O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar indicadores ergoespirométricos entre um grupo de idosos não-treinados (GINT) e o grupo de idosos treinados (GIT) em corridas de longa distância e a associação com a qualidade de vida. Uma amostra de 46 indivíduos idosos, dos quais 27 (idade = 73,1 ± 4,3 anos) estavam engajados em treinamento para corridas de longa distância e 19 (idade = 73,5 ± 6,4 anos) idosos que não praticavam exercício físico regular. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação cardiorrespiratória e metabólica, utilizando se analisador metabólico de gases (CPX/D, MedGraphics®, EUA) acoplado a eletrocardiógrafo (HeartWere®, 6.4, BRA), ambos os sistemas computadorizados. A determinação da capacidade física máxima foi verificada em esteira rolante (Inbramed®, ATL10200, BRA) utilizando se protocolo escalonado contínuo (1,2 km.h-1 a cada dois minutos) e inclinação fixa de 1%. Os seguintes resultados verificados foram: No segundo limiar ventilatório (VT2) [GINT vs. GIT]: FC (bpm) [69,4 ± 9,9 vs. 65,4 ± 6,8; p <0,05]; RQ [1,03 ± 0,03 vs.1,01 ± 0,03; p <0,05]; PO2 (mL/bpm) [11,3 ± 2,4 vs.14.4 ± 2,8; p <0,05]. No pico do esforço: VO2max (mL/kg/min) [27 ± 5,4 vs. 39,3 ± 5,6; p <0,05], TT (min) [9,6 ± 2,9 vs. 16,4 ± 2,7; p <0,05] e velocidade de corrida (km.h-1) [9,7 ± 2,5 vs. 13,3 ± 2,5; p <0,05]. Para medir a qualidade de vida foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL. WHOQOL pontos [GINT vs. GIT: [70 ± 5 versus 71 ± 6] Avaliou-se o uso de medicamentos de diferentes grupos farmacológicos através de entrevistas e análise de pedidos médicos. Concluindo, a capacidade de desempenho cardiorrespiratório do GIT foi significativamente maior do que o GINT. No entanto, a qualidade de vida não foi diferente entre os dois grupos. Houve diferença na proporção de medicamentos utilizados entre os grupos. O GIT aparece com maior incidência no uso de Antiarrítmicos, Antiinflamatórios e Relaxantes Musculares. Ao contrário, o GINT apresentou maior uso de Hipoglicemiantes e Anti-Coagulantes. A maior utilização de antiinflamatórios e analgésicos pelo GIT pode ser devido ao fato de que os corredores têm maior prevalência de lesão muscular. Já a maior utilização de Hipoglicemiantes e Anti-Coagulantes pelo GINT, demonstra a falta de proteção cardiovascular pelo sedentarismo / The main purpose of this study was to compare ergoespirometric indicators among a group of elderly untrained (GEU) and a group of elderly old trained (GET) in long-distance race and the association with quality of life. Twenty seven (age = 73.1 ± 4.3 years) were engaged in training for distance running and 19 (age = 73.5 ± 6.4 years) older adults who did not practice regular physical exercise. All were underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test evaluation. To this end we used a gas explorer (CPX/D, breathby breath Medgraphics®, Saint Paul, MN, USA) coupled to an electrocardiograph (HeartWere®, 6.4, BRA). Both systems were computerized. The determination of the maximum physical capacity was assessed on a treadmill (Inbramed ®, ATL-10200, BRA) using incremental protocol (1.2 km.h-1every two minutes) and a fixed inclination of 1%. The following results were observed: In second ventilatory threshold (VT2) [GEU vs. GET]: HR (bpm) [69.4 ± 9.9 vs. 65.4 ± 6.8; p <0.05], RQ [1.03 ± 0.03 vs.1.01 ± 0.03; p <0.05]; PO2 (mL/bpm) [11.3 ±2.4 vs.14.4 ± 2.8, p <0.05]. At peak effort: VO2max (mL/kg/min) [27 ± 5.4 vs. 39.3 ± 5.6; p <0.05], TT (min) [9.6 ± 2.9 vs. 16.4 ± 2.7; p <0.05] and running speed (km.h-1) [9.7 ± 2.5 vs. 13.3 ± 2.5; p <0.05]. To measure quality of life we used the WHOQOL. WHOQOL points [GEU vs. GET: [70 ± 5 vs. 71 ± 6] evaluated the use of drugs from different pharmacological groups through interviews and medical applications. In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory capacity of the GET was significantly higher than the GEU. However, the quality of life was not different between the two groups. Differences in the proportion of medicines used by the groups. GET appears with a higher incidence in antiarrhythmics, anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxants. Instead, the GEU showed greater use of hypoglycemic and anti-coagulants. The increased use of antiinflammatory and muscle relaxants effects by the GET may be due to the fact that runners have a higher prevalence of muscle damage. Instead, the increased use of hypoglycemic and anti-coagulants by GEU, demonstrates the lack of cardiovascular protection by physical inactivity

Syfte. God kondition har visats vara av speciellt värde i olika idrotter samt för att minska risken för hjärt-kärlsjukdomar. I vissa idrotts- och hälsosammanhang är billiga, enkla och tillförlitliga tester ute i fält önskvärda för att utvärdera och följa upp ett konditionsvärde. Vid 5-minuters pyramidtest (5MPT) går individer fram och tillbaka över några trappsteg placerade i pyramidform. Testet har visat sig ha en hög korrelation till maximal aerob kapacitet för äldre samt för studenter vid GIH. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka gymnasieelever, elitbandyspelares och äldre perso­ners resultat vid och korrelationen mellan ett vidareutvecklat 5MPT och ett maximalt syreupptagningstest (VO2max) på cykel. Målsättningen var att även att undersöka reliabiliteten för pyramidtestet? Metod. I studien deltog 63 personer. I de tre urvalsgrupperna var fördelningen 21 äldre personer, 20 bandyspelare och 22 gymnasieelever. Testpersonerna testades tre gånger vid skilda tillfällen. 5MPT, som genomfördes två gånger för att undersöka reliabiliteten, är ett så kallat skytteltest som utförs under fem minuter. Testpersonen ska tillryggalägga en sträcka på ca 4,3 m så många vändor som möjligt under testet. Via en formel beräknas personens effekt (Watt). Bestämning av VO2maxvärdet gjordes med hjälp av maximalt cykelergometertest. Testet tog mellan 6-10 minuter efter en period med uppvärmning på cykeln. Resultat. För hela populationen (n=63) framkom gentemot VO2max en stark och signifikant korrelation både för 5 MPT 1 (r=0,97) och 5 MPT2 (r=0,97). Korrelationen var för de olika undergrupperna också signifikant samt relativt stark, varierandes mellan 0,78-0,94. Resultaten vid 5MPT (effekt) förbättrades mellan första och andra testomgången med igenomsnitt 4,2% för alla. Förbättringen var signifikant för alla undergrupper utom för äldre damer (som hade en förändring med 2,9%). I arbetet presenteras två framtagna ekvationer, baserade på sambanden mellan uppmätt resultat för VO2max på cykeltestet och data vid 5MPT1 respektive 5MPT2. Slutsats. För vidare bruk i fält av 5MPT, då man vill uppskatta personers aeroba kapacitet, kan förslagsvis de två här framtagna formlerna användas. Den första formeln kan brukas vid en första testomgång av 5MPT, medan den andra formeln kan användas vid upprepning av testet på samma individ. Studien visade således en stark och signifikant korrelation mellan maximal syreupptagningsförmåga (VO2max) och 5MPT för samtliga urvalsgrupper. Testuppsättningen kan således, med beaktande av olika för- och nackdelar, användas i olika idrotts- och hälsosammanhang för att försöka få en uppfattning om personers konditionsnivå. 5MPT är en snabb, funktionell och billig metod att uppskatta maximal aerob effekt. / Aim. Good aerobic fitness has been shown to be of importance in various sports and for reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. In some sport and health contexts it is desirable to utilize tests which are short, functional, simple and inexpensive for evaluating maximal aerobic power. The five-minute pyramid test (5MPT) is a shuttle test when the subject moves back and forth over some pyramid positioned steps. It has been shown that the test has a strong correlation with maximal aerobic capacity among elderly and students of physical education or health promotion. The purpose of this study was to investigate among high school students, bandy players from an elite team and older persons, how well the five minutes pyramid test (5MPT) can be used as a method to evaluate the maximal oxygen uptake compared to the established method performed on a cycle ergometer (VO2 max). Our aim was to evaluate the performance and correlation of the two tests and how the results differ between the chosen study populations. The aim was also to study the reliability of the pyramid test. Methodology. The study enrolled 63 subjects. In the three sample groups, the distribution was 21 elderly, 20 bandy players and 22 high school students. The subjects were tested at three separate occasions. The 5MPT test, performed twice to investigate the reliability, is a shuttle test during 5 minutes. The participants move back and forth a short distance (4.30 m) and as many laps as possible during the test. Power for the participants was calculated from a formula.The value for VO2max was accomplished by a cycle ergometer test. The duration of the VO2 max test was 6-10 minutes after a period of warm-up on the bike. Results. For the entire population (n = 63), versus VO2 max, there was a strong and significant correlation for 5MPT-test1 (r = 0.97) and 5MPT-test2 (r = 0.97). The correlations for all subgroups where also significant and relatively strong, varying between 0,78-0,94. The results for the 5MPT power was improved between the first and the second test with a mean value of 4,2% for the entire population. The improvement was significant for all subgroups except, for old women (who had an improvement of 2,9%). In the study we present two equations based on the relationships between results in VO2max cycle ergometer test and data in 5MPT1 respectively 5MPT2. Conclusion. For the use of 5MPT in field testing contexts, for estimating the aerobic capacity in individuals, one can as a suggestion use these two equations found in the present study. When testing 5 MPT for the first time the first formula can be used whereas the second formula can be used for repeated measures on the same individual. The study showed a strong and significant correlation between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and 5 MPT for all sample groups. The test equipment can therefore be used, although considering different advantages and disadvantages, in different sports and health contexts for estimating aerobic fitness in individuals. The 5MPT is a fast, functional and inexpensive method to estimate maximal aerobic effect

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Penteado.pdf: 1084171 bytes, checksum: 1fe7da89a2a7add8f27869b51f7e52d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: Critical Power (CP) is the maximum rate can be maintained in a stable metabolic state muscle work. In the search for a test associated with less error and greater practical application, a series of studies investigating the validity of a single maximal test "all-out" to determine the PC. This test was designed with the assumption that, by inducing the depletion of anaerobic reservations as early as possible, the aerobic system predominantly assume the replenishment of ATP and consequently the amount of work done in this situation will be the next PC. Thus this study aims to explore the impact of hypoxia (FiO2 = 0,13), in determining the PC by 3-MT test. Methods: 8 healthy university students were evaluated (7 men and 1 woman). Incremental ramp test for determination of the maximal and submaximal parameters as well as the braking factor (power +50% &#916; /pacing2 ) test three minutes to determine the maximum EP and W` in normoxia and hypoxia (Fi O2 = 0.13) conditions, constant load tests at 100% of EP determined in three minutes maximum. Student t test for the measurements between tests. Results: The main hypothesis of the study was not accepted since the addition of hypoxia did not cause enough stress to the point of changing the anaerobic contribution and interfere with the determination of EP (3-MTHYP = 213±43W, 3-MTNOR = 217±49 Wp = 0.35). There was no significant difference during the constant load tests at 100% of EP (EP 3-MTHYP = 23.95±8 min, EP-3 MTNOR = 19.41±10 min p = 0.36). Conclusion: Adding hypoxia (Fi O2 = 0.13) was not able to change the energy contribution to the point of changing the parameter EP aerobic and anaerobic W `, highlighting the robustness of the model against this intervention. Still, the responses associated with RPE during constant-load test are close to those encountered during constant load tests on PC. Further investigations with different levels of hypoxia are necessary for more conclusive answers. / Introdução: Potência crítica (PC) representa a máxima taxa de trabalho muscular possível de ser mantida em um estado estável metabólico. Na busca por um teste com menor erro associado e maior aplicação prática, uma série de trabalhos vem investigando a validade de um único teste máximo all-out para determinar a PC. Este teste foi concebido com o pressuposto de que, induzindo o esgotamento das reservas anaeróbias o quanto antes possível, o sistema aeróbio assumiria predominantemente a reposição de ATP e consequentemente a carga de trabalho realizada nessa situação será próxima a PC. Assim este estudo, tem como objetivo explorar o impacto da hipóxia (i.e. FiO2 0.13), na determinação da PC pelo teste máximo de três minutos (3-MT). Métodos: Oito universitários saudáveis foram avaliados (7 homens e 1 mulher). Teste incremental de rampa foi utilizado para determinação dos parâmetros máximos e submáximo bem como do fator de frenagem (potencia+50%&#8710; / cadendia2). Teste de 3-MT para determinação do EP e W` nas condições normoxia e hipóxia (Fi O2=0,13). Testes de carga constante a 100% dos EP foram utilizados para verificação das respostas fisiológicas. O teste t de student foi utilizado para as aferições entre os testes. Resultados: A hipótese principal do estudo não foi aceita, uma vez que a adição de hipóxia não gerou estresse suficiente ao ponto de alterar a contribuição anaeróbia e interferir na determinação do EP (3-MTHYP = 213±43W, 3-MTNOR = 217±49W p=0,35) . Também não houve diferença significativa durante os testes de carga constante a 100% dos EP determinados (EP 3-MTHYP = 23,95±8 min., EP 3-MTnor = 19,41±10 min. p= 0,36). Conclusão: A adição de hipóxia (Fi O2=0,13) não foi capaz de alterar a contribuição energética a ponto de alterar o parâmetro aeróbio EP, e anaeróbio W`, destacando a robustez do modelo frente a essa intervenção. Ainda, as respostas associadas ao EP durante o teste de carga constante estão próximas aquelas encontradas durante testes de carga constante na PC. Futuras investigações com diferentes níveis de hipóxia são necessárias para obter respostas mais conclusivas.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar indicadores ergoespirométricos entre um grupo de idosos não-treinados (GINT) e o grupo de idosos treinados (GIT) em corridas de longa distância e a associação com a qualidade de vida. Uma amostra de 46 indivíduos idosos, dos quais 27 (idade = 73,1 ± 4,3 anos) estavam engajados em treinamento para corridas de longa distância e 19 (idade = 73,5 ± 6,4 anos) idosos que não praticavam exercício físico regular. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação cardiorrespiratória e metabólica, utilizando se analisador metabólico de gases (CPX/D, MedGraphics®, EUA) acoplado a eletrocardiógrafo (HeartWere®, 6.4, BRA), ambos os sistemas computadorizados. A determinação da capacidade física máxima foi verificada em esteira rolante (Inbramed®, ATL10200, BRA) utilizando se protocolo escalonado contínuo (1,2 km.h-1 a cada dois minutos) e inclinação fixa de 1%. Os seguintes resultados verificados foram: No segundo limiar ventilatório (VT2) [GINT vs. GIT]: FC (bpm) [69,4 ± 9,9 vs. 65,4 ± 6,8; p <0,05]; RQ [1,03 ± 0,03 vs.1,01 ± 0,03; p <0,05]; PO2 (mL/bpm) [11,3 ± 2,4 vs.14.4 ± 2,8; p <0,05]. No pico do esforço: VO2max (mL/kg/min) [27 ± 5,4 vs. 39,3 ± 5,6; p <0,05], TT (min) [9,6 ± 2,9 vs. 16,4 ± 2,7; p <0,05] e velocidade de corrida (km.h-1) [9,7 ± 2,5 vs. 13,3 ± 2,5; p <0,05]. Para medir a qualidade de vida foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL. WHOQOL pontos [GINT vs. GIT: [70 ± 5 versus 71 ± 6] Avaliou-se o uso de medicamentos de diferentes grupos farmacológicos através de entrevistas e análise de pedidos médicos. Concluindo, a capacidade de desempenho cardiorrespiratório do GIT foi significativamente maior do que o GINT. No entanto, a qualidade de vida não foi diferente entre os dois grupos. Houve diferença na proporção de medicamentos utilizados entre os grupos. O GIT aparece com maior incidência no uso de Antiarrítmicos, Antiinflamatórios e Relaxantes Musculares. Ao contrário, o GINT apresentou maior uso de Hipoglicemiantes e Anti-Coagulantes. A maior utilização de antiinflamatórios e analgésicos pelo GIT pode ser devido ao fato de que os corredores têm maior prevalência de lesão muscular. Já a maior utilização de Hipoglicemiantes e Anti-Coagulantes pelo GINT, demonstra a falta de proteção cardiovascular pelo sedentarismo / The main purpose of this study was to compare ergoespirometric indicators among a group of elderly untrained (GEU) and a group of elderly old trained (GET) in long-distance race and the association with quality of life. Twenty seven (age = 73.1 ± 4.3 years) were engaged in training for distance running and 19 (age = 73.5 ± 6.4 years) older adults who did not practice regular physical exercise. All were underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test evaluation. To this end we used a gas explorer (CPX/D, breathby breath Medgraphics®, Saint Paul, MN, USA) coupled to an electrocardiograph (HeartWere®, 6.4, BRA). Both systems were computerized. The determination of the maximum physical capacity was assessed on a treadmill (Inbramed ®, ATL-10200, BRA) using incremental protocol (1.2 km.h-1every two minutes) and a fixed inclination of 1%. The following results were observed: In second ventilatory threshold (VT2) [GEU vs. GET]: HR (bpm) [69.4 ± 9.9 vs. 65.4 ± 6.8; p <0.05], RQ [1.03 ± 0.03 vs.1.01 ± 0.03; p <0.05]; PO2 (mL/bpm) [11.3 ±2.4 vs.14.4 ± 2.8, p <0.05]. At peak effort: VO2max (mL/kg/min) [27 ± 5.4 vs. 39.3 ± 5.6; p <0.05], TT (min) [9.6 ± 2.9 vs. 16.4 ± 2.7; p <0.05] and running speed (km.h-1) [9.7 ± 2.5 vs. 13.3 ± 2.5; p <0.05]. To measure quality of life we used the WHOQOL. WHOQOL points [GEU vs. GET: [70 ± 5 vs. 71 ± 6] evaluated the use of drugs from different pharmacological groups through interviews and medical applications. In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory capacity of the GET was significantly higher than the GEU. However, the quality of life was not different between the two groups. Differences in the proportion of medicines used by the groups. GET appears with a higher incidence in antiarrhythmics, anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxants. Instead, the GEU showed greater use of hypoglycemic and anti-coagulants. The increased use of antiinflammatory and muscle relaxants effects by the GET may be due to the fact that runners have a higher prevalence of muscle damage. Instead, the increased use of hypoglycemic and anti-coagulants by GEU, demonstrates the lack of cardiovascular protection by physical inactivity

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-25T18:35:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Adriana Guaraldo.pdf: 3131023 bytes, checksum: 777ceaa800ff93102e3d158cff3ce1fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T18:35:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Adriana Guaraldo.pdf: 3131023 bytes, checksum: 777ceaa800ff93102e3d158cff3ce1fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT), when used in conjunction with aerobic training, interferes with the oxidative stress, thereby influencing the performance of old rats participating in swimming. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 Wistar rats (norvergicos albinus) were used for this study: 24 aged rats, and 6 young rats. The older animals were randomly divided into 4 groups designated as follows: Aged-Control, Aged-Exercise, Aged-LLLT, Aged-LLLT/Exercise group and. Young-Control animals. Aerobic capacity (VO2 0.75max) was analyzed after and before the training period. The Aged-Exercise and Aged-LLLT/Exercise groups were trained for 6 weeks. LLLT laser was applied at 808 nm and 4 joules of energy to the indicated groups throughout training. The rats were euthanized, and muscle tissue were collected for analysis the index of lipid peroxidation (TBARs), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. Results: Statistically significant differences in VO2 0.75max values were observed for the Aged-LLLT/Exercise group compared to the baseline older group (p <0.01) and compared with LLLT and exercise group (p <0.05).. The results indicate that the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was superior and statistically significant (p <0.05) in the association of LLLT and exercise when compared to the LLLT group and group exercise. Was also observed that young animals presented for the activity of antioxidant enzymes smaller and statistically significant values the Aged group. The LLLT plus exercise and only the LLLT and training (exercise group) was also able to mitigate the concentration of TBARS with (p> 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that laser therapy in conjunction with aerobic training may provide a therapeutic approach for reducing oxidative stress, as well as the increase in VO2 0.75max allometric, indicating along with increasing speed media improved performance in aged animals treated with LLLT associated with aerobic training by swimming. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se a terapia com laser de baixa intensidade, usada em conjunto com o treinamento aeróbio, interfere com o estresse oxidativo, influenciando assim o desempenho de ratos idosos submetidos a um treinamento de natação. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 30 ratos Wistar (norvergicos albinus) foram utilizados para este estudo: 24 ratos idosos, e 6 ratos jovens. Os animais idosos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos designados da seguinte forma: Idosos-Controle; Idosos-Exercício; Idosos-Laser de baixa potência, grupo Idosos-Laser de baixa potência associado ao exercício e animais jovens-controles. A capacidade aeróbia (VO2 0.75 max) foi analisada antes e após o período de treinamento. Os grupos / Laser de baixa potência associado ao exercício e Idosos-Exercício foram treinados durante 6 semanas. O laser foi aplicado em 808 nm e 4 joules de energia para os grupos indicados em todo o treinamento. Os ratos foram sacrificados, e o tecido muscular recolhido para análise do índice de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), glutationa (GSH), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). Resultados: diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos valores de VO2 0.75max foram observados para o idoso Laser associado exercício em relação ao grupo idoso controle (p <0,01) e também na comparação grupo exercício (p <0,05) . Os resultados indicam que a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa-peroxidase (GPx) foi superior e estatisticamente significativa (p <0,05) para a associação de laser e exercício quando comparado com o grupo de laser e grupo exercício. Também foi observado que os animais jovens apresentaram para a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes menores e valores estatisticamente significativos no grupo idoso. O laser de baixa potência associado exercício o grupo apenas com exercício e o grupo apenas laser também foram capaz de atenuar a concentração de TBARS com (p> 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a terapia com laser, em conjugação com o treinamento aeróbio pode proporcionar uma abordagem terapêutica para a redução do stress oxidativo, bem como o aumento no VO2 0.75max alométrico, indicando juntamente com o aumento da velocidade média que melhorou o desempenho em animais idosos tratados com LBI associada com treinamento aeróbio por natação.

Title: Comparison of universal and specific functional stress tests of ski-mountaineerers. Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to compare maximal functional parameters of ski-mountaineerers measured during three functional laboratory stress tests. The functional stress tests were set on a treadmill, bicycle ergometer, and on a ski-mountaineer trainer. Consecutively, there is evaluated the meaning of testing of the functional parameters on the ski-mountaineer trainer. Methods: Interindividual and intraindividual descriptive study of 10 ski-mountaineerers of middle and high level performance. Results: The respondents reached the average value of VO2max 63,3 ml.kg-1 .min-1 on the ski-mountaineer trainer, 67,5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 on a treadmill and 66,5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 on a bicycle ergometer. The average measured HR on the ski-mountaineer trainer was 179 heartbeats/min, on the treadmill 185 heartbeats/min and on the bycicle ergometer 183 heartbeats/min. The average value of R reached the value of 1,09 on the ski-mountaineer trainer, 1,18 on the treadmill and 1, 19 on the bycicle ergometer. The highest measured value of VO2max reached on the treadmill was 79,3 ml.kg-1 .min-1 , the bycicle ergometer enabled to reach maximum 76,5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 and the highest value reached on the ski-mountaineer trainer was...

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka manliga gymnasieelever i Stockholmsområdet, deras aeroba förmåga (VO2max) samt deras grad av fysisk aktivitet mätt genom antal steg som tas per dag. (1) Vad har manliga gymnasieelever för aerob förmåga och i vilken grad uppnår de fysisk aktivitet registrerad genom pedometer? (2) Finns det något samband mellan aerob förmåga och fysisk aktivitet hos manliga gymnasieelever? (3) Förekommer det någon skillnad i aerob förmåga och fysisk aktivitet mellan yrkesförberedande- och studieförberedande manliga elever?  Metod: Denna studie är en kvantitativ experimentell studie där 25 manliga gymnasieelevers aeroba förmåga (VO2max) och aktivitetsnivå har undersökts. Nio av deltagarna studerar ett yrkesförberedande program och 14 deltagare studerar ett studieförberedande program. För att få ett mått på aerob förmåga har eleverna fått utföra ett Yo-Yo intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (IR1), och för att få svar på elevernas aktivitetsnivå samt om det finns något samband mellan aerob förmåga och fysisk aktivitet har eleverna fått bära pedometer under veckodagarna torsdag och fredag samt helgdagen lördag. För att beräkna normalfördelning i grupperna användes Shapiro-Wilks test. Signifikansnivån bestämde vi till att vara (p ≤0,05) och analyserades med hjälp av Pearsons chi2-test.  Resultat: Resultatet visar en signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna, den studieförberedande gruppen har en signifikant högre aerob förmåga än den yrkesförberedande gruppen (p=0,00043). Undersökningen visar att det inte finns något samband mellan aerob förmåga och fysisk aktivitet i antal steg. Det finns inga signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna i fysisk aktivitet (p=0,38773).  Slutsats: Denna studie visar att det endast finns en signifikant skillnad mellan yrkesförberedande- och studieförberedande elever i aerob förmåga. Den studieförberedande gruppen har en signifikant högre aerob förmåga än den yrkesförberedande gruppen (p=0.00043). Eleverna visade sig vara som mest aktiva på torsdagen och minst aktiva på lördagen. Pedometer anses inte vara reliabelt för att mäta fysisk aktivitetsnivå. / Aim: This study aims to investigate physical capacity (VO2max) and physical activity (number of steps/day) among male high-school students in Stockholm. (1) What is the level of physical capacity among the students and to what extent do the students reach physical activity measured with pedometer? (2) Is there a correlation between aerobic capacity and physical activity among male high-school students? (3) Are there any differences in physical capacity and physical activity between students who study academic or vocational programs?  Method: This review is a quantitative experimental study in which 25 male high school students and their physical capacity (V02max) and levels of physical activity has been investigated. Nine of the participants studied a vocational program and 14 of the participants studied an academic program. To get a measure of aerobic capacity the students conducted a Yo-Yo intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (IR1). To get answer to the students' physical activity and the connection between aerobic capacity and physical activity, the students carried pedometers during the weekdays Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to examine normal distribution among the groups. Pearson chi2-test was used to compare if there were any differences between the groups. The level of statistical significance was set as (p ≤ 0,05).   Results: The results showed significant differences between the academic and vocational group in aerobic capacity (VO2max) (p = 0.00043). The review shows no correlation between aerobic capacity and physical activity in number of steps. The results showed no significant differences between the academic and vocational group in physical activity by steps (p = 0.38773).   Conclusions: The study shows there is only one significant difference between the vocational and academic student in aerobic capacity (VO2max) (p = 0.00043). The academic students show significant higher physical capacity than the vocational students. The students are most active on Thursdays and least active on Saturdays. Pedometer is not a valuable tool to measure levels of physical activity.

Introduktion: Det har tidigare inte gjorts en litteraturöversikt som utvärderat och jämfört de fysiologiska effekterna av bastubad och aerob träning på hjärt- och kärlsystemet. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturöversikt är att sammanställa de fysiologiska effekter gällande hjärt- och kärlparametrar och aerob kapacitet som sker vid bastubad, antingen som enda intervention eller kombinerat med aerob träning, för att redogöra om bastubad kan användas som ett komplement eller alternativ till aerob träning för vuxna män och kvinnor. Metod: En systematisk sökning gjordes i databasen PubMed i oktober 2022 för att identifiera relevanta studier. Randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT), icke-randomiserade studier av interventioner (NRSI), samt exponeringsstudier, skrivna på engelska inkluderades. Studiernas risk för bias bedömdes separat och tillsammans av författarna utifrån SBU:s granskningsmallar för RCT, NRSI och exponeringsstudier.  Resultat: Tio studier som undersökte effekterna av bastubad som enskild intervention eller i kombination med aerob träning inkluderades. Dessa bestod av fyra RCT, två NRSI, samt fyra exponeringsstudier. De inkluderade studier hade måttlig till hög risk för bias och innefattade totalt 2614 deltagare som var friska, men även deltagare med sjukdomar som högt blodtryck eller hjärtsvikt. Sju av åtta studier som undersökte utfallsmått relaterade till hjärt- och kärlparametrar, samt fyra av sex studier som undersökte utfallsmått relaterade till aerob kapacitet, påvisade positiva effekter. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt indikerar att bastubad medför liknande fysiologiska effekter på hjärt- och kärlsystemet som aerob träning och kan utgöra ett lämpligt komplement eller alternativ till aerob träning för vuxna män och kvinnor. Detta innefattar såväl friska människor, som människor med högt blodtryck och hjärtsvikt.

The measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness has been extensively researched among adult populations, but very few researchers have focused their attention on the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents. Due to various constraints of direct 2max VO testing, various indirect testing methods have been developed of which the 20-m Shuttle Run Test is the most widely used testing method. The influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor performance components as well as certain demographic factors such as gender, race, living area, and sport participation as well as physical activity level on the 2max VO value of participants seems to suggest that 2max VO can be predicted by including these components in prediction models. It is against this background that the objectives of this study are provided. The following four objectives of the study were achieved through a literature review: Firstly, to name and describe the various direct and indirect methods for determining 2max VO ; secondly, to provide a review on the findings with regard to the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of children and adolescents; thirdly, to discuss the possible influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor-performance components on the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the last-mentioned groups of subjects. As part of this objective, other literature-identified factors such as certain demographic factors (living area, race and gender), sport and physical activity participation level which may also influence the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the participants, were also discussed; fourthly, all literature identified models for the prediction of aerobic performances or 2max VO values in children, and in adolescents were mentioned and discussed. The next few objectives were achieved through a selected group, cross-sectional experimental research design; fifthly, to develop a valid 2max VO prediction function from several anthropometric measurements and demographic factors such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; sixthly, to develop a 2max VO prediction function from the physical and motor-performance components as well as demographic variables such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; and finally, to determine the validity of the 20-m SRT to estimate the 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent boys in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa. In order to fulfil the fifth and sixth objectives of the study, a total of 214 grade 8 adolescents (boys: 88 and girls: 126) (age: 15.82 ± 0.68 years) of high schools in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District of the North West Province, South Africa were purposefully selected from pre-acquired class lists, from six secondary schools. Data was collected by means of various questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and physical and motor-performance tests, which also included the 20-metre SRT. For the fulfilment of the final objective of the study, 52 boys were purposefully selected from the above-mentioned group that completed various questionnaires as well as the 20-m SRT while they were fitted with a portable gas analyser apparatus. With regard to the anthropometric and demographic variable prediction model, the forward stepwise regression analysis results showed that muscle mass percentage, sport participation level, stature, hip circumference and ectomorphy act as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20-m SRT 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. Muscle mass percentage emerged as the strongest predictor (59%) of adolescents’ 2max VO values, followed by sport participation level (6%), ectomorphy (2%), stature (1%) and hip circumference (1%). The physical, motor-performance and demographic prediction model revealed that 10-metre speed, sit-up repetitions, sport participation level, handgrip strength, Vertical Jump Test (VJT) Tendo peak power, maximal heart rate (HRmax), living area, right shoulder external rotation flexibility (RPSERT), horizontal jump test distance (HJT) and right Modified Thomas iliopsoas flexibility (RMTIT) served as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20m-SRT-derived 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. However, only 10-metre speed served as a major contributor (53.5%) to the indirect 2max VO values of the adolescents. The rest of the variables contributed 17.4% to the overall variance in 2maxVO values. Overall, the last-mentioned anthropometric, physical, motor performance and demographic variables were responsible for 70.5% of the variance in the 2max VO values of the adolescents. Cross-validations also revealed that both models are valid for predicting the 20-m SRT-derived indirect 2max VO values of this cohort of adolescents. The 20-m SRT validity study showed that a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between the predicted indirect 2max VO results (42.06 ± 4.53 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the 20-m SRT booklet and the direct 2max VO results (50.62 ± 7.11 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the gas analysis. Furthermore, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between the direct and indirectly predicted 2 VO values at levels 1-9 of the 20-m SRT compared to no significant differences at levels 10 and 11 of the 20-m SRT. In conclusion, to the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study to develop valid 2max VO prediction functions from the use of several anthropometric measurements, physical and motorperformance test results and demographic information for a group of South African adolescents. Furthermore, this is also the first study to reveal that the 20-m SRT is not a valid test for the accurate prediction of 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent South African boys. The results of this study may possibly allow practitioners in the field of Human Movement Science to more accurately screen the indirect 2max VO values of adolescents by making use of easily obtainable measures and information, instead of the predicted 2max VO values of the 20-m SRT / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness has been extensively researched among adult populations, but very few researchers have focused their attention on the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents. Due to various constraints of direct 2max VO testing, various indirect testing methods have been developed of which the 20-m Shuttle Run Test is the most widely used testing method. The influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor performance components as well as certain demographic factors such as gender, race, living area, and sport participation as well as physical activity level on the 2max VO value of participants seems to suggest that 2max VO can be predicted by including these components in prediction models. It is against this background that the objectives of this study are provided. The following four objectives of the study were achieved through a literature review: Firstly, to name and describe the various direct and indirect methods for determining 2max VO ; secondly, to provide a review on the findings with regard to the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of children and adolescents; thirdly, to discuss the possible influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor-performance components on the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the last-mentioned groups of subjects. As part of this objective, other literature-identified factors such as certain demographic factors (living area, race and gender), sport and physical activity participation level which may also influence the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the participants, were also discussed; fourthly, all literature identified models for the prediction of aerobic performances or 2max VO values in children, and in adolescents were mentioned and discussed. The next few objectives were achieved through a selected group, cross-sectional experimental research design; fifthly, to develop a valid 2max VO prediction function from several anthropometric measurements and demographic factors such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; sixthly, to develop a 2max VO prediction function from the physical and motor-performance components as well as demographic variables such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; and finally, to determine the validity of the 20-m SRT to estimate the 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent boys in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa. In order to fulfil the fifth and sixth objectives of the study, a total of 214 grade 8 adolescents (boys: 88 and girls: 126) (age: 15.82 ± 0.68 years) of high schools in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District of the North West Province, South Africa were purposefully selected from pre-acquired class lists, from six secondary schools. Data was collected by means of various questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and physical and motor-performance tests, which also included the 20-metre SRT. For the fulfilment of the final objective of the study, 52 boys were purposefully selected from the above-mentioned group that completed various questionnaires as well as the 20-m SRT while they were fitted with a portable gas analyser apparatus. With regard to the anthropometric and demographic variable prediction model, the forward stepwise regression analysis results showed that muscle mass percentage, sport participation level, stature, hip circumference and ectomorphy act as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20-m SRT 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. Muscle mass percentage emerged as the strongest predictor (59%) of adolescents’ 2max VO values, followed by sport participation level (6%), ectomorphy (2%), stature (1%) and hip circumference (1%). The physical, motor-performance and demographic prediction model revealed that 10-metre speed, sit-up repetitions, sport participation level, handgrip strength, Vertical Jump Test (VJT) Tendo peak power, maximal heart rate (HRmax), living area, right shoulder external rotation flexibility (RPSERT), horizontal jump test distance (HJT) and right Modified Thomas iliopsoas flexibility (RMTIT) served as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20m-SRT-derived 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. However, only 10-metre speed served as a major contributor (53.5%) to the indirect 2max VO values of the adolescents. The rest of the variables contributed 17.4% to the overall variance in 2maxVO values. Overall, the last-mentioned anthropometric, physical, motor performance and demographic variables were responsible for 70.5% of the variance in the 2max VO values of the adolescents. Cross-validations also revealed that both models are valid for predicting the 20-m SRT-derived indirect 2max VO values of this cohort of adolescents. The 20-m SRT validity study showed that a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between the predicted indirect 2max VO results (42.06 ± 4.53 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the 20-m SRT booklet and the direct 2max VO results (50.62 ± 7.11 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the gas analysis. Furthermore, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between the direct and indirectly predicted 2 VO values at levels 1-9 of the 20-m SRT compared to no significant differences at levels 10 and 11 of the 20-m SRT. In conclusion, to the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study to develop valid 2max VO prediction functions from the use of several anthropometric measurements, physical and motorperformance test results and demographic information for a group of South African adolescents. Furthermore, this is also the first study to reveal that the 20-m SRT is not a valid test for the accurate prediction of 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent South African boys. The results of this study may possibly allow practitioners in the field of Human Movement Science to more accurately screen the indirect 2max VO values of adolescents by making use of easily obtainable measures and information, instead of the predicted 2max VO values of the 20-m SRT / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014