Diese Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zum Verständnis des Energie- und Elektronentransfers innerhalb von neuartigen supramolekularen Strukturen, die aus einem zentralen Phthalocyanin und zwei axial angekoppelten Porphyrinen bestehen. Zwei solcher Trimere, welche die koordinative Ankopplung von Porphyrinen über ein Silizium-Zentralatom des Phthalocyanins nutzen, wurden im Rahmen der Arbeit zum ersten Mal quantitativ bezüglich auftretender innermolekularer Transferprozesse charakterisiert. Ziel war die Beantwortung der Frage, ob diese Substanzklasse die wunschgemässe Vereinigung von Lichtsammlung und Ladungstrennung ermöglicht. Aus der Kombination der Messdaten, aufgenommen mit einer Vielzahl von Messverfahren, konnten für die beiden untersuchten Trimere in zwei unterschiedlich polaren Lösungsmitteln die Ratenkonstanten der Energie- und Ladungstransferkanäle ermittelt werden. In allen Fällen findet ein effizienter Ladungstransfer von den Porphyrinen zum Phthalocyanin und ein Lochtransfer vom Phthalocyanin zu einem der beiden Porphyrine statt. Dieses Ergebnis bestätigt die Erwartung, dass Lichtsammlung und Ladungstrennung in diesem Molekül vereint auftreten. Zusätzlich zu den beiden oben erwähnten Prozessen findet je nach Lösungmittelpolarität und Struktur der Porphyrine ein dem Energietransfer paralleler Elektronentransfer und ein Ladungsrücktransfer statt. Allerdings zerfällt der ladungsseparierte Zustand zu schnell, was eine praktische Nutzung der untersuchten Verbindungen in Solarzellen noch verhindert und ihre Weiterentwicklung erfordert. / This thesis contributes to the comprehension of energy and electron transfer within novel supra-molecular structures, denominated triads, consisting of a central phthalocyanine axially-coupled to two porphyrins. In the course of this thesis, two of the trimers, were quantitatively characterized regarding their intramolecular transfer processes. Both feature a dative bond between the porphyrins and the phthalocyanine via the central silicium atom of the latter. These investigations aimed at answering whether this class of compounds allows the desired combination of light harvesting and charge separation. The rate constants of both investigated trimers in two solvents with different polarity were determined by the combination of data from a variety of measurement methods. An efficient charge transfer from the porphyrins to the phthalocyanine and a hole transfer from the phthalocyanine to one of the porphyrins occurs in all investigated cases. This result confirms the prospect that light harvesting and charge separation can occur combined in one molecule. Depending on solvent polarity and the structure of the porphyrines, electron transfer parallel to the energy transfer and a charge back transfer takes place in addition to both above-mentioned processes. However, the charge-separated state of the investigated substances decays to fast, still preventing a practical utilization of these compounds in solar cells and necessitating further developments.

Die essentielle Histon H3 Variante Cse4 ersetzt am Centromer das Standard Histon H3 und bildet zusammen mit Histon H4 funktionelle Cse4-H4 Tetramere aus. In dieser Studie konnte gezeigt werden, das Cse4 über seinen einzigartigen N-Terminus mit zwei Komponenten des Histon-Acetyltransferase-Komplexes SAS-I interagiert: der enzymatischen Untereinheit Sas2 und Sas4. Mutationen innerhalb des atypischen C2HC Zink-Fingers oder der HAT-Aktivierungsdomäne von Sas2 verhindern eine Bindung an Cse4, obwohl mit Hilfe von Co-Immunopräzipitationsexperimenten eine indirekte Interaktion nachgewiesen werden konnte. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass Cse4 mit Cac1, der größten Untereinheit des Chromatin-Assemblierungsfaktors CAF-I und Asf1 interagiert - zwei Histon Chaperonen, die Histon H3 und H4 in Chromatin assemblieren. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen weiterhin auf eine separate Rolle von Cac1, unabhängig von den beiden anderen Untereinheiten schließen. Die Interaktion von Cse4 und Ctf19 wird durch eine Deletion von Sas2 verhindert. Ebenfalls kann die Temperatur-Sensitivität eines cse4-103 mutierten Hefestamms durch eine Sas2-Deletion partiell supprimiert. Somit kann man darauf schließen, dass Sas2 eine Funktion bei der Stabilisierung des Centromers aufweist. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse lassen die Frage aufkommen, ob Cse4 in der Zelle acetyliert ist und ob es möglicherweise als Histon H3 Variante ebenfalls ein Substrat von SAS-I darstellt. Wir konnten zeigen, dass Cse4 tatsächlich in einem acetylierten Status vorliegt, ob SAS-I jedoch für die Acetylierung verantwortlich ist bleibt nachzuweisen. / The essential histone H3 variant Cse4 plays a crucial role at the centromere in S. cerevisiae, where it replaces histone H3 in that it assembles centromere specific (Cse4-H4)2 tetrameres. We found in our study that the histone H3 variant was able to interact over its unique N-Terminus with two subunits of the histone acetyltransferase complex SAS-I: Sas2 and Sas4. Mutations within the acetyl-CoA binding site (HAT domain) or the zink-finger of Sas2 disrupted the binding to Cse4, although an indirect interaction was found with co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Additionally, the N-terminus of Cse4 interacted with Cac1, the largest subunit of the chromatin assembly factor CAF-I and Asf1 - two histone chaperones that assemble histones H3 and H4 into nucleosomes. Our findings further suggest a role of Cac1 independent of Cac2 and Cac3 as no binding to Cse4 could be detected. A role for Sas2 at the centromere was further confirmed in that a sas2 deletion (sas2 delta) disrupted the binding of Cse4 to Ctf19. Additionally, sas2 delta partially rescued the temperature sensitivity of a cse4-103 mutated strain at elevated temperatures, suggesting a role for Sas2 in improving centromere stability. An important question resulted from our studies: is Sas2 able to acetylate the histone H3 variant Cse4 ? We have circumstantial evidence that Cse4 was indeed acetylated in the cell, but whether Sas2 accounts for the acetylation remains to be determined.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Methode der breitbandigen fs-zeitaufgelösten Fluoreszenzaufkonversionsspektroskopie (FLUPS) weiterentwickelt und vollständig theoretisch beschrieben, was anhand des Vergleichs von vorhergesagten und experimentell bestimmten photometrischen Korrekturfunktionen gezeigt werden konnte. Die Methode wurde verwendet, um lokale Fluoreszenzspektren von solvatochromen Sonden in der Nähe bestimmter Matrizes in wässrigen Lösungen zu messen. Aus der Dynamik der Stokes-Verschiebung konnte die Solvatations- bzw. Umgebungsdynamik bestimmt werden. Es wurden mittlere Solvatationszeiten τsolv von 0.57±0.06 für reines Wasser, 2.8±0.2 ps für DNA, 480±30 ps für Phospholipid-Kopfgruppen, 0.71±0.03 ps für ein Peptid (α-Helix) und 0.76±0.03 ps für eine t-Butyl-Gruppe erhalten. Hervorzuheben sind dabei die überraschend schnelle Relaxation nahe des Peptids und die sehr langsame Dynamik nahe der Lipid-Kopfgruppen, welche über 5 Größenordnungen der Zeit beobachtet wurde. Um den Einfluss einer hydrophoben Gruppe auf die Solvatationsdynamik erstmals zu aufzuzeigen, wurden präzise Messungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen vor-genommen. Zuordnungen dieser Dynamiken zu molekularen Prozessen konnten durch Vergleiche zu MD-Simulationen durchgeführt werden. / The method of broadband fs time-resolved fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (FLUPS) was further developed and completely theoretically described in this work. This was shown by comparing predicted and measured photometric correction functions. This method was used to obtain local fluorescence spectra of solvatochromic dyes near certain matrices in aqueous solution. From the dynamics of the Stokes-Shift the solvation or environmental dynamics respectively were obtained. Average solvation times τsolv of 0.57±0.06 for bulk water, 2.8±0.2 ps for DNA, 480±30 ps for phospholipid head groups, 0.71±0.03 ps for a peptide (α-helix) and 0.76±0.03 ps for a t-butyl group were obtained. Emphasized are the surprisingly fast dynamics near the peptide and the slow dynamics of the lipid head group region. The latter was observed over 5 orders of magnitude in time. To distinguish the influence a hydrophobic group for the first time, precise measurements at different temperatures were performed. Molecular processes were assigned to the obtained dynamics by comparisons to MD studies.

Sphingolipide sind eine wichtige Klasse von Lipiden, die nicht nur als Strukturmoleküle von Bedeutung sind sondern auch in Signaltransduktionsprozessen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Insbesondere die Sphingolipidmetaboliten Ceramid, Sphingosin und Sphingosin-1-phosphat sind an zellulären Prozessen wie Differenzierung, Apoptose, Proliferation und Inflammation beteiligt. Sphingomyelinasen üben daher als katabole Enzyme des Sphingolipidstoffwechsels eine wichtige Funktion aus. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Expression und Reinigung der rekombinanten humanen sauren Sphingomyelinase sowie ausgewählter varianter Formen des Enzyms, die verschiedene Subtypen der Niemann-Pick-Erkrankung widerspiegeln. Die Kinetiken und weitere Parameter der erhaltenen Enzyme wurden nach Michaelis-Menten bestimmt. Durch Gabe der rekombinanten Enzyme zu metabolisch radiomarkierten (NPA -/-) Fibroblasten wurde die Stimulation des Sphingolipidmetabolismus nachverfolgt. Mittels FT-IR Spektroskopie gelang die Bestimmung und Quantifizierung von Sekundärstrukturelementen im Wildtypenzym und den varianten Formen. Darüber hinaus wurde in SPR-Messungen die biomolekulare Interaktion der sauren Sphingomyelinase mit dem Krebstherapeutikum Siramesin untersucht. Siramesin, welches als Inhibitor der sauren Sphingomyelinase wirkt, induziert selektiv in Krebszellen den lysosmalen Zelltod. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde die saure Sphingomyelinase als potentielles Zielmolekül für Krebstherapien identifiziert. / Sphingolipids are an important class of lipid molecules. Beyond their structural role, they also serve as bioactive signalling entities. Sphingolipid metabolites like ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in many cellular processes including differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation and intracellular trafficking. In this context, sphingomyelinases are of special interest. The present work focuses on the expression and purification of recombinant human acid sphingomyelinase and selectively chosen variant forms of the enzyme, representing prominent Niemann-Pick disease types. Subsequently the biochemical parameters of all obtained enzymes were determined by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In order to asses the stimulation of sphingolipid metabolism metabolically radiolabeled (NPA -/-) cells were treated with the recombinant enzymes. Based on FT-IR spectroscopy, structural components of the acid sphingomyelinase and its variants, were determined and quantified. Furthermore SPR-experiments were performed to analyse the biomolecular interaction of immobilized acid sphingomyelinase and the anticancer agent siramesine. Siramesine acts as an inhibitor on acid sphingomyelinase, thereby triggering cancer-specific lysosomal cell death. In this context the human acid sphingomyelinase was identfied as a target for cancer therapy.

miRNA sind kurze 21 – 23 nukleotidlange nicht kodierende RNAs endogenen Ursprungs und regulieren auf post-transkriptionaler Ebene die Genexpression. Da aberrante Expressionsmuster der miRNAs im Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen Krankheiten stehen, ist das Interesse groß, Kontrolle über die miRNA-vermittelte Genexpression zu erhalten. Bei Krankheitsbildern, die eine Überexpression der miRNA aufweisen, kann die Inhibition der miRNA Reifung als Therapieansatz dienen. Inhibition kann z. B. durch peptidische Strukturen und durch small molecules, wie Aminoglykoside erfolgen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die nahezu vollständig festphasenbasierte Synthese von zyklischen Peptiden und Peptid-Aminoglykosid-Konjugaten als potentielle Inhibitoren der miRNA Reifung. Ferner sollte die Guanidinylierung an fester Phase mit verschiedenen Testsubstraten gezeigt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden im ersten Teilprojekt zehn zyklische Peptide mit Hilfe eines bisfunktionalen Linkermoleküls in den Seitenketten zweier im Peptid enthaltener Cysteine synthetisiert und isoliert. Basierend darauf wurden neun weitere zyklische Peptide an fester Phase synthetisiert, mit ausgewählten Aminoglykosiden in einer CuAAC gebunden und erfolgreich isoliert. Im zweiten Teilprojekt dieser Arbeit wurde die Guanidinylierung an fester Phase mittels des Goodman’s Reagent gezeigt. In ersten Studien wurden vier Testpeptide an fester Phase guanidinyliert. Im Anschluss wurde die Limitierung dieser Methode geprüft. Dazu wurden Aminoglykoside mittels CuAAC an verschiedene Peptid- und Peptid PNA-Rückgrate geknüpft und guanidinyliert. Nicht für alle Substrate konnte die vollständige Guanidinylierung an fester Phase gezeigt werden. Ein weiteres Teilprojekt zeigte die Funktionalisierung von kommerziell erhältlichen Polymeren für die SPPS in Hinsicht auf fluorophorbasierte „Hochdurchsatz Screening-Methoden“. Dazu wurde ein peptidischer Spacer entworfen, der eine Knüpfungsstelle für Fluorophore mittels CuAAC enthielt. / miRNA are short long non-coding RNAs endogenous origin with a length of 21 – 23 nucleotides. MicroRNAs regulate the gene expression on post-transcriptionally level. Starting in the nucleus, primary transcripts are processed into precursor-miRNAs. Accordingly, the miRNA matures after export into cytosol. Since aberrant expression patterns are related to different diseases, it’s from interest to gain control about miRNA mediated gene expression. Some diseases are related to over expression of miRNA. For that reason, the inhibition of the miRNA maturing is object of research. The inhibition can be resulted from peptide structures or with small molecules like aminoglycosides. Aim of this work was the solid phase synthesis of cyclic peptides derivatives and peptide aminoglycoside conjugates as potential inhibitors of the miRNA maturing. In addition, the guanidinylation on solid phase should be evidenced with different substrates. In the first part of the project ten cyclic peptides were synthesized on solid phase. The cyclization was carried out with a bifunctional linking molecule in the side chains of two cysteines. Based on that nine cyclic peptides were synthesized and elected aminoglycosides were bound with help of CuAAC. The second part of this work showed the guanidinylation on solid phase by using Goodman’s reagent under mild conditions. Four peptides were used for initial studies. Due to the success of this method the limit was evaluated. Therefore, aminoglycosides were bound via CuAAC to different peptide and peptide-PNA backbones. By mischance, not all the chosen substrates were fully guanidinylated on solid phase. A further short project showed the functionalization of commercially available resins for solid phase peptide synthesis in relation to fluorophore based high throughput screening methods. For this purpose, a peptide spacer was devised with a binding site for fluorophores via CuAAC.

Heterocyclen mit einer a-Hydroxycarbonyl-Einheit wie 3-Hydroxy-[1,5]-benzothiazepin-4-one oder 3-Hydroxychroman-4-one sind von Interesse, da sie Bestandteil von Pharmazeutika (z. B. Diltiazem®) oder Naturstoffen (z.B. die Flavonoide) sind. Ringtransformationen von optisch aktiven Glycidaten mit Binucleophilen stellen eine nützliche Synthesemethode zur Darstellung solcher Produkte dar. In Abhängigkeit von der Position des Angriffes des Nucleophiles am Oxiranring (a- oder b-Angriff) werden zwei Produkttypen mit verschiedenen Ringgrößen gebildet. Der Ablauf der Reaktion hängt vom Binucleophil, von den Substituenten am Oxiran und von den Reaktionsbedingungen ab. 4-Hydroxypyrazolidin-3-one werden bei der Reaktion von Glycidaten mit Hydrazinen gebildet. Reaktionen mit 1-Amino-2-mercapto-Verbindungen geben ausschließlich [1,4]-Thiazin-3-one. Gelenkt durch die Substituenten am Oxiran reagieren Glycidate mit o-Phenylendiaminen entweder zu Tetrahydro-chinoxalin-2-onen oder zu 3-Hydroxy-[1,5]-benzodiazepin-2-onen. Bei der Bildung der Tetrahydro-chinoxalin-2-one aus unsymmetrisch substituierten o-Phenylendiaminen wird eine hohe Regioselektivität beobachtet. Epoxyamide, gebildet aus Glycidsäuren und o-Aminophenol, cyclisieren unter basischen Bedingungen zu 1,4-Benzoxazin-3-onen, während in Gegenwart einer Lewis-Säure 3-Hydroxy-[1,5]-oxazepin-4-one gebildet werden. Reaktionen von Oxiran-carbonsäureamiden mit o-lithiierten Phenolderivaten führen zu Epoxyketonen, die zu 2-Alkyliden-cumaranonen oder 3-Hydroxychroman-4-onen transformiert werden können. Ohne Inanspruchnahme der Carbonylgruppe sind [1,4]-Benzoxazine durch die Reaktion von Glycidaten mit o-Aminophenolen erhältlich. Alle Ringtransformationen verlaufen stereoselektiv, so daß enantiomerenreine Produkte erhalten werden. / Heterocycles with an a-hydroxycarbonyl moiety such as 3-hydroxy-[1,5]-benzothiazepin-4-ones or 3-hydroxychroman-4-ones are of interest because they are frequently encountered in pharmaceuticals (e.g. Diltiazem®) or natural products (e.g. flavonoids). Ring transformation of optically active oxirane carboxylic acid derivatives with ambident nucleophiles provide a useful synthetic method for such type of products. Depending on the position of attack on the oxirane ring by the nucleophile (a- or b-attack) two types of products with different ring sizes are formed. The mode of reaction depends on the type of binucleophile, the substituents at the oxirane, and the reaction conditions. 4-Hydroxypyrazolidin-3-ones are formed in the reaction of glycidates with hydrazines. Reaction of 1-amino-2-mercapto nucleophiles exclusively afforded [1,4]-thiazin-3-ones. Governed by the substituents at the oxirane on the reaction of glycidates with o-phenylendiamines result either in tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ones or 3-hydroxy-[1,5]-benzodiazepin-2-ones. In the formation of tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ones from asymmetrically substituted o-phenylendiamines, high stereoselectivity was observed. Epoxyamides, formed from glycidic acids and o-aminophenols, cyclize to [1,4]-benzoxazin-3-ones under basic conditions while 3-hydroxy-[1,5]-oxazepin-4-ones are formed in the presence of a Lewis acid. Reaction of oxirane carboxylic acid amides with o-lithiated phenol derivatives afforded epoxyketones that could be transformed to 2-alkyliden-coumaranones and 3-hydroxychroman-4-ones. Without the use of the carbonyl group [1,4]-benzoxazines are available in the reaction of glycidates with o-aminophenols. All ring transformations were highly stereoselective giving enantiomerically pure products.

Os processos de fermentação em estado sólido (FES) existem há muitos séculos nas civilizações orientais, onde têm sido amplamente utilizados na produção de gêneros alimentícios. No ocidente, a indústria tem trabalhado preferencialmente com os processos de Fermentação Submersa (FS) porque, devido ao meio ser aquoso, existem facilidades para se controlar esse tipo de processo. No entanto, novas demandas (tais como o tratamento de resíduos sólidos) não são inteiramente contempladas pela FS. Por outro lado, os processos de FES podem ser descritos como o crescimento de microorganismos em substratos sólidos na ausência de água livre, podendo suprir essas demandas. Entretanto, também devido a essa característica, a maior dificuldade encontrada é o controle das variáveis internas do biorreator (como, por exemplo, a remoção do calor produzido pela atividade biológica). As pesquisas nesse campo mostram que essa remoção é mais fácil através das trocas pelo ar, por causa das dificuldades de condução térmica em meio sólido. Portanto, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle da aeração que permitam a avaliação dos processos em escala de bancada, diminuindo assim o número de incertezas na modelagem e simulação do processo. Com melhores modelos do processo em escala de bancada, torna-se mais fácil o controle da temperatura no leito de um biorreator de maior escala. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo aplicar uma técnica de controle robusto que seja capaz de garantir os índices de desempenho do sistema em toda a faixa operacional do fluxo e da temperatura ar do biorreator. A planta do sistema foi modelada em nove diferentes condições de temperatura e aeração através de modelos de primeira ordem sem atraso. Esses índices são: tempo de acomodação inferior a 12000 segundo e sobressinal inferior a 10%. O controlador utilizado foi do tipo Proporcional Integrativo (PI). Esse controlador foi sintonizado utilizando a metodologia LMI (do inglês Linear Matrix Inequalities) ou Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares, através das restrições elaboradas no algoritmo iterativo V-K. Os resultados da implementação mostram que as restrições utilizadas no algoritmo são capazes de sintonizar o controlador, mesmo não se conhecendo todas as dinâmicas do sistema de aeração. / The solid-state fermentation (SSF) processes have existed for centuries in Eastern civilizations and have been widely used in the production of foodstuffs. In Western, the industry has worked preferably with the submerged fermentation (SF) processes, because it occurs in aqueous medium and it facilitates the bioreactor control. However, new demands, such as solid waste management, are not fully covered by FS. On the other hand, the processes of FES can be described as the growth of microorganisms on solid substrates in the absence of free water, which can meet this demand. But because of this characteristic, the greater difficulty is the bioreactors internal variables control and the major one the removal of the heat produced by biological activity. Researches in this field show that removal is easier through air exchange, because of the difficulties of thermal conduction in a solid medium. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop an aeration control system that allows processes evaluation in bench scale, thereby reducing the number of uncertainties in modeling and simulation process. Thus, facilitating the temperature control of a larger-scale bioreactors bed. The aim of this work is to apply a robust control technique that guarantees the systems performance indexes throughout the air flow and temperature operational range. The plant was modeled on a first-order system without delay, at nine different conditions of temperature and aeration. These indixes are: settling time less than 12000 seconds and overshoot less than 10%. The controller used was a Proportional Integrative (PI) type. This controller was tuned using the LMI methodology (Linear Matrix Inequalities) through the V-K iterative algorithm restrictions. The implementation results show that the restrictions used in the algorithm are able to tune the controller, even not knowing all the dynamics of the aeration system.

Os processos de fermentação em estado sólido (FES) existem há muitos séculos nas civilizações orientais, onde têm sido amplamente utilizados na produção de gêneros alimentícios. No ocidente, a indústria tem trabalhado preferencialmente com os processos de Fermentação Submersa (FS) porque, devido ao meio ser aquoso, existem facilidades para se controlar esse tipo de processo. No entanto, novas demandas (tais como o tratamento de resíduos sólidos) não são inteiramente contempladas pela FS. Por outro lado, os processos de FES podem ser descritos como o crescimento de microorganismos em substratos sólidos na ausência de água livre, podendo suprir essas demandas. Entretanto, também devido a essa característica, a maior dificuldade encontrada é o controle das variáveis internas do biorreator (como, por exemplo, a remoção do calor produzido pela atividade biológica). As pesquisas nesse campo mostram que essa remoção é mais fácil através das trocas pelo ar, por causa das dificuldades de condução térmica em meio sólido. Portanto, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle da aeração que permitam a avaliação dos processos em escala de bancada, diminuindo assim o número de incertezas na modelagem e simulação do processo. Com melhores modelos do processo em escala de bancada, torna-se mais fácil o controle da temperatura no leito de um biorreator de maior escala. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo aplicar uma técnica de controle robusto que seja capaz de garantir os índices de desempenho do sistema em toda a faixa operacional do fluxo e da temperatura ar do biorreator. A planta do sistema foi modelada em nove diferentes condições de temperatura e aeração através de modelos de primeira ordem sem atraso. Esses índices são: tempo de acomodação inferior a 12000 segundo e sobressinal inferior a 10%. O controlador utilizado foi do tipo Proporcional Integrativo (PI). Esse controlador foi sintonizado utilizando a metodologia LMI (do inglês Linear Matrix Inequalities) ou Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares, através das restrições elaboradas no algoritmo iterativo V-K. Os resultados da implementação mostram que as restrições utilizadas no algoritmo são capazes de sintonizar o controlador, mesmo não se conhecendo todas as dinâmicas do sistema de aeração. / The solid-state fermentation (SSF) processes have existed for centuries in Eastern civilizations and have been widely used in the production of foodstuffs. In Western, the industry has worked preferably with the submerged fermentation (SF) processes, because it occurs in aqueous medium and it facilitates the bioreactor control. However, new demands, such as solid waste management, are not fully covered by FS. On the other hand, the processes of FES can be described as the growth of microorganisms on solid substrates in the absence of free water, which can meet this demand. But because of this characteristic, the greater difficulty is the bioreactors internal variables control and the major one the removal of the heat produced by biological activity. Researches in this field show that removal is easier through air exchange, because of the difficulties of thermal conduction in a solid medium. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop an aeration control system that allows processes evaluation in bench scale, thereby reducing the number of uncertainties in modeling and simulation process. Thus, facilitating the temperature control of a larger-scale bioreactors bed. The aim of this work is to apply a robust control technique that guarantees the systems performance indexes throughout the air flow and temperature operational range. The plant was modeled on a first-order system without delay, at nine different conditions of temperature and aeration. These indixes are: settling time less than 12000 seconds and overshoot less than 10%. The controller used was a Proportional Integrative (PI) type. This controller was tuned using the LMI methodology (Linear Matrix Inequalities) through the V-K iterative algorithm restrictions. The implementation results show that the restrictions used in the algorithm are able to tune the controller, even not knowing all the dynamics of the aeration system.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-12T19:19:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Isabel Cristina Mendes Pinheiro Navega.pdf: 6485517 bytes, checksum: c11321c7796f525b72d4747a2f452169 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T19:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Isabel Cristina Mendes Pinheiro Navega.pdf: 6485517 bytes, checksum: c11321c7796f525b72d4747a2f452169 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Popular education is an area of education whose practices allow the acquisition of knowledge through the interweaving of individuals with knowledge that, when contextualized, decode meanings, disseminate concepts and adapts it to communicate to transcribe facts, experiences and concerns; enabling consecutively dynamic dialogue between individuals and their environment. To better understand its definition, this objective is to work in talk about two experiences of popular education in Vila Kennedy aiming to show how popular movements influence their context and therefore it is extremely important to consider them in all areas education: form or informal, for example. One of the initiatives of these is the Short VK, community film festival that annually takes place in the locality; the other is the Aya House, cultural space for the exchange of popular knowledge, which values the potential of individuals with a desire to do what the residents can participate autonomously in the construction of learning, and can also reconfigure the scenario that popular community as marginalized socially. Thus, the objective of this work is to, in addition to presenting them, valuing them at their potential, show how the formal teaching spaces, such as public schools in the region should consider them in the construction of knowledge and meaning social that creates mutually in society. / A educa??o popular ? uma ?rea da educa??o cujas pr?ticas permitem a aquisi??o do conhecimento atrav?s do entrela?amento dos indiv?duos com saberes que, ao serem contextualizados, decodificam sentidos, disseminam conceitos e os ad?qua a comunica??o para transcrever fatos, viv?ncias e anseios; possibilitando, consecutivamente, o di?logo din?mico entre os sujeitos e seu meio. Para melhor entender sua defini??o, o presente trabalho objetiva-se em discorrer sobre duas experi?ncias da educa??o popular na Vila Kennedy com intuito de evidenciar como os movimentos populares influenciam e ressignificam seus contextos e como, por sua vez, ? de suma import?ncia consider?-los nas redes educativas que se criam nos espa?os formais e informais de ensino, por exemplo. Uma das iniciativas delas ? o Curta VK, festival de cinema comunit?rio que, anualmente, acontece na localidade; a outra ? a Casa de Aya, espa?o cultural de troca de saberes populares, que valoriza as potencialidades dos indiv?duos com o desejo de fazer com o que os moradores possam participar, autonomamente, na constru??o da aprendizagem, assim como tamb?m possam reconfigurar o cen?rio dessa comunidade popular t?o marginalizada socialmente. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho ? o de, ademais de apresent?-las,valorizando-as em suas potencialidades, mostrar como os espa?os formais de ensino, como as escolas p?blicas da regi?o, devem apreci?-las na constru??o do conhecimento e do sentido social que se cria, mutuamente, na sociedade.

No description available.