Background: Stress is a person's biological response to pressure; it may be positive or negative depending on the amount of stress. Too much stress may result in physical or psychological sickness. Nurses in Sweden have laws and constitutions to follow as well as a description of competence. Despite this approximately 1200 patients die due to healthcare related injuries each year, and an additional 100 000 patients experience an adverse event when receiving hospitalized care. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses´ experiences of stress at work. Method: The method literature review was chosen, and eleven scientific articles were analyzed. Result: The analysis resulted in two themes: Challenging relationships and lack of knowledge and Shortcomings and strains in the workplace. Conclusions: This study contributed to increased understanding of nurses' experience of stress and its effect on patient safety. Stress also effects quality of care and is related to the work environment, co-workers as well as managers. To secure nurses' ability to care for patients the head of a department and hospital management must provide them with proper support and resources. They must also work for an environment that allows the nurses to share knowledge and help each other continue their professional development. / En människa upplever negativ stress när den hamnar i en situation som den inte klarar av att hantera. Negativ stress kan orsaka huvudvärk, extrem utmattning och magproblem. Detta skiljer sig från positiv stress som istället kan ge energi och motivation. Tidigare studier har funnit att stress kan leda till försämrad livskvalité och vårdkvalité. Studiens resultat bygger på studier där såväl kvalitativ som kvantitativ metod använts, så kallad litteraturöversikt. Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av stress i arbetet. Elva vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats, tolkats och sammanställts till ett nytt resultat. I resultatet framkommer att sjuksköterskor upplever att dåliga relationer till chefer, kollegor, patienter och närstående kan orsaka stress. Sjuksköterskor som anser sig ha brist på erfarenhet eller kunskap kan uppleva stress, även kollegor som anses ha brist på erfarenhet och kunskap orsakar stress. Den dåliga relationen till chefer grundar sig ofta på bristande stöd och gehör från chefen. I resultatet framkommer att miljörisker i arbetet såsom infektionsrisker, arbetsskador och dödsfall av patienter orsakar stress. Hierarki upplevs som en stor orsak till stress enligt sjuksköterskor. Hierarkin kan visa sig som att läkaren på arbetsplatsen anses ha mer makt än sjuksköterskan, vilket kan leda till att sjuksköterskan upplever ett tvång till att äventyra patientsäkerheten för att undvika konflikter med läkare och kollegor. Det framkommer även att sjuksköterskor inte vågar belysa problem då de är rädda för att bli mobbade eller utfrysta av kollegor. Resultatet är betydelsefullt att uppmärksamma, för att minska de negativa konsekvenser som drabbar sjuksköterskor och förbättra patientsäkerheten. Resultatet ökar medvetenheten kring problemet, vilket kan skapa mer engagemang till att förbättra villkoren för sjuksköterskor.

This thesis makes a general survey of work experience and considers specifically the role of the Texas public high school teacher in the work experience program.

The problem of this study is to determine the value of work experience for the prospective industrial arts teacher.

Kvinnliga lärare upplever sitt arbete som meningsfullt samtidigt som de utsätts för tidspress, vilket har en negativ inverkan på deras psykosociala arbetsmiljö och hälsa. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva den självupplevda psykosociala arbetsmiljön hos kvinnliga lärare ur ett salutogent perspektiv. En tvärsnittsstudie enligt en kvantitativ design gjordes på 43 kvinnliga lärare på tre olika skolor med hjälp av instrumentet Work Experience Measurment Scale (WEMS). Kompletterande frågor om ålder och år av yrkeserfarenhet tillfördes för att undersöka eventuellt samband. Resultatet visade att det inte finns något statistiskt signifikant samband mellan ålder eller år av yrkeserfarenhet i hur deltagarna upplever sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö. För att beskriva kvinnliga lärares psykosociala arbetsmiljö ur ett salutogent perspektiv användes främst modellen “känsla av sammanhang” (KASAM). Deltagarna har starkt KASAM vad det gäller meningsfullhet men svagare KASAM i hanterbarhet och begriplighet. Slutsatsen för studien visar på att kvinnliga lärare upplever sitt arbete som meningsfullt vilket påverkar den psykosociala arbetsmiljön positivt. Samtidigt utsätts de för tidspress, vilket har en negativ inverkan på deras psykosociala arbetsmiljö. / Female teachers experiencing their work meaningful at the same time the work expose them for time pressure, which can have a negative impact on the health. The aim of this study was to describe self-perceived psychosocial work environment for female teachers in a salutogenic approach. A cross-sectional study with a quantitative design with 43 female teachers on three different schools was preformed, using the instrument Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS). Additional questions about age and years of work experience added to explore any relationship. The result show that there was no statistic significant relationship between age or years of work experience in how the participants experiencing their psychosocial work environment. To describe female teachers psychosocial work environment in a salutogenic approach has uppermost the model “Sense of coherence” (SOC) been used. The participants have a strong SOC regarding meaningfulness, but weaker SOC regarding manageability and comprehensibility. The conclusion of this study show that female teachers experience their work meaningful, which affect the psychosocial work environment positive, at the same time they are exposed for time pressure, which affect the psychosocial work environment negative.

In this qualitative case study, self-directed learning theory was used as the lens to explore experiences of nine women entrepreneurs during the first four years of business ownership as they sought to acquire skills necessary to run their businesses. Data were collected over six months through in-person 90-minute interviews and follow-up questions posed by telephone and email. Qualitative data software was used for coding and thematic analysis, resulting in five broad conclusions related to learning, with additional unanticipated findings. Study participants engaged in a variety of self-directed learning activities, mostly through trial and error experimentation, and possessed varying motivations for learning. Educational level and reliance on past industry experience limited openness to new experiences and commitment to learning for some, particularly those with high school degrees or limited college experience. The majority of learning was pursued “just-in-time” as the need mandated when a challenge presented itself rather than in a pre-planned manner. Learning was heavily reliant on other people: most sought the advice of paid professionals, former co-workers, or friends and family. The use of a mentor for learning was identified by one participant, while three employed business coaches for professional guidance. Much of their learning was highly instrumental in nature, focused on here-and-now problem solving related to managing employees, handling legal issues in establishing the business, and learning to market themselves. While extremely self-confident in their abilities, most of the women struggled with issues of family and work-life balance, and several described guilt over neglecting one aspect of their lives for the other. Study conclusions emphasize the importance of knowing how to learn in the entrepreneurial context and suggest ways entrepreneurs can access knowledge and new experiences for learning, with implications for entrepreneurship programs, government agencies, and educators.

MA research report - Student Number : 0105436V - School of Human and Community Development - Faculty of Arts / The present research study examines the possible relationship between students’ career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) and their perceptions of their family members’ job satisfaction and job insecurity. The present research uses a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional research design, on a sample of 148 subjects drawn from a sample of first year Psychology students from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. The Career Decision Self-Efficacy scale was used to measure career decision-making self-efficacy (Betz & Taylor, 2001), Warr, Cook and Wall’s (1979) Overall Job Satisfaction scale to measure job satisfaction (Short, 1996) and the Job Insecurity scale developed by Ashford, Lee and Bobko (1989) to measure job insecurity. The statistical procedures used to analyse the data, included correlations to test the first hypothesis, which proposed a relationship between students’ CDSME and their perceptions of their family members’ job satisfaction and the second hypothesis, assumed a relationship between students’ CDMSE and their family members’ job insecurity. A Stepwise Multiple Regression was performed to examine the above hypotheses. The results reported a significant relationship between students’ CDMSE and their perceptions of their family members’ job satisfaction. However, there was insufficient evidence to support the relationship between students’ CDMSE and their perceptions of their family members’ job insecurity.

Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur en fastighetsmäklares ålder och yrkeserfarenhet påverkar kunder vid valet av mäklare.   Metod: Studien har tillämpat en kvantitativ forskningsansats med ett deduktivt förhållningssätt. Genom en webbaserad enkätundersökning, som besvarades av 107 stycken respondenter som har eller i framtiden kan komma att sälja en bostad via en fastighetsmäklare, har empiriskt material inhämtats och sedan behandlats i analys- och statistikprogrammet Jamovi. I Jamovi togs det fram en korrelationsanalys, en deskriptiv analys samt en exploratorisk faktoranalys.   Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det är fastighetsmäklarens yrkeserfarenhet som har störst påverkan på kundens val av mäklare. Fastighetsmäklarens ålder har i betydligt mindre utsträckning en påverkan på detta val. Kunder är inte benägna att anlita mäklare som har en liten yrkeserfarenhet. När yrkeserfarenhet och ålder sätts i relation till varandra visar resultaten att kunden anser att den ideala fastighetsmäklaren tillhör den yngre åldersgruppen (under 30 år) när han eller hon har en större yrkeserfarenhet på fem år eller mer. Om kunden inte vet om mäklarens yrkeserfarenhet föredrar han eller hon dock mäklaren som tillhör åldersgruppen 30–45 år.    Kandidatuppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar till att öka kunskapen kring hur kunder väljer fastighetsmäklare, baserat på mäklarens ålder och yrkeserfarenhet, i Sverige. Studien har även bidragit med ökad förståelse kring hur faktorerna, ålder och yrkeserfarenhet, relaterar till varandra i denna kontext. Resultatet är användbart för mäklare och blivande mäklare då det ger dem en bättre insikt i hur kunder resonerar när de väljer fastighetsmäklare och hur detta kan påverka dem själva med tanke på deras egen ålder och yrkeserfarenhet.   Förslag till vidare forskning: Vidare forskning bör fokusera på att göra ett representativt urval för att kunna generalisera resultatet på hela den svenska befolkningen. Denna forskning bör endast ta hänsyn till de kunder som tidigare har sålt en eller flera bostäder via en mäklare. Det vore även intressant att ta del av forskning som undersöker huruvida mäklarens kön påverkar faktorerna ålder och yrkeserfarenhet och hur de relaterar till varandra samt om kunder prefererar annorlunda om de inte blir upplysta om mäklarens ålder utan får bedöma detta själva baserat på en bild. / Aim: The aim is to review how the customer’s view of the real estate agent’s age and work experience affects the choice of estate agent.   Method: The study has implemented a quantitative investigation with a deductive approach. Through a web-based survey, which was answered by 107 respondents who has or in the future may sell a home via a real estate agent, empirical material has been collected and then processed in the analysis and statistics program Jamovi. In Jamovi, a correlation analysis, a descriptive analysis and an exploratory factor analysis were produced.   Result and conclusion: The study’s results show that it is the real estate agent’s work experience that has the greatest influence on the customer’s choice of estate agent. The real estate agent’s age has to a much lesser extent an influence on this choice. Customers are not inclined to hire estate agent’s that have a low work experience. When work experience and age are put in relation to each other, the results show that the customer consider the ideal real estate agent to belong to the younger age group (under 30 years) when he or she has a greater work experience of five years or more. If the customer has no knowledge of the estate agent’s work experience, he or she prefers the agent who belongs to the age group between 30-45 years.   Contribution of the thesis: The paper contributes to an increased knowledge about how customers choose real estate agents, based on the estate agent’s age and work experience, in Sweden. The study has also contributed to an increased understanding of how these factors relate to each other in this context. The result is useful for real estate agents and future real estate agents as it gives them a better insight into how customers reason when choosing estate agents and how this can affect themselves with regard to their own age and work experience.   Suggestions for future research: Future research should focus on making a representative sample in order to be able to generalize the results on the entire population. This research should only take those customers that previously have sold homes via a real estate agent, into consideration. It would also be interesting to take part of research that examines whether the estate agent’s gender affects the factors and how they relate to each other and whether customers prefer differently if they are not informed about the age of the agent and instead must assess this by themselves based on an image.

Orientador: Francisco Hashimoto / Banca: Catarina Satiko Tanaka / Banca: Marlene Castro Waideman / Resumo: A exaltação conferida ao trabalho na sociedade ocidental concedem ao trabalhador uma identidade social, somos aquilo que fazemos e fazemos para um outro (Lei do social) que nos reconheça enquanto sujeitos desejantes, criando-se laços de investimento libidinal entre este sujeito (trabalhador) e o outro. Na relação de trabalho, a organização será este outro social, que assumirá uma função de Lei, uma função paterna, a quem o sujeito se ligará em busca reconhecimento, identificação e de realização de seu Desejo. Mais que isso, as organizações são o lugar de aprisionamento psíquico, recalcamento, sofrimento, criando uma eterna luta do Individual X Coletivo, Sujeito X Organização, Lei X Desejo. Assim sendo, este estudo apreende e analisa o enfrentamento do sujeito com a situação de trabalho, e a constituição subjetiva advinda após este encontro, a que chamamos de sujeito organizacional. Utilizando, em especial, os estudos de Enriquez e Dejours, e a partir de relatos e entrevistas sobre a trajetória profissional de trabalhadores vinculados a uma instituição universitária do estado de São Paulo, foi possível vislumbrar a utilização de mecanismos de defesa individuais e coletivos como forma de aliviar o sofrimento surgido da experiência de trabalho, bem como a construção de representações psíquicas acerca de sujeito, subjetividade, trabalho e sujeito trabalhador, e ainda a constituição/alteração de vivências materiais, sociais e históricas. Tendo como questão que o sentido construído pelo trabalhador em seu projeto de trabalho e projeto de vida faz ressonância com experiências passadas, presentes e expectativas futuras, mesmo que no ato analisador estes elos não se mostrem claramente, é de fundamental importância à clareza de que a arquitetura das análises, assim como o próprio objeto a ser analisado, é marcado pela singularidade e pelo subjetivo, permitindo diferentes exames e abordagens. / Abstract: The exaltation affixed to the act of working in the western world grants the working person a social identity, that is to say, people are whatever they do, and they do so for another (Social Law) who can recognize them as desiring subjects, consequently creates ties of libidinal investment between the party offering his/her services (worker) and the other party desiring to hire him/her. . Through labor relationship, an organization will show its other side, which will take up a function of law, a paternal function, which the subject will be connected to in search of recognition, identification and fulfillment of his/her Desires. Furthermore, organizations are a place of psychic imprisonment, repression, and suffer feeding the eternal clash between the Individual and the Social; the Subject and The Organization; the Law and the Desire. Thus, this study aims at analyzing the clashes of workers within their job situation and the subjective constitution originating as a consequence of these clashes, which we call organizational subject. By making use of previous studies, especially those by Enriquez and Dejours, and by interviewing a diverse range of individuals, it was possible to gain an overview of individual and collective self-defense mechanisms as a means of relieving the pain brought about by the experience of work, and the construction of psychic representations on the subject, subjectivity, work, working subject, and yet the construction/alteration of material, social and historical experiences. Bearing in mind that the meanings a working person sets on his/her work and life project echoes both present and past experiences as well as expectations - even when these can not be seen clearly at the time of analysis. Therefore it is essential to understand that the architecture of analysis as well as the subject to be analyzed is highly marked by the singularity and subjectivity, allowing different examinations and approaches. / Mestre

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<p> Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på emotionellt arbete i form av bland annat "surface och deep acting", emotionell dissonans och kundinteraktioner. Denna studie ämnade besvara frågeställningen: Har ålder respektive yrkeserfarenhet samband med en SJ AB anställds grad av emotionellt arbete i kundkontakter? Urvalet bestod av 65 anställda från ett flertal SJ Resebutiker i Sverige. Resultat visade att äldre anställda och anställda med längre yrkeserfarenhet hade ett starkare samband med krav och välmående på arbetet. Detta visar att det alltså är de som klarar emotionellt arbete bättre. I denna studie hade rollagerande en stor betydelse för de anställda. En kvalitativ studie skulle eventuellt kunna ge ett annorlunda och mer komplext resultat mot vad denna kvantitativa studie gjort.</p>