Med en relativt ny samarbetsform i partnering som etablerat sig allt mer den senaste tiden släpper beställaren in entreprenören i ett närmare samarbete. Med detta nyare samarbete jobbar entreprenören i större samverkan med beställaren och intäkter tas till lika stor hänsyn som kostnader. För att få entreprenörer att tänka nytt kan ett sorts hjälpmedel, där man värderar både kostnad och intäkt, vara väl till hands. Genom undersökning av Value Managements möjligheter i branschen blir syftet med arbetet följande: Att undersöka vad Value Management är. Att ta reda på hur branschföreträdare ser på Value Management och om de anser att det är ett bra tillvägagångssätt. Att undersöka och analysera möjligheterna för Value Management i ett slutfört projekt.Examensarbetets genomförande består av teori där vi beskriver Value Management och en intervjustudie där vi samlar in generella åsikter angående Value Management samt en undersökning av projektet. Intervjuerna består av relativt öppna frågor som tillåter en diskussion där vi ställer följdfrågor som kommer upp under intervjuns gång. Rapporten innehåller en teoridel om Value Management följt av fakta om vårt undersökta projekt. Efter det kommer en analys av Value Management samt en diskussion kring huruvida möjligheterna hade kunnat vara för metoden i det undersökta projektet.Under arbetets gång har vi bildat oss uppfattningen av att företagen upplever att Value Managemenet är en bra metod för kostnadseffektivitet och samverkan. Att Value Management är etablerad i flertalet länder såsom Australien och Frankrike men inte i Sverige kan bero på att svenska fastighetsföretag utövar en aktiv fastighetsförvaltning där bedriver förvaltningen i egen regi, detta skiljer sig då mot många utländska marknader då man sällan bedriver förvaltningen själv.I det undersökta projektet fanns mycket erfarenhet och en stor vilja till samverkan samt en mogen inställning till extern hjälp och öppenhet för nya metoder. I många anseenden har de involverade arbetat på ett sätt som påminner till stor del om Value Managements grundfilosofi, vilket gör att kopplingen till Value Management känns naturlig och lätt implementerad. / The Swedish construction industry can be seen as conservative and introduction of new ideas can be difficult. With the upcoming method of partnering in construction projects the developer invites the construction company to a closer cooperation. To help contractors to rethink and modernize their projects methods they might need a new control system that values costs and income equally. Value Management is a project method with these values.The purpose of this study is: To investigate what Value Management is. How the representatives from the industry feel about Value Management. Investigate and analyze the possibilities of Value Management in a finished project.The study will contain theory about Value Management and an interview study. This is followed by an analysis about Value Management and a discussion about its possibilities in project Ringstorpshöjden.During the study we have formed an opinion that the companies are positive to the idea of Value Management. Value Management is established in a series of countries although not in Sweden. This might depend on differences between the idea of Swedish property management and the international idea.In project Ringstorpshöjden the organization contained a very experienced project group with a mature view on consulting services and openness to new methods. I many ways work in the project reminds a lot of Value Management and the idea of implementation of the method feels natural.

For organisations to stay competitive, continuous improvements and development are needed.Organisations handling complex services, structured in projects, find difficulties in understanding the project performance. Understanding the project performance is important in order to achieve the ability to implement improvements and development activities in projects. Furthermore, project performance needs to be understandable for the whole organisation in order to be able to prioritize. There are several applicable methods available for handling the evaluation of performance. One method is Earned Value Management, EVM, which incorporates project scope, schedule and cost parameters in order to create project control.The purpose of this study is to investigate how EVM could be implemented for evaluating performance in projects handling repair and maintenance based on the EVM standard ANSI/EIA-748. The purpose is also to identify needed adaptations in the projects to make it possible to implement EVM. The EVM standard contains important steps and activities needed in order to be able to aggregate values and evaluate performance.The result of this study presents adaptations needed for EVM implementation based on the EVM standard ANSI/EIA-748. The study concludes that some structural and managerial changes need to be done before EVM can be implemented. The organisation needs to formulate common guidelines for structuring work and organisations, as well as formulate and define common reporting structures for documentation and reporting. In addition, the way of handling planning, and budgeting need to be reviewed and customised. The organisation also needs to continuously work with the knowledge and understanding about the importance of the business and the evaluation, to create a successful EVM implementation and a sustainable business. / För att organisationer ska kunna vara konkurrenskraftiga krävs kontinuerlig förbättring och utveckling. Organisationer som är organiserade i projekt och som hanterar komplexa tjänster, finner svårigheter i att förstå projektets prestation. Detta är viktigt för att kunna genomföra förbättringar och utvecklingsaktiviteter. Dessutom måste projektets prestation kunna förstås av hela organisationen för att skapa möjligheter att prioritera. Det finns flera tillgängliga metoder som kan användas för att hantera detta. En metod är Earned Value Management (EVM), som innehåller projektomfång, tidsplan och kostnadsparametrar för att skapa projektstyrning.Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur EVM kan implementeras för att utvärdera prestanda i projekt som hanterar service och underhåll, baserat på EVM-standarden ANSI/ EIA-748. Syftet är också att identifiera nödvändiga anpassningar i projekten, för att göra det möjligt att implementera EVM. EVM-standarden innehåller viktiga steg och aktiviteter som krävs för att kunna aggregera värden och utvärdera prestanda.Resultatet av denna studie presenterar anpassningar som behövs för implementering av EVM, baserat på EVM-standarden ANSI / EIA-748. Studien drar slutsatsen att vissa strukturella och ledande förändringar måste göras innan EVM kan implementeras. Organisationen måste formulera gemensamma riktlinjer för strukturering av arbete och organisationer, samt formulera och definiera gemensamma strukturer för dokumentation och rapportering. Dessutom måste sättet att hantera planering och budgetering granskas och anpassas. Organisationen måste också kontinuerligt arbeta med kunskap och förståelse om verksamhetens betydelse och utvärdering, för att skapa en framgångsrik EVM-implementering och en hållbar verksamhet.

The objective of the diploma thesis is to draw up the proposal for a communication strategy for the Jipka Butovice language school. A comprehensive analysis of marketing communication costs through the partial breakdown of costs for individual communication disciplines is applied as the working method. The partial objective is to create a comprehensive overview of the structure and the development of marketing costs within the monitored period. By analyzing the characteristics of the language school students, their satisfaction and loyalty and by analysing the discounts offered, the satisfaction factors and defining patterns of customer behaviour are further determined. The output is a summary of the analysis conclusion and a subsequent series of recommendations for company management which forms the basis for strategic decision making and future planning. The role of the communication proposal derived from the relationship of the conclusions drawn from the selected analysis is to increase the level of customer relationship management and to effectively allocate the costs for various marketing communication tools for the language school.

A sobrevivência de uma organização no mundo de hoje é alcançada através da busca por oportunidades e os projetos são lançados com o propósito de tirar vantagens destas oportunidades. De acordo com Smith e Merritt (2002), em relação a outros tipos de projetos, os de desenvolvimento de produto trazem elementos de risco adicionais, pois a estes está associado um grande teor de inovação. O gerenciamento de riscos é um componente fundamental para se obter êxito no gerenciamento de projetos. \"[...] Sem um tratamento adequado, riscos podem introduzir o caos e o fracasso ao projeto, por mais que este tenha sido inicialmente bem planejado e gerenciado [...]\" (ROYER, 2000, p. 6, tradução nossa). Este trabalho apresenta, com base em uma revisão bibliográfica, os processos, conceitos e ferramentas de gerenciamento de riscos e, através de um estudo de caso, explora sua aplicação em um projeto da Embraer para desenvolvimento de um novo produto, que utilizando um gerenciamento de riscos baseado na mensuração e controle sistemático do valor da exposição aos riscos, entregou todos os produtos finais contratados dentro do prazo e custos previstos e em conformidade com todos os requisitos técnicos especificados. O mesmo desempenho não foi verificado em um projeto predecessor, também da Embraer, similar em escopo e tecnologia envolvida, e que teve o seu gerenciamento de riscos implementado somente alguns anos após a sua ativação. Este projeto predecessor conseguiu entregar para o cliente todos os produtos contratados, porém com prazos e custos muito além das previsões iniciais. / Nowadays, the survival of an organization is reached through the search for opportunities and projects are launched in order to take advantage of these opportunities. According to Smith and Merritt (2002), product development projects, compared with other types of projects, have additional risk elements due to the high level of innovation associated to them. The risk management is a vital component for achieving the success in project management. \"[...] without mitigation, risks will introduce chaos and failure into an otherwise well-planned and managed project [...]\" (ROYER, 2000, p. 6). This dissertation presents the risk management processes, concepts and tools based on literature review and explores, using the methodology of case study, its application in an Embraer\'s project for the development of a new product that, through a risk management based on the systematic measurement and control of the risk exposure value, delivered all the contracted final deliveries within foreseen dates and costs, and in conformity with the specified technical requirements. The same performance was not noticed in a previous project, from Embraer as well, similar in scope and technology involved that had its risk management implanted only some years after its beginning. This previous project managed to deliver all contracted products to customer, however with dates and costs far beyond the initial forecasting.

Valuation draws heavily on the economic theory of demand. This tells us that users have preferences for water and are willing to pay different amounts for units of water put to different uses. Water should be allocated between these uses to the point that equalises the value of the last or 'marginal' unit. In other words, it is impossible to find a higher value for this marginal unit. Application of this principle of equi-marginal returns requires us to have some clarity about water values in competing uses. This is also important since water is rarely free to supply, and therefore suppliers need to charge a price that is in some sense equal to the supply cost and value to achieve full cost recovery. Even though inclusion of this economic rationale in the management of water resources has been a widely accepted principle, and is included in national and the EU policies, the actual practice does not fully reflect this endorsement. While many countries recognise the vital nature of water resources, few, if any, pursue a rigorous analysis of revealing the explicit value of water as a basis for determining whether water is actually being allocated to sectors in order to maximise its overall benefit to society. Aspiring to be the first Hydro Nation, maximising the social return from its water uses ought to be a policy objective in Scotland. This thesis constructs a portfolio of different water uses, estimating the approximate value for each and their current allocation in Scotland. This aims to stimulate an informed debate on actual allocation of water among different uses, relative values and trade-offs of these allocations in Scotland so that alternative allocation scenarios can also be discussed. I then focus on the valuation of water by manufacturing industries, the biggest consumptive use and a significant added value creator in Scotland. I investigate the factors that affect the valuation of water and the responsiveness to prices in manufacturing industries using a meta-analysis technique. These values are obviously not the same for each manufacturing sector due the nature of their use and value of their final output. Some sectors create premium value out of their use. The whisky industry stands out as a water-intensive and high value creating sector, as well as a vital contributor to the rural and overall Scottish economy. It is analysed here as the first case study using water footprint and marginal productivity analyses methods, both analyses highlighting the importance of quality and quantity of local water resources in Scotland and its value to the industry. The second case study is the livestock industry, which has been overlooked in the valuation of water use literature yet is significant for livelihoods in rural Scotland where reduced land capability limits agricultural production options. Following the portfolio of water uses, meta-analysis and case studies that analyse the current situation of value and allocation, I explore how the current situation can be improved through the application of tradability. Currently the main problem in Scotland is not the amount of water used or abstracted, but the pollution reaching water bodies as the result of run-off and leaching from agricultural fields. Therefore, the feasibility of trading water rights is more concerned with the permits to pollute rather than the rights to use. Using a linear optimisation I look into the potential of designing a payment for ecosystem services scheme based on tradability of water pollution in agricultural catchments that are affected by from diffuse pollution. The results indicate that trading schemes help reduce the cost of pollution to all users while creating additional income for farms. For constructing more precise pollution rights and robust schemes more research efforts are required.

Despite the use of earned value management (EVM) techniques to track development progress, federal information (IT) software programs continue to fail by not meeting identified business requirements. The purpose of this logistic regression study was to examine, using IT software data from federal agencies from 2011 to 2014, whether a relationship between schedule variance (SV), cost variance (CV), and actual cost (AC) could predict the success of IT software program, as operationalized by meeting the identified business requirements. The population of interest was 132 IT software programs developed between 2011 and 2014 for federal agencies. The sample source was an archival database located at ITdashboard.gov. The theoretical framework for the study was earned value (EV) project management theory. The EV project management theory is a project performance measurement system that involves integrating cost, schedule, and performance elements for planning and control. EVM contributes to project success by providing early warnings when programs deviate from cost and schedule plans. This study found that only SV was significant (SV days, p = .002). The null hypothesis was rejected, suggesting that a relationship exists between IT program success and the SV, CV, and AC. This study may contribute to social change by increasing the program managers' understanding of EV in federal project management and by decreasing federal spending through successful programs and more cost-efficient use of taxpayers' money.

<p>I denna studie undersöker jag på vilket sätt ett lokalt bankkontor arbetar för en hållbar utveckling. Jag har genomfört en förstudie för att öka min förståelse om regionen och det lokala näringslivet som bankkontoret verkar i. Jag genomförde en semi-strukturerad intervju med kontorschefen och företagsrådgivaren på deras kontor. Efter den intervjun skickade jag ut enkäter till små företag i det lokala näringslivet för att ta reda på om bankkontoret och företagarna kommunicerade på ett liknande sätt med varandra. Jag gjorde en grundlig teori sökning och fann intressant forskning på området på KTH Centrum för bank och finans. När jag hade bestämt mig för vilken forskning och teori jag skulle använda mig av konstruerade jag en teorimodell där lokalkontorets hållbara utveckling var beroende av kontorets interna faktorer som jag identifierade till bankorganisation, kunskap och värderingsstyrning. De yttre faktorerna identifierade jag till reglerande organisationer, små företag, revisorn och kommunen. I min studie kom jag fram till att lokalkontoret arbetar idag på ett sätt som skapar hållbar utveckling på kort sikt och att de har goda möjligheter att även skapa det på lång sikt.</p> / <p>In this study I have investigated in what way a local bank office placed in Hofors has chosen to work for a sustainable business. I conducted a pre study to increase my knowledge of the region and the local business life. After that pre study I counducted an interview at the local bank office with the bank manager and the business advisor. In order to find out if the local bank office and the local business life has a good communication. I conducted a questionnaire that I sent out to the business men in Hofors to fill out. After a thorough theory search I created my own theory model. The model is based on internal and external factors that affect the banks sustainable business. The result of my study shows the local bank office is working for sustainable business.</p>

I denna studie undersöker jag på vilket sätt ett lokalt bankkontor arbetar för en hållbar utveckling. Jag har genomfört en förstudie för att öka min förståelse om regionen och det lokala näringslivet som bankkontoret verkar i. Jag genomförde en semi-strukturerad intervju med kontorschefen och företagsrådgivaren på deras kontor. Efter den intervjun skickade jag ut enkäter till små företag i det lokala näringslivet för att ta reda på om bankkontoret och företagarna kommunicerade på ett liknande sätt med varandra. Jag gjorde en grundlig teori sökning och fann intressant forskning på området på KTH Centrum för bank och finans. När jag hade bestämt mig för vilken forskning och teori jag skulle använda mig av konstruerade jag en teorimodell där lokalkontorets hållbara utveckling var beroende av kontorets interna faktorer som jag identifierade till bankorganisation, kunskap och värderingsstyrning. De yttre faktorerna identifierade jag till reglerande organisationer, små företag, revisorn och kommunen. I min studie kom jag fram till att lokalkontoret arbetar idag på ett sätt som skapar hållbar utveckling på kort sikt och att de har goda möjligheter att även skapa det på lång sikt. / In this study I have investigated in what way a local bank office placed in Hofors has chosen to work for a sustainable business. I conducted a pre study to increase my knowledge of the region and the local business life. After that pre study I counducted an interview at the local bank office with the bank manager and the business advisor. In order to find out if the local bank office and the local business life has a good communication. I conducted a questionnaire that I sent out to the business men in Hofors to fill out. After a thorough theory search I created my own theory model. The model is based on internal and external factors that affect the banks sustainable business. The result of my study shows the local bank office is working for sustainable business.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: SUMMARY This research studies the concept of Knowledge Management (KM) in organisations and also its integration with other structures. While KM is seen as being beneficial to organisations, it is of crucial importance for its proponents not to overlook the fact that it may also have disadvantages. There are numerous publications, both scholarly and otherwise, that describe how a well-implemented KM initiative can add value to an enterprise by improving the sharing of information between managers and employees, but the risk factors around instituting KM have not received the same attention. Its proponents have generally inadequately explained how even a “well-implemented” KM initiative can spell disaster for an organisation; KM, like other management theories such as Total Quality Management (TAM), Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR) and others, can and have failed and there needs to be an understanding of why this happens. This research looks at the risk and value issues that come with KM and the various ways in which these risks may be mitigated and the value retained. In particular, the integration of KM with management initiatives like Value Management (V.M) and Risk Management (RM) will be examined. This process is seen as problematic because of the nature of the interrelationship between KM on the one hand and V.M and RM on the other. It is argued that only when organisations fully understand this interrelationship, can they begin to integrate risk and Value Management into their Knowledge Management initiatives. Therefore, the analysis of the relationship between Value Management and Risk Management as semi or fully formalised management processes plays an important part in the research. The study examines cases where V.M and RM have been incorporated in KM implementations in the South African petrochemical industry in an attempt to arrive at a more accurate assessment of this process. The study argues that Knowledge Management can pose a threat to any organisation that does not manage its attendant risks as well as it does its benefits. As an example, this research looks at how knowledge workers can be deployed by knowledge managers to add value to an enterprise without risking the loss of its intellectual capital, for instance when such workers are recruited by competitors. The finding of this thesis are somewhat varied in nature. As far as this research is concerned there are no adequate and streamlined measures taken to analyse risk in SASTECH, particularly Risk that comes with or as a result of Knowledge Management. As a consequence there are no formalised control measures and review processes put into place for monitoring these risks. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die begrip Kennisbestuur (KM) in organisasies en die integrasie daarvan in ander strukture. KM word beskou as voordelig vir organisasies, maar dit is van kernbelang vir sy voorstaanders om nie uit die oog te verloor dat dit ook nadele mag meebring nie. Daar is talle publikasies, akademies en andersins, wat beskryf hoe ‘n deeglike KM inisiatief waarde kan toe voeg by ‘n onderneming deur die wyse waarop dit die deel van inligting tussen bestuurders en werknemers verbeter; die risikofaktore rondom die instel van KM het egter nie naastenby dieselfde aandag geniet nie. Sy voorstaanders kon gewoonlik nie verklaar hoe selfs ‘n “deeglike” KM inisiatief rampspoedige gevolge vir ‘n organisasie kan hê nie; KM, soos ander bestuursteorieë soos Totale Kwaliteitsbestuur (TQM), Heraanpassing van Sakeprosesse (BPR) en ander, kan en het misluk en die redes daarvoor moet verstaan word. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die risiko’s en waarde-implikasies van KM en die verskillende maniere waarop hierdie risiko’s beheer kan word. In besonder word die integrasie van KM met bestuursinisiatiewe soos Waardebestuur (V.M) en Risikobestuur (RM) ondersoek. Hierdie proses word as problematies beskou weens die aard van die onderlinge verwantskap tussen KM aan die een kant en V.M en RM aan die ander. Daar word betoog dat slegs wanneer organisasies hierdie onderlinge verwantskap ten volle verstaan, hulle risiko- en waardebestuur in hulle KM-inisiatiewe kan begin integreer. Daarom speel die analise van die verhouding tussen Waardebestuur en Risikobestuur as semi of ten volle geformaliseerde bestuursprosesse 'n belangrike rol in die navorsing. Die studie ondersoek gevalle waar V.M en RM ingelyf is by die implementering van KM in die Suid-Afrikaanse petrochemiese nywerheid ten einde ‘n meer akkurate waardebepaling van hierdie proses te maak. Die studie stel voor dat kennisbestuur ‘n bedreiging kan inhou vir enige organisasie wat nie die meegaande risiko’s ewe goed as die voordele bestuur nie. As praktiese voorbeeld kyk hierdie studie na hoe kenniswerkers deur kennisbestuurders ontplooi kan word om waarde by ‘n onderneming te voeg sonder om die risiko te loop dat hierdie intelektuele kapitaal verlore gaan wanneer sulke werkers byvoorbeeld deur mededingers gewerf word. Die bevindinge opgeteken in hierdie tesis is wisselend van voorkoms. Sover dit hierdie navorsing betref is daar geen voldoende en vaartbelynde maatreëls om risiko in SASTECH, veral Risiko wat afkomstig van Kennisbestuur getref nie. Die gevolg hiervan is dat daar geen formele beheermaatreëls en hersieningsprosesse in plek gesit is vir die monitering van hierdie risiko's nie.

Organisationer med komplexa projekt som sträcker sig över ett flertal år finner svårigheter att förhålla sig till projektens fördefinierade parametrar tid, kostnad och omfattning. Skenande kostnader och förseningar är vanligt förekommande i dessa typer av projekt, då projekten omfattar ett samspel av ett flertal aktiviteter och där projektets omfattning ofta förändras. Det finns metoder som verksamheter kan tillämpa för att kontrollera ovannämnda parametrar och i ett tidigt skede kunna identifiera när någon av parametrar tenderar att överskridas. En metod som styrker prestationsmätningar är Earned Value Mangament, EVM. Syftet med studien var att identifiera vart organisationer brister gentemot branschstandarden inom EVM, ANSI/EIA-748. Standarden innehåller viktiga steg för att kunna utföra en korrekt prestationsmätning tillsammans med teorin från Earned Value Management. Resultat studien presentera indikerar på att organisationer måste skapa tydliga riktlinjer hur ANSI/EIA-748 skall tillämpas. Till exempel att alla bryter ner arbetet och fördelar sina budgetar på samma sätt. Studiens resultat antyder också att Rolling Wave är ett lämpligt verktyg för komplexa och långa projekt. Av den anledningen att projektledare inte planerar för mycket i onödan eftersom projektets omfattning ständigt förändras.