This case study examines how luxury fashion brands communicate their sustainability practices on the brands' sustainability page on the company's website and whether selected luxury fashion brands are greenwashing and bluewashing. The luxury brands selected for this study are Stella McCartney and Gucci, on the grounds that both brands have different types of businesses and approaches. To understand the context, this study uses the triple bottom line sustainability concept by Elkinton (1998), sustainable luxury fashion brands (Godart & Seong ,2017; Wiedmann et al., 2009; Joey et al.,2012; and Franco et al. 2019), greenwashing concept by Delmas & Burbano (2011) and bluewashing concept (Sailer et al., 2022). To conduct the analysis, this study uses textual, eco-lexicon categorization developed by Thomas (2008) and the categorization from Milanesi et al. (2022) is adapted for visual analysis and the sins of greenwashing by Terra Choice (2010) to see the potential of greenwashing. The results shows that Stella McCartney and Gucci sustainable communication serves as their marketing strategy which encourage purchase and therefore it is problematic. Both brands use vague, ambiguous words, terms, and certifications and lack of transparency. While the images are not yet seen as a potential tool to communicate sustainability initiatives. Even though the brands are known as sustainable fashion brands, the result demonstrates brands show irrelevancies and paradoxes between what the brands communicate and their actual practices ; therefore show potential greenwashing and bluewashing.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / This study examined the effect of digital news reporting on professional journalistic practice focusing on fake sport news websites. It evolves from the fact that, despite the progressive benefits of the digital revolution, the rise of fake news websites has become common practice associated with the clickbait that spreads rumours posted on unofficial accounts often with a journalistic pretext. The aim of this study was to examine how fake digital sport news reporting impacts on professional journalistic practice. The objectives of the study were: to describe the nature of internet-based fake sport news stories and websites; to assess the credibility of sport news disseminated through fake news sites, and to determine the implications of fake sport news stories and websites on standard news practice. The descriptive design within the qualitative interpretive paradigm was used to determine the negative effect that fake sport news has on professional journalistic practice. Qualitative content analysis of ten sample news excerpts and in-depth interviews with sixteen expert informants were complementarily used to collect data. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was applied to generate discursive themes which yielded the study outcomes. The data from screenshots and interviews were collected, corroborated and analysed, using content and thematic analysis techniques. After analysing both the screenshots and the interviews, a total of eight themes emerged from the study. The study notes how fake sport news and its associated litany of misinformation and/or disinformation has contributed to the creation of false hypes about sports news to the detriment of professional journalism practice. The study revealed that fake sport news is prominent on social media and poses a major challenge to journalistic integrity and credibility. From the various screenshots, fake headlines were identified as a contributing factor to the rise of fake news stories. It was also found that fake sport news has a negative effect on journalism practice, as it spreads lies, makes people more interested in emotional stories and forces credible news agencies to also use sensational headlines to gain the attention of an audience. The interviews revealed that characteristics of fake sport news stories are exaggerated, misleading, have no source or attributions, no by-lines or unknown authors and misrepresent so-called facts. iv vi The study recommends that research, fact-checking, naming and shaming people/websites that popularize fake sport news should be made known to the public; proper training and assertion of certain rules, regulations and ethics for new reporters and journalists to follow and stick to; there must be thorough research and cross checking of information gained from a secondary source; a governing body to possibly monitor and crack down on serial propagators and spreaders of fake sports news stories; sport journalists should alert readers of fake sport news and fake sport news websites, as these are common in sport due to the popularity of sport news sites; and sport journalists should stay away from reporting/re-writing and sharing fake news in order to maintain credibility and ethics in sport news reporting.

COVID-19 has taken a major toll on the tourism industry. Traveler confidence has decreased as travel restrictions and fears regarding the virus have increased. As tourist destinations rely more on local tourism to survive the current crisis, communicating COVID-19 procedures is vital to mitigate tourist ́s safety concerns. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use content analysis to identify COVID-19 policy initiatives highlighted within tourism company websites and to compare regions to identify differences in website communication content. The study analyzed 100 various tourism company websites throughout Sweden. The findings and the supporting literature indicating that the websites should have information available about booking policy, operation limitations, social distance policy, and customer/staff responsibility to properly communicate their COVID-19 policies. Overall, the tourism company websites in this study were lacking in the communication of COVID-19 policies. To ameliorate communication of COVID-19 procedures, this study offers recommendations for tourism firms to incorporate.

Online grocery retailing holds potentially fruitful outcomes for retailers in South Africa. However, South African retailers and consumers have been slow to adopt and participate in this form of grocery retailing. This study explores the barriers and motivators to online grocery shopping in South Africa from a supply chain perspective. Therefore, the study was done from both the customer and the retailer’s perspective. Three qualitative data collection methods were employed to collect the data. Firstly, a website analysis of four e-grocers was conducted and compared. Secondly, two focus group discussions were conducted – among consumers who use online grocery shopping, and those who do not. Thirdly, an in-depth interview was conducted with one of the online operations managers of an e-grocer in South Africa. The results revealed four different ‘sets’ of motivators or barriers to online grocery shopping in South Africa: consumer-specific, retailer-specific, website-specific and supply chain-specific. Results from this study could be used to shed some light on how to overcome the hurdles of becoming a multi-channel grocery retailer in South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Online marketing communication provides some of the cutting edge tools that can be used by guest houses to communicate their product and service offerings. The purpose of this study was to determine which online marketing communication tools can be used, and are in fact currently used by guest houses in Pretoria East. The results obtained from this study can assist guest house owner/managers in Pretoria East with decision-making on the communication of off-line and online marketing communication tools to be included in their marketing strategy. Primary data was collected by means of a survey with guest house owners/managers in Pretoria East. Specific corpographic details of guest houses in Pretoria East were identified. Furthermore, the most frequently used off-line and online marketing communication tools were identified, as well as the number of guest houses that have websites and the content of these websites. The findings suggest that guest houses in Pretoria East have to invest more time and money in implementing certain online marketing communication tools, such as social networking and use of Search Engine Optimisation (SEO). By implementing online marketing communication tools like these, guest houses in Pretoria East could enhance customers‟ awareness of a guest house. This study verified the importance of electronic tools such as the Internet and Web as an integral part of an organisation‟s marketing strategy, specifically for small businesses in the service sector, such as guest houses. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

政府透明化為人民「知的權利」之一，不僅賦予民眾課責與監督政府的能力，更能維護民主制度中雙方之信任價值，而近年網際網路等電子技術日漸普及，關於政府透明化的環節亦可透過電子化的途徑開誠布公。過去我國政府透明化相關研究多以中央政府為研究對象，本研究則從我國地方政府著手，研究目的在於期藉由透明化政府相關理論與文獻，瞭解政府透明化之意涵及其重要性、地方政府資訊透明化包含哪些核心構面、與電子治理之連結性等，運用文獻分析法回顧相關資料後，接著建構評估我國地方政府資訊透明化程度之指標。近年又適逢地方政府改制，本研究於是選擇改制後的六都臺北市、新北市、桃園市、臺中市、臺南市、高雄市為研究對象，以內容分析法的方式，運用建構的指標對此六都地方政府網站加以評估，觀察其透明化程度與可再改善之處。 簡言之，本研究將我國地方政府資訊透明化之指標架構歸納為兩個構面，基礎資訊透明化包含10項指標，及財政資訊透明化包含33項指標，值得注意的是，本研究所評估財政資訊透明化涉及2014年資料，時桃園市尚未改制，故其不在本研究財政資訊透明化評估之範圍。整體而言，本研究評估六都的表現都不錯，當然也有可再努力的空間。本研究結論，除了針對評估結果未做到的項目提供建議，從民眾知的權利出發，政府應盡可能提供完善的資訊之外，也談到近年來備受關注的政府資料開放，政府若能提供基本的資訊與開放資料兩項公共服務，將能更符合不同民眾對於政府相關資訊或資料需求，此二者的連結與政府透明化究竟該到什麼程度則有待後續研究繼續探索。 / Government transparency not only provides the people with the ability to hold government accountable, but also serves to sustain trust in the government within a democratic system. Recently, the increasing popularity of information and communication technologies, have made the Internet an important link in the enforcement of government transparency. Previous studies on government transparency have mostly been concentrated on central governments. This research chooses instead to focus on local governments. This research aims to uncover the importance and the concepts of government transparency, the the fundamental dimensions of local government information transparency assessment framework, and the connection between government transparency and E-governance, from previous studies. After reviewing and integrating the literature, this study then constructs a framework for the assessment of Taiwan’s local government information transparency. Taiwan has recently undergone an extensive local government restructuring, thus this research has made the six special municipalities, which were most restructured, the objects of analysis. The special municipalities include, Taipei City, New Taipei City, Taoyuan City, Taichung City, Tainan City, and Kaohsiung City. The research utilizes content analysis methods and the indicator framework constructed, to assess the websites of the six municipal governments. Observations, on the level of transparency and on areas in need of improvement, were made. In short, the assessment framework of local government information transparency includes two aspects. The first is on basic information transparency with 10 indicators. The other is on fiscal information transparency with 33 indicators. It is important to note that since Taoyuan City had not been restructured into a special municipality by 2014, but data for financial transparency includes those for that year, this research would not include Taoyuan in the financial transparency assessments. In sum, the study finds that the transparency of six municipal government websites, is decent. However, there are some indicators can be improved. The study concludes that the governments should provide more complete information to the public, in order to satisfy the public’s demand for government data. These approaches will increase citizen’s rights in obtaining government related information. This research also suggests that the connection between government information transparency and open government data is a subject worthy of further study.

À l’ère du web 2.0, l’usage des sites web se multiplie et génère de nouveaux enjeux. La satisfaction en rapport à l’interactivité, facteur d’efficacité des sites, détermine la popularité, et donc la visibilité de ceux-ci sur la Toile. Par conséquent, dans cette étude, nous considérons que les utilisateurs ont un rôle à jouer lors du processus de conception de ces derniers. Certes, autant en théorie que dans la pratique, les concepteurs semblent bel et bien tenir compte des utilisateurs; toutefois, ils ne les intègrent pas comme participants actifs dans leurs démarches. Cette étude vise au moyen d’une recherche documentaire et d’observations sur le terrain à comprendre les principales catégories et morphologies des sites web ainsi que les usages qui en découlent. Une analyse des diverses démarches de conception et des perceptions et attentes des internautes est réalisée sur la base de ces résultats. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, cette analyse cible deux catégories de sites réalisés par des professionnels et par des amateurs. Celle-ci nous permet de démontrer que les résultats de chacune de ces démarches, exprimés à travers les interfaces graphiques des sites, diffèrent au niveau de la qualité perceptible. Cette étude souligne également l’importance d’un traitement efficace de la communication graphique des éléments des sites web, afin de structurer la lecture et transmettre au final un message clair et compréhensible aux internautes. Dans le but consolider nos propositions, nous faisons référence à deux théories de communication graphique, la Gestalt et la sémiotique, l’une s’intéressant à la perception visuelle, l’autre à l’interprétation des signes. Celles-ci se sont révélées pertinentes pour analyser la qualité et l’efficacité des éléments de contenus. Notre étude révèle que les participants ne sont pas satisfaits des deux sites testés car l’utilisabilité du site conçu par des professionnels est trop complexe et l’interface du site conçu par un amateur manque de professionnalisme et de cohérence. Ces résultats soulignent la pertinence d’une approche centrée sur l’utilisateur pour la conception de sites web, car elle permet d’identifier et de résoudre des erreurs de conception. Nos résultats permettent également de souligner que les professionnels ayant un savoir technique et théorique se démarquent des amateurs au niveau des intervenants, des outils et des limites. Des pistes de solution, via des critères de design centré sur l’utilisateur, sont proposées à la fin de cette étude dans le but d’optimiser la qualité et l’efficacité des interfaces graphiques web. / Web 2.0 multiplies the uses of websites and generates new challenges. Users occupy a central role in this expansion: their satisfaction, in dictating the websites’ efficiency, determines the popularity and also therefore the visibility of those sites’ on the Internet. Consequently, the users should actively participate in the design process. Although designers, in theory like in practice, seem to take users into account in their approach, they do not include them in the process. First of all, this research aims to understand, through a literature review and field observations, the main uses, categories and morphologies of websites. Based on these findings, an analysis of design processes and the users’ perceptions and expectations is conducted. To reach our goals, this analysis targets two types of websites, made by professionals or by amateurs. It shows that the results of each design process, expressed through the interface design, differ in termes of perceived quality. This study also underlines the importance of efficient visual communication through the websites’ components, in order to structure the users’ reading path and ultimately send them clear and comprehensible information. To ensure our propostions we refer to two visual communication theories, the Gestalt theory, interested in visual perception, and semiotics, which studies the interpretation of signs. These were proved relevant in analyzing the quality and efficiency of the websites’ contents. Our study reveals that users, after testing the two targeted websites, are unsatisfied. The professional site’s complexity affects its usability, while the amateur site’s interface design, is lacking professionalism and coherence, influence the user’s interpretation. These results assert the relevance of applying a user-centered design approach to the websites’ design, as it allows to identify and resolve these design issues. Our results also show that there is a difference between professionals and amateurs with regards to their technical and theoretical knowledge, on the levels of actors, tools and limits. Potential solutions, through user-centered design criteria, are finally proposed by this research to optimize the quality and efficiency of user interface designs.

For my thesis I chose a topic related to the use and limits of the Internet for pupils of primary school in their free time, because I think that this issue is not given sufficient attention. The aim of my work, based on content analysis of literature and other sources and on the research among pupils, is to formulate risks associated with the use of the Internet by pupils of younger school age. Chapters of my thesis provide the readers to the issue of risk phenomena associated with the use of the Internet, which can affect mental and physical health of children. Readers will also find a chapter focused on existing projects dealing with the issue of Internet safety. And last but not least, the work is focused on the possibility of the use and safety of the sites mostly visited by children that resulted from the research. For my work I have drawn mainly from the many Internet publications and brochures, written by the experts in this issue, because the topic is relatively new and it is difficult to find books devoted to it. The work includes also research part, for which I chose the method of questionnaire survey, exploring outlined three areas - the use of the Internet, Internet safety and use of social networks by pupils of 3rd - 5th year of primary school. The results are placed in a table that...

This master's thesis focuses on the teaching of financial literacy at lower secondary schools in the Czech Republic. The main goal was to characterize and evaluate a selection of internet based programs that specialize in financial literacy in order to gain insight on how the users view the issue at hand and how they interact with these programs. The thesis employs a qualitative research method. The first section is devoted to the theoretical introduction to finance, its definition, characteristics and the components of financial literacy. A special focus was also put on the development of financial literacy in the Czech Republic and the main documents in which it is grounded. The need for implementation of financial literacy into secondary schools' curriculums was based on surveys about the level of financial literacy among students and public. The practical part of this thesis consists of two closely interrelated sections. Firstly, it outlines and examines three different online programs created to help teachers design their financial literacy courses more effectively. Secondly, the thesis presents a methodological research using structured interviews with open questions and concludes by demonstrating the results. KEYWORDS Financial education, school education, education, financial literacy,...