This thesis consists of four independent essays, which consider different topics in information economics and political economy. The first two papers are variants of the same idea. An uninformed principal, e.g., a government, will make a decision. In order to gain more information it may consult two experts; however, these experts have a private interest in certain policies being implemented. The question is, to gain as much information as possible, should the principal consult experts who are biased in the same direction, or experts who prefer different decisions? The main result is that, as long as collusion between experts can be prevented, homogeneous panels are superior to heterogeneous ones, and this advantage increases with the experts’ informational precision. In the third paper, two firms consider entry in a new product market and must decide when to enter the market and how to design their product. Firms do not know for certain what the best design is, so both firms want to outwait the other’s decision in order to gain more information. The focus of the paper is on which firm will make the first decision. The main result is that if products are strong (strategic) substitutes, the worst informed firm makes the first decision in equilibrium. The analysis should apply to a range of other contexts, such as investors’ trading decisions or the policy choices of political candidates. The final paper asks the following question: Could it be that parties in a two-party system may benefit from using several candidates in the same election? To promote the use of multiple candidates, I assume that a party never runs the risk of having its votes split up among its candidates. Despite this, it turns out that parties have a strong incentive to restrict their number of nominees. Paradoxically, it seems that the more uncertain parties are about voter opinion, the fewer candidates they want to use. In particular, with a uniform voter distribution the optimal number of candidates is one. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001 S. v-vii: sammanfattning, s. 1-72: 4 uppsatser

Syfte: Tidigare studier har visat att objektiviteten hos revisorer tenderar att brista i större utsträckning i små revisionsfirmor än i större revisionsfirmor. Det finns samtidigt forskning som fastställer att den etiska kulturen i en organisation har en stor inverkan på de enskilda individernas etiska handlande. Studier visar även att organisationskulturen kan skilja sig mellan stora och små organisationer. Vi har utifrån tidigare forskning valt att undersöka om den etiska affärskulturen skiljer sig åt i små och stora revisionsfirmor och om en starkare etisk affärskultur är relaterad till en starkare objektivitet hos revisorer. Metod: Vi har valt att använda oss av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning i vår studie, eftersom vi önskat identifiera ett samband mellan revisionsfirmors storlek och dess etiska affärskultur och om den i sin tur har en påverkan på revisorers objektivitet. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av Ardichvili, Jondle och Mitchells (2013) enkät för att mäta den etiska affärskulturen samt ett etablerat test för att mäta objektiviteten hos revisorer som bland andra Bamber och Iyer (2007) har använt sig av. Enkäten har skickats ut till godkända och auktoriserade revisorer i Sverige. Insamlad data har analyserats och redovisas med hjälp av statistiska metoder. Resultat: Studien visar på en något starkare etisk affärskultur i de revisionsfirmor som inte är en av de fyra största i Sverige. Resultatet kan dock inte generaliseras till den större populationen på grund av en låg svarsfrekvens. Inget signifikant samband hittades mellan graden av den etiska affärskulturen och revisorernas objektivitet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: En kvalitativ studie med djupgående intervjuer eller observationer skulle kunna ge en mer nyanserad bild av skillnaderna i den etiska affärskulturen hos revisionsfirmorna. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studier av den etiska affärskulturen i stora och små revisionsfirmor och dess påverkan på revisorers objektivitet har oss veterligen inte behandlats tidigare. En validering av den etiska affärskulturen i små och stora revisionsfirmor kan ge uppmärksamhet till svagheter i kulturen och därmed indikatorer på vad som kan förbättras ur ett etiskt perspektiv. / Aim: Previous studies have shown that the objectivity of the auditors tend to be weaker in small audit firms than in larger audit firms. Research indicates that the ethical culture of an organization has a large impact on individuals' ethical conduct. Studies also show that organizational culture may differ to some extent between large and small organizations. Based on the previous research we have chosen to examine if the ethical business culture differ in large and small audit firms and if a stronger ethical business culture is related to a higher objectivity of the auditors. Method: We have chosen to use a quantitative questionnaire survey method in the study. We wanted to investigate if there is a correlation between the size of audit firms and their ethical business culture and the degree of objectivity of the auditors. The study was conducted using Ardichvili, Jondle and Mitchell’s (2013) questionnaire to measure the ethical business culture and an established test earlier used by Bamber and Iyer (2007) to measure the objectivity of the auditors’. The questionnaire was sent to approved and certified public auditors in Sweden. The collected data were analyzed and reported using statistical methods. Result: The study shows a slightly stronger ethical business culture in the non Big 4-firms than the Big 4-firms in Sweden. The result can not be generalized to the larger population due to a low response rate. No significant associations were found between the degree of ethical business culture and auditor objectivity. Suggestions for future research: A qualitative study using interviews or observations could provide a more nuanced picture of the differences in business culture of auditing firms. Contribution of the thesis: Studies of ethical business culture in large and small audit firms and it’s impact on auditors’ objectivity has to our knowledge not been researched before. A validation of the ethical business culture in small and large audit firms can give attention to weaknesses in culture and thus indicators of what can be improved from an ethical perspective.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-17T12:08:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ ANTÔNIO LEAL DE FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2014..pdf: 3257698 bytes, checksum: cea41aeb45f4b269f2356f8ecad15069 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T12:08:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ ANTÔNIO LEAL DE FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2014..pdf: 3257698 bytes, checksum: cea41aeb45f4b269f2356f8ecad15069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-05 / Recompensas em Crowdsourcing Computação por Humanos é uma abordagem que utiliza seres humanos para obter resultados mais satisfatórios em áreas em que os atuais recursos computacionais não conseguem atender adequadamente. Diversas técnicas e aplicações foram desenvolvidas para suportar essa abordagem e algumas delas utilizam recompensas financeiras como forma de estímulo aos indivíduos, enquanto outras se utilizam de jogos criados especialmente para suportar uma determinada tarefa e ao mesmo tempo como meio para aumentar a participação e o engajamento dos participantes. Este estudo descreve os resultados de um experimento que utilizou jogos comuns, não associados a qualquer tarefa ou atividade específica, criados apenas para entretenimento, como forma de recompensa para esses indivíduos. Nossos resultados mostram que jogos são um meio eficiente de estímulo ao engajamento na execução de Computação por Humanos. / Human Computation is an approach that uses humans to get more satisfactory results in areas where current computational infrastructures cannot meet properly. Several techniques and applications have been developed to support this approach and some of them use financial rewards as a stimulus to individuals, while others make use of games specifically designed to support a particular task and, at the same time, as a means to increase the participation and engagement of his participants. This study describes the results of an experiment that used regular games, not associated with any specific task or activity, created just for entertainment, as a reward for these individuals. Our results show that games are an effective means of stimulating the involvement in the execution of Human Computations.

abstract: The focus of the study was to identify secondary school students' difficulties with aspects of linearity and linear functions, and to assess their teachers' understanding of the nature of the difficulties experienced by their students. A cross-sectional study with 1561 Grades 8-10 students enrolled in mathematics courses from Pre-Algebra to Algebra II, and their 26 mathematics teachers was employed. All participants completed the Mini-Diagnostic Test (MDT) on aspects of linearity and linear functions, ranked the MDT problems by perceived difficulty, and commented on the nature of the difficulties. Interviews were conducted with 40 students and 20 teachers. A cluster analysis revealed the existence of two groups of students, Group 0 enrolled in courses below or at their grade level, and Group 1 enrolled in courses above their grade level. A factor analysis confirmed the importance of slope and the Cartesian connection for student understanding of linearity and linear functions. There was little variation in student performance on the MDT across grades. Student performance on the MDT increased with more advanced courses, mainly due to Group 1 student performance. The most difficult problems were those requiring identification of slope from the graph of a line. That difficulty persisted across grades, mathematics courses, and performance groups (Group 0, and 1). A comparison of student ranking of MDT problems by difficulty and their performance on the MDT, showed that students correctly identified the problems with the highest MDT mean scores as being least difficult for them. Only Group 1 students could identify some of the problems with lower MDT mean scores as being difficult. Teachers did not identify MDT problems that posed the greatest difficulty for their students. Student interviews confirmed difficulties with slope and the Cartesian connection. Teachers' descriptions of problem difficulty identified factors such as lack of familiarity with problem content or context, problem format and length. Teachers did not identify student difficulties with slope in a geometric context. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2011

Cette étude explore les capacités narratives en production, à l'oral et à l'écrit chez l'enfant âgé de 9-11 ans et scolarisé en CM1 et CM2 (troisième cycle du primaire). Nous savons que ces capacités, chez l'enfant comme chez l'adulte, sont constituées de deux versants ; l'un linguistique, l'autre paralinguistique (gestualité à l'oral et ponctuation à l'écrit). Le but de cette étude consiste à mieux connaitre le rôle du versant paralinguistique.Pour y parvenir, nous avons comparé la teneur des informations exprimées dans les récits des enfants à l'oral et à l'écrit. Au préalable, chaque enfant a passé un test d'évaluation du langage oral. Ensuite, après avoir visionné un court dessin animé présentant une mini-histoire, chaque enfant a produit un récit oral et un autre écrit. Ainsi, un corpus audiovisuel et heuristique de 46 récits d'enfants a été constitué. Les récits filmés, comme les récits rédigés sur papier, ont été transcrits. Enfin, nous avons procédé à un codage des aspects syntaxiques et narratifs mais aussi gestuels et sémiographiques de ces productions à l'aide du logiciel ELANLes analyses multimodales et sémiotiques des aspects pragmatiques et discursifs des récits montrent que certains gestes à l'oral comme certains signes de ponctuation à l'écrit participent, au même titre que les constituants linguistiques, à l'expressivité, au cadrage et à la structuration discursive. Elles montrent en outre que meilleur est le niveau linguistique de l'enfant, meilleure est sa prestation narrative, et plus proches en sont ses réalisations orale et écrite. Inversement, meilleure est la performance narrative de l'enfant, et plus les ressources paralinguistiques se spécialisent dans leur modalité propre (gestualité / ponctuation) pour parfaire la performance de l'enfant.Cette étude réactualise nos connaissances sur le langage enfantin et ouvre des perspectives intéressantes. Concernant le développemental langagier tardif, la capacité discursive commence à s'organiser à cet âge et est donc liée au niveau linguistique de l'enfant. D'un point de vue didactique, il en ressort que la capacité à produire du langage organisé en discours, bien qu'étant une capacité générale, se spécialise fortement en fonction de la modalité dans laquelle elle s'actualise. Cela devrait nous fournir des enseignements pratiques pour la didactique de l'écrit et les activités pédagogiques qui s'y rattachent. / This study explores narrative capacities in oral and written production, among children aged 9 to11 years, schooled in 4th and 5th year of primary school. We know that these abilities, in children as in adults, are composed of two skills, one linguistics and the other nonlinguistic (co-speech gesture; punctuation in writing). The aim of this work is to study the paralinguistic features.In order to achieve this task, we compared the content of the information obtained from children's oral and written narratives. First, every child's language abilities were assessed using the Evaluation du Langage Oral test. Then, after watching a short cartoon presenting a mini-story, each child produced both an oral and a written narrative account of the story. We thus collected an audiovisual and heuristic corpus of 46 children. The two oral and written sets of narratives were transcribed and annotated on the following dimensions: syntax, narrative content, co-speech gesture and written text punctuation, using the ELAN software.Multimodal and semiotic analyses of pragmatic and discursive aspects of our data showed that some oral gestures and some writing punctuation participate, as well as linguistic components, in the expressiveness, framing and discursive structuring. These findings endorse previous knowledge in this field of research. They also showed that the higher the linguistic level of the children, the better the performance narrative, and closer are its achievements oral and written. Inversely, the better the performance narrative of the children and paralinguistic resources specialize in their own modality (gesture / punctuation) to improve the performance of the children.Our study refreshes our knowledge of child language and opens interesting perspectives. As for later language development, the discursive ability begins to settle at this age and is linked to children linguistic abilities. From an educational point of view, it appears that the ability to produce organized language in speech, although is a general capacity, specializing greatly depending on the modality in which it is updated. This finding has practical implications for the teaching of writing and educational activities related to it.

Le lycée professionnel accueille des adolescents qui ont rencontré des difficultés au collège et sont en rupture avec le cheminement dit « normal ». Adolescents confrontés, non pas à une, mais à des situations d’échec, ils arrivent souvent dans ces établissements en disant d’eux-mêmes « je suis nul (le), je n’y arriverai jamais ». Se pose donc la question des stratégies pédagogiques à mettre en œuvre pour réengager ces élèves dans un processus de formation. L’hypothèse centrale de cette recherche est que les enseignants de ces établissements scolaires visent, dans leurs pratiques pédagogiques, à restructurer à la fois l’estime de soi et le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle de leurs élèves afin de les remobiliser et de les réengager sur la voie de la réussite scolaire.Une première recherche par entretiens a été menée auprès de vingt neuf professeurs de lycées professionnels. Les pratiques pédagogiques qu’ils déclarent élaborer confirment notre hypothèse.Cette étude est complétée par une enquête par questionnaires réalisée auprès de deux cent soixante cinq élèves de sections d’esthétique, coiffure, maintenance des équipements industriels (MEI) et métiers de la production mécanique informatisée (MPMI), effectuée en octobre 2007 et mai 2008. Les résultats montrent qu’estime de soi et sentiment d’efficacité personnelle sont relativement mobilisés. / French vocational schools provide education to pupils, aged 16 to 19. These pupils met difficulties in their studies and had to face a succession of failures. They have split with the ordinary process of education. They regularly say about themselves « I’m not worth, I’ll never get with it ».The hypothesis of this research was that the teachers who welcome these teenagers have to enhance their self-esteem and self-efficacy in order to make them able to accept new learnings and to feel successfull at school. In a first qualitative study, we asked twenty nine teachers the way they worked with this population of pupils. What they say about the strategies they use confirms our hypothesis.This study was completed by a quantitative enquiry. 265 boys and girls were tested twice, in october 2007 and may 2008 in order to observe the evolution in self-esteem and self-efficacy. The results are not totally convincing, particularly due to the small number of boys of the study, and even if a majority of them improved in self-esteem and self-efficacy.

Utmätning är av betydelse för att vi ska kunna ha ett fungerande kreditsamhälle. Genom att tvångsvis förmå någon att utföra en prestation kan ses som ett skydd för parter i ett avtal eller kreditinstitut.   År 2013 tvångsutmättes en fastighet för en skatteskuld på 6 721 kronor. Fallet prövades i Europadomstolen där Sverige förlorade målet. Domstolen riktade kritik mot Sverige och mot systemet som sådant. Utmätningen hade utförts i enlighet med svensk rätt, men stred mot Europakonventionen för de mänskliga rättigheterna. Trots kritiken har den svenska lagstiftningen inte förändrats särskilt mycket.   Vid utmätning är det viktigt att det råder balans mellan borgenärens rätt att få sina fordringar betalda och gäldenärens rättigheter att inte betala inkorrekta skulder. Detta verkar i praktiken vara en mycket svår avvägning för Kronofogden som exekutiv myndighet. Vidare finns det andra brister med utmätningsförfarandet. Värdeförstöringen som sker vid utmätning är ett exempel.   Att svensk lagstiftning kan strida mot Europakonventionen är något som i så fall påverkar rättssäkerheten. Här uppstår emellertid frågan vad rättssäkerhet egentligen innebär. Trots att många rättsvetenskapsmän eller kvinnor och praktiskt verksamma jurister har beskriver ofta rättssäkerhet utifrån samma rättssäkerhetsfaktorer, men någon enhetlig definition av rättssäkerhet verkar således inte existera. / Execution is important in order for us to have a functioning credit market. By obligating someone to complete a performance can be seen as a protection for parties to an agreement or credit institution.  In 2013, a property was executed for a tax debt of 6 721 SEK. The case was tried in the European Court of Justice where Sweden lost the case. The court addressed criticism against Sweden and the system as such. The detention had been in accordance with Swedish law but violated the European Convention and Human Rights. Despite the criticism, Swedish legislation has not changed.  Regarding the execution procedure it is important that there is a balance between the creditor's right to receive his debts and the debtor's rights. In reality, this seems to be a very difficult balance for Kronofogden as an executive authority. Furthermore, there are other problems regarding the execution procedure. For example, the value destruction that occurs in execution procedure.   The fact that Swedish legislation violates the European Convention is something that can affect rule of law. Here, however, the question arises what rule of law really means. Although many lawyers have often described rule of law based on the same legal certainty, but a uniform definition of rule of law does not seem to exist.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:45:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_e_dr_jabo.pdf: 663672 bytes, checksum: f044bd71ec8b6a869bb1626ab1b3b25b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da suplementação energética e com diferentes fontes de gordura na produção de embriões FIV e no perfil metabólico em novilhas nelore. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro, vinte novilhas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com idade média de 30 meses, com peso médio de 417,0 ± 42,4 kg foram distribuidas aleatoriamente em 3 tratamentos: T1 (n= 7), animais receberam 100% das exigências de manutença de energia, calculados conforme NRC (1997), T2 onde os animais receberam 170% das exigências de manutenção de energia (1,7 X M), e T3, onde os animais receberam 170 % das exigências de manutenção de energia com adição de 200 g de gordura protegida-AGCL (Megalac®). No segundo experimento 12 novilhas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com idade variando de 14 a 18 meses, com peso médio inicial de 309,6 kg, foram distribuidas em 4 tratamentos, de acordo com peso e população folicular avaliada por ultrasonografia: T1, animais receberam 100% dos requerimentos de mantença de energia, calculados conforme NRC (1997), T2- animais receberam 170% das exigências de mantença de energia, T3- idem ao T2, com adição de 4% de óleo de soja na MS, e T4- idem ao T2, com adição de 200 g de AGCL (Megalac ®). O período de adaptação foi quinze dias, onde os animais receberam feno de capim Brachiaria e ração concentrada... / Two experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of the energy and fat in the metabolic profile, follicular dynamic, oocyte and in vitro embryo production in Nelore heifers (Bos taurus indicus). In the first, twenty Nelore heifers with 30 months old, and average weight 417,0 ± 42,4 were allocated in 3 treatments, in accordance with weight and follicular population evaluated by ultrasound: T1, animals received 100% of energy maintenance, calculated as NRC (1997), T2- animals received 170% of energy maintenance; T3: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 200 g Megalac ®. In the second experiment, 12 Nelore heifers with 14-18 months and 309,6 kg average weight, were allocated in 3 treatments, in tree periods: T1, animals received 100% of energy maintenance, calculated as NRC (1997), T2- animals received 170% of energy maintenance; T3: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 4% soybean oil in Dry Matter and T4: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 200 g Megalac ®. After adaptation period, the treatment initiated, animals had synchronized ovulation, blood samples were collected, and follicular aspiration was carried to evaluate the oocytes and in vitro embryo production. Follicular development was monitored daily by ultrasonography until day post heat. The consumption of MS and the weight gain were lower in group T1 (P< 0.05), in relation to the others treatments. The FSH, LH, and albumin concentrations were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. The cholesterol concentrations were higher in the T3 and T4 groups (P< 0.05) only in the second experiment... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Terminological equivalence is one of the central issues in translation. To secure equivalence in translations for special purpose languages, the translator has to structure the terms of a given text by reference to a conceptual system and thus identify - independently for both the source and target languages - the conceptual system in which a specific term is embedded. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are indispensable tools for any translator. However, due to the importance of the conceptual systems in specialised-language translation, a specialised dictionary has to fulfill higher requirements than general dictionaries. As a matter of fact, a dictionary suitable for specialised-language translation should follow an onomasiological rather than a semasiological approach to lexicography. In this paper, the author studies the basic requirements for a bilingual dictionary that is intended to be of practical use for specialised-language translation, taking a user's perspective when discussing the problem of equivalence between terms in two languages. This is based on selected concepts taken from the field of accounting (IAS/IFRS and national accounting rules) that are translated from German to Spanish and vice versa. While the dictionaries examined are generally well prepared, the study shows that none of them includes information necessary to a translator for ensuring a correct translation. / Series: WU Online Papers in International Business Communication

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuteMRP_DISSERT.pdf: 6232000 bytes, checksum: e45de8495b32803be0657cc6d04c8fb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / O estado vibracional (EV) ? descrito como uma sensa??o de vibra??o intensa por todo o corpo, em que o sujeito se mant?m num estado de relaxamento psicofisiol?gico que pode ser gerado de forma espont?nea ou autoinduzida. Pessoas que aplicam esta t?cnica relatam altera??es do estado mental e emocional, tais como: relaxamento, disposi??o, limpidez de pensamento, equil?brio emocional, melhoria do racioc?nio, bemestar, entre outros. Estas s?o, entretanto observa??es subjetivas, sendo a mensura??o deste fen?meno uma lacuna e um desafio para a ci?ncia. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? explorar sistematicamente o estado vibracional no ?mbito da neuroci?ncia. Desta forma, medidas eletroencefalogr?ficas (EEG) foram utilizadas para observar se a sensa??o subjetiva de EV ? acompanhada por mudan?as na atividade el?trica cerebral. Al?m disso, para avaliar se o EV provoca algum efeito positivo em fun??es cognitivas como aten??o e mem?ria, foi utilizado um teste de reconhecimento de palavras antes e depois da aplica??o da t?cnica de EV. Foram tamb?m aplicados question?rios de dados gerais socioecon?micos e de sa?de, do perfil de estados de humor, de qualidade do sono, al?m de invent?rios psicol?gicos. O foco inicial do trabalho foi a an?lise estat?stica dos dados de EEG, ficando as outras an?lises para uma etapa posterior. Dois grupos de volunt?rios foram analisados, o primeiro formado por 14 sujeitos que praticam a t?cnica de EV h? pelo menos 10 anos (Grupo Experiente - GEXP), e o segundo formado por 11 sujeitos que nunca haviam realizado a t?cnica (Grupo Controle - GCONT). O GCONT obteve instru??es sobre a t?cnica de EV antes dos experimentos. Foram realizadas an?lises estat?sticas dos registros eletroencefalogr?ficos, para comparar os grupos, em quatro condi??es: Basal, Relaxamento, N?o-EV (per?odo em que o sujeito est? engajado na tarefa, mas ainda n?o percebe o EV) e EV (per?odo em que o sujeito percebe o EV). Uma vez que os sujeitos do GCONT relataram n?o ter conseguido atingir a condi??o de EV propriamente, a compara??o entre grupos foi feita apenas nas tr?s condi??es, Basal, Relaxamento e N?o-EV. Para isso, foi usado o teste de Mann-Whitney U com um limiar estat?stico de p<0,05. De forma geral, o GEXP apresentou maior pot?ncia na banda de frequ?ncia alfa 2 (9,5-11,0 Hz) em todas as condi??es. Durante o per?odo N?o-EV, o GEXP tamb?m apresentou uma maior pot?ncia na banda de frequ?ncia alfa 3 (11,5-13,0 Hz) na regi?o temporal esquerda, e gama 1 (30,5-55,0 Hz) e gama 2 (65,0-80,0 Hz) em regi?es central, parietal e temporal esquerda, mas menor pot?ncia na banda de frequ?ncia teta 1 (3,5 - 5,0 Hz), em regi?es centro-parietais. Para a an?lise estat?stica intragrupo, entre as condi??es, utilizou-se o teste estat?stico Wilcoxon pareado. Observaram-se diferen?as significativas (p<0,005), principalmente em regi?es centrais, em teta 1 (3,5-5,0 Hz), sendo maior no Relaxamento, quando comparado com as condi??es Basal e N?o-EV, no GCONT, e com o N?o-EV e EV, no GEXP. No GEXP, a pot?ncia de gama 1 (30,5-55,0 Hz) e gama 2 (65,0-80,0 Hz) foi difusamente maior durante o EV, se comparado ?s outras tr?s condi??es. Para o GCONT, apenas a condi??o Basal apresentou maior pot?ncia de gama 1 (30,5-55,0 Hz) e gama 2 (65,0- 80,0 Hz), se comparado com o Relaxamento. O aumento de teta 1 no Relaxamento, principalmente no GCONT, pode estar associado a uma maior sonol?ncia deste grupo durante esta condi??o. J? o aumento de alfa 2 durante o N?o-EV e o EV, pode estar associado com processos de aten??o e cogni??o (DOLPPERMAYR et al., 2002; FELL et al., 2010; KLIMESCH et al., 1999; RAY E COLE, 1985). Por outro lado, o aumento da pot?ncia de gama em sujeitos experientes na t?cnica de EV encontrado aqui e em trabalhos anteriores, em meditadores experientes (FELL et al., 2010; LEHMANN et al., 2001; LUTZ et al., 2004), poderia estar associado a altera??es nos processos mentais e cognitivos destes praticantes, tais como aten??o, mem?ria operacional, aprendizagem e percep??o consciente embora, an?lises adicionais devam ser realizadas para excluir a possibilidade de interfer?ncia de artefatos musculares nos dados de EEG. Estes resultados suscitam a hip?tese de que no engajamento da tarefa do EV e durante o EV, os sujeitos do GEXP conseguem manter-se em um estado de alerta, por?m com maior n?vel de relaxamento e concentra??o. Uma inspe??o mais detalhada dos dados, al?m de outros experimentos com diferentes protocolos, um maior n?mero de sujeitos e pesquisas longitudinais s?o necess?rios para que testar esta hip?tese