodically broadcast cooperative awareness messages (CAMs). The CAM based data traffic implies requirements on a predictable, fair and scalable medium access mechanism. The investigated performance measures are <em>channel access delay</em>, <em>number of consecutive packet drops</em> and the <em>distance between concurrently transmitting nodes</em>. Performance is evaluated by computer simulations of a highway scenario in which all vehicles broadcast CAMs with different update rates and packet lengths. The obtained results show that nodes in a CSMA system can experience <em>unbounded channel access delays</em> and further that there is a significant difference between the best case and worst case channel access delay that a node could experience. In addition, with CSMA there is a very high probability that several <em>concurrently transmitting nodes are located close to each other</em>. This occurs when nodes start their listening periods at the same time or when nodes choose the same backoff value, which results in nodes starting to transmit at the same time instant. The CSMA algorithm is therefore both <em>unpredictable</em> and <em>unfair</em> besides the fact that it <em>scales badly</em> for broadcasted CAMs. STDMA, on the other hand, will always grant channel access for all packets before a predetermined time, regardless of the number of competing nodes. Therefore, the STDMA algorithm is <em>predictable</em> and <em>fair</em>. STDMA, using parameter settings that have been adapted to the vehicular environment, is shown to outperform CSMA when considering the performance measure <em>distance between concurrently transmitting nodes</em>. In CSMA the distance between concurrent transmissions is random, whereas STDMA uses the side information from the CAMs to properly schedule concurrent transmissions in space. The price paid for the superior performance of STDMA is the required network synchronization through a global navigation satellite system, e.g., GPS. That aside since STDMA was shown to be scalable, predictable and fair; it is an excellent candidate for use in VANETs when complex communication requirements from traffic safety applications should be met.</p>
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Predictable and Scalable Medium Access Control for Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksSjöberg Bilstrup, Katrin January 2009 (has links)
This licentiate thesis work investigates two medium access control (MAC) methods, when used in traffic safety applications over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The MAC methods are carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), as specified by the leading standard for VANETs IEEE 802.11p, and self-organizing time-division multiple access (STDMA) as used by the leading standard for transponders on ships. All vehicles in traffic safety applications periodically broadcast cooperative awareness messages (CAMs). The CAM based data traffic implies requirements on a predictable, fair and scalable medium access mechanism. The investigated performance measures are channel access delay, number of consecutive packet drops and the distance between concurrently transmitting nodes. Performance is evaluated by computer simulations of a highway scenario in which all vehicles broadcast CAMs with different update rates and packet lengths. The obtained results show that nodes in a CSMA system can experience unbounded channel access delays and further that there is a significant difference between the best case and worst case channel access delay that a node could experience. In addition, with CSMA there is a very high probability that several concurrently transmitting nodes are located close to each other. This occurs when nodes start their listening periods at the same time or when nodes choose the same backoff value, which results in nodes starting to transmit at the same time instant. The CSMA algorithm is therefore both unpredictable and unfair besides the fact that it scales badly for broadcasted CAMs. STDMA, on the other hand, will always grant channel access for all packets before a predetermined time, regardless of the number of competing nodes. Therefore, the STDMA algorithm is predictable and fair. STDMA, using parameter settings that have been adapted to the vehicular environment, is shown to outperform CSMA when considering the performance measure distance between concurrently transmitting nodes. In CSMA the distance between concurrent transmissions is random, whereas STDMA uses the side information from the CAMs to properly schedule concurrent transmissions in space. The price paid for the superior performance of STDMA is the required network synchronization through a global navigation satellite system, e.g., GPS. That aside since STDMA was shown to be scalable, predictable and fair; it is an excellent candidate for use in VANETs when complex communication requirements from traffic safety applications should be met.
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The M2X Economy – Concepts for Business Interactions, Transactions and Collaborations Among Autonomous Smart DevicesLeiding, Benjamin 11 December 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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Eco-Driving of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs)Kavas Torris, Ozgenur 23 September 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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