This thesis investigates how students’ practical considerations for future choices in education and occupations correspond to policy objectives of socially productive educational choices. This is conveyed through the primary aim of analyzing the correspondence between on the one hand educational policy intentions and on the other hand students’ educational choices and the social and cultural conditions that structure them. These concerns are addressed with specific aims in four different articles. However, the following research questions have been of central guidance for framing the main issue: (1) How are economic, political and social processes brought together on a policy level for motivating and regulating individuals’ educational choices (Article I)? (2) How do students’ educational choices correspond with policy intentions and the assumptions of rational choice that the latter are founded on (Article I-II)? (3) How are students’ educational choices shaped by wants and identities (Article II-IV)? (4) What is the relationship between students’ want formation and relevant social and cultural conditions (Article II-IV)? The empirical material consisted of interviews and semi-structured questionnaires with young people in secondary education and higher education, and interviews with school staff in secondary education. Empirical inquiries were also conveyed via a semiotic content analysis on recent policy: specifically the Swedish Long-Term Surveys from 2008 and 2011. In comprehensive terms, the rationality of choices from both how choice is practiced and what is desired has been of primary interest. These concerns are addressed by the following emphases in the different investigations. In Article I the form of government that aims to shape actors’ wants and decisions in relation to productive educational choices in the Long-Term Surveys is investigated. The forms of rationality in general, and the suggested implementation of rational choices in particular, are here analyzed through a critical semiotic analysis. The result of the study lifts forward critical distinctions of ontological and epistemological assumptions in how to delineate social and economic claims for the righteousness, reasonableness and necessity of choices. Article II focuses on how students’ wants and choices are formed in a vocational (vehicle maintenance program) and a theoretical (social science program) upper secondary education. By examining students’ want-lists complemented by interviews with students and school staff the study argues that it is important to view wants in an organic totality based on individual and collective experiences. The results show a pragmatic rationality in students’ decision-making, which challenges instrumental rationality in educational choices. This is importantly about how structural support guides students’ decisions over the future under conditions of the radical uncertainty that marks decisions in open social systems. In article III the analysis of vocational and theoretical upper secondary students’ want formations are further developed in relation to their educational environment. Through analysis of interviews with students, teachers, principals and student counselors the article pays particular attention to institutional school effects and school habitus. The results showed that different forms of school habitus in the investigated programs could be empirically attributed to how students form their wants. Article IV investigates identity work via a semi-structured questionnaire and group interviews with students from a Swedish Human Resource program in higher education. What in particular was investigated was how symbolic signification of education and occupations occurred within education. The actual meaning students attributed to education rested importantly on collective sense-making. Indicated in the results is that the meaning of being a student incorporates an awareness of social status and an ability to form relatively autonomous personal projects related to social forces. The result of the thesis points to a lack of correspondence between, on the one hand, political notions of how rational and utility maximizing choices should be made based on effective matching of education and working life and, on the other hand, how young people form their paths into the future in practice through education choices. Students often make their educational choices due to a lack of better alternatives and are often uncertain about where their choices will take them in life. These results show that there is a need for concrete support in schools in order to turn students’ insecurity about the future into useful strategies for educational and occupational paths. / <p>Akademisk avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i sociologi vid institutionen för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap, Göteborgs universitet, som med tillstånd av samhällsvetenskapliga fakultetsnämnden läggs fram fredagen den 14 juni 2013 kl. 10.15 i sal 10, universitetsbyggnaden, Vasaparken.</p>

This study compared women with a highly positive interest in becoming mothers with women having little interest in having children,with respect to biographical data, childrearing attitudes, and personality characteristics. One hundred twenty-one undergraduate college women were administered a biographical questionnaire, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the Adjective Check List, and an attitude index designed to assess level of interest in having children. A statistical analysis revealed the remarkable similarity of the two groups of women, as the groups differed significantly in only two areas. Women with little interest in having children scored higher on the subscale Ascendancy of the Mother, and the women also differed in their view of the ideal situation for an adult woman.

Syfte: Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) är en kundstyrd prissättningsstrategi, där kunden bestämmer priset. Tidigare forskning visar att antalet kunder ökar vid tillämpning av prisstrategin. Studiens syfte är således att analysera samband och förklara ifall variablerna priskänslighet, rättvisa, riskkänslighet och nyfikenhet påverkar konsumentens attraktion till PWYW. Metod: Studien har ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt för att analysera litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Teorin har deducerat studiens hypoteser för att undersöka samband och kvantitativ metod har används där empirisk data har samlats in med en webbenkät. Resultatet analyseras i SPSS med en faktoranalys och korrelationsanalys. Detta redovisas genom tabeller och figurer samt diskussion. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Studien visar positiva samband mellan attraktion till PWYW och priskänslighet, rättvisa samt nyfikenhet. Sambandet mellan attraktion till PWYW och riskkänslighet visar dock svag korrelation. Däremot indikerar resultatet att det finns fler variabler att ta hänsyn till. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Resultatet indikerar att det saknas faktorer som påverkar konsumentens attraktion till PWYW. Det är av intresse att undersöka hur faktorerna kan nyttjas av företag samt om konsumentens attraktion påverkas ifall prisstrategin inte längre anses ovanlig. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien är först med att studera konsumentens motivationer till PWYW innan köpmomentet. Studien bidrar med variabler som förklarar varför konsumenter attraheras av en kundstyrd prisstrategi. Studien bidrar likaså med kunskap för forskningen kring PWYW.

The Bronco Chase and arrest of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman, and his subsequent criminal trial became one of the most captivating, mass-mediated events of the last decade of the twentieth century. Simpson's iconic celebrity status and his race as an African-American inflamed the notoriety of the crime. An insatiable spectatorial desire for Simpson and narratives concerning his alleged involvement in the Brentwood murders engulfed the American public and American culture for thirty-two months. An excessive scrutiny of his identity by the media, law and order professionals and the populace generated a racially charged discursive cacophony. The memoir Simpson published during his remand to raise funds for his defense expenses, I Want to Tell You: My Response to Your Letters, Your Messages, Your Questions, allows for a productive critical study of everyday rhetoric and the commodity fetishism of celebrity. Released in late January 1995, during the first week of the prosecution�s opening statements in the criminal trial, I Want to Tell You was Simpson's first public comment following the nationally televised reading of his suicide note and his spectacular arrest on June 17, 1994. The intercalation of Simpson�s narrative utterance with 108 of the more than three hundred thousand letters he received from June to December 1994 as Los Angeles County Jail inmate 4013970 is a practical manifestation of the use value and exchange value of fame. The reciprocity of the epistolic, the phatic demands of address, the etiquette of fan mail and hate mail, the gift of the written text, vulnerable and resonant, reveal an adherence to the symbiotic dynamic of the celebrity-fan, writer-reader, dyadic relation and its currency. Plying his trade as idol of consumption, as spectacle, as genre, Simpson capitalised on the cultural condition of his name and his face as objects of desire. The racialised flesh of Simpson's African-American male body became a site and a sight for narrative and inscription within a pay-per-view marketplace of reification, prosopopoeia, gazeability and criminality.

The Bronco Chase and arrest of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman, and his subsequent criminal trial became one of the most captivating, mass-mediated events of the last decade of the twentieth century. Simpson's iconic celebrity status and his race as an African-American inflamed the notoriety of the crime. An insatiable spectatorial desire for Simpson and narratives concerning his alleged involvement in the Brentwood murders engulfed the American public and American culture for thirty-two months. An excessive scrutiny of his identity by the media, law and order professionals and the populace generated a racially charged discursive cacophony. The memoir Simpson published during his remand to raise funds for his defense expenses, I Want to Tell You: My Response to Your Letters, Your Messages, Your Questions, allows for a productive critical study of everyday rhetoric and the commodity fetishism of celebrity. Released in late January 1995, during the first week of the prosecution�s opening statements in the criminal trial, I Want to Tell You was Simpson's first public comment following the nationally televised reading of his suicide note and his spectacular arrest on June 17, 1994. The intercalation of Simpson�s narrative utterance with 108 of the more than three hundred thousand letters he received from June to December 1994 as Los Angeles County Jail inmate 4013970 is a practical manifestation of the use value and exchange value of fame. The reciprocity of the epistolic, the phatic demands of address, the etiquette of fan mail and hate mail, the gift of the written text, vulnerable and resonant, reveal an adherence to the symbiotic dynamic of the celebrity-fan, writer-reader, dyadic relation and its currency. Plying his trade as idol of consumption, as spectacle, as genre, Simpson capitalised on the cultural condition of his name and his face as objects of desire. The racialised flesh of Simpson's African-American male body became a site and a sight for narrative and inscription within a pay-per-view marketplace of reification, prosopopoeia, gazeability and criminality.

The dissertation explores factors influencing consumers' payments in anonymous Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) pricing contexts. Consumers often pay more than zero when given the opportunity to self-determine payments. However, most PWYW research has focused on contexts where the possibility of social influence from a salesperson or clerk is present. I suggest that in anonymous exchange contexts where social pressure does not exist, consumers will nevertheless make voluntary payments greater than zero. The present research explores PWYW in anonymous purchase contexts. Results from eight studies indicate that PWYW payment amounts are affected by heuristics and biases. In Essay 1, the influence of reference price on PWYW payments is explored. Firm-provided external reference prices (ERPs) framed as injunctive norms (e.g., suggested price) and descriptive norms (e.g., average payment) caused anchoring effects on voluntary payments such that those with higher ERPs reported higher payments. Further, ERPs framed as descriptive (vs. injunctive) norms were more predictive of payment amounts, but only when the ERP is high. Recalling internal reference price information is more effortful than simply reacting to a firm-provided price. The possibility that decreased cognitive processing results in higher payments, violating the concept of self-interest primacy, is explored in Essay 2. Four studies manipulate processing styles and demonstrate that when consumers use more effortful cognitive processing, they tend to make lower PWYW payments. These results suggest that consumers are likely to rely on a normal price heuristic when using more superficial processing. The dissertation demonstrates the importance of reference price information and cognitive processing styles when voluntary anonymous payments are made anonymously. PWYW decisions are influenced by the exchange context and how the information is cognitively processed. At a theoretical level, the findings demonstrate that consumers make voluntary payments in the absence of social pressure and that those payments can be predictably influenced by features in the exchange setting. Finally, the research suggests that consumers who exert less cognitive effort in PWYW situations make higher payments. It therefore appears that the first instinct is not to act self-interestedly by making little or no payments, but rather payments seem to be guided by heuristic-based decision making. / 2016-09-29

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-13T18:43:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 11378587 bytes, checksum: 8de9afed11fbdc2f1ae6911a0ff917a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T18:43:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 11378587 bytes, checksum: 8de9afed11fbdc2f1ae6911a0ff917a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / "Everything is connected." This is the maximum of our century. With the digital network it has become stronger because we are even more entangled in a network of complex and changing networks, consisting of nodes (actants of all kinds) and edges (connections). However, the nodes are only part of a whole. Nodes connected are simply a static structure. Therefore, there is something that gives life to the network: the dynamics - the movements that the nodes perform, depending on the connections, revealing multiinteractions in digital networks. The multi-interactions are a type of communication action, hybrid and singular among actants that, by allowing mediation in the communication standard "all-all" without considerably reduce reciprocity between them, has reshaped the world in various dimensions, including the way to do global politics. The World We Want platform, created by the United Nations to join in an unprecedented way the opinion of civil society in building the new global agenda, called Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), illustrates this process. After all, the platform shows that the UN has appropriated the cyberculture attributes to an experiment complex and impossible before the digital culture. Therefore, our goal is to accompany the phenomenon of multiinteractions in The World We Want platform to understand, from the Web macro dimension, how the UN faced the complexity permeated throughout this communication process and converted the conflict in a consensus, the SDGs Agenda. Therefore, for the methodological procedure, we use the systems of Information Architecture, the Heuristic Evaluation by Nielsen, Actor-Network Theory and its extension, the Cartography of Controversies. From the analysis, we conclude that the UN used the complexity of multiinteractions to achieve your goal, turning The World We Want in a hub of sustainability debates and stimulating the collective intelligence and collaborative processes in network. However, although the platform has changed the way of building global agendas and has described as a tool for promoting democracy, we understand that it has not yet reached that level. Therefore, the platform allowed the people to be heard, but not to participate in decisions by the summit, making the SDGs Agenda another document that only supports the UN consolidated discourse for almost four decades. / “Tudo está conectado”. Esta é a máxima do nosso século. E com a rede digital ela se tornou mais forte, pois estamos ainda mais emaranhados em uma rede de redes complexas e mutáveis, compostas por nós (actantes de todos os tipos) e arestas (conexões). Contudo, os nós sozinhos são apenas partes de um todo e os nós conectados não passam de uma estrutura estática. Logo, existe algo que dá vida à rede: as dinâmicas – os movimentos que os nós realizam em função das conexões, revelando, na rede digital, as multiinterações. As multi-interações são um tipo de ação comunicativa, híbrida e singular entre os actantes que, ao permitir a mediação no padrão de comunicação “todos-todos”, sem reduzir, consideravelmente, a reciprocidade entre eles, tem reconfigurado o mundo em várias dimensões, inclusive na forma de fazer política global. A plataforma The World We Want, criada pela ONU para aderir de forma inédita a opinião da sociedade civil na construção da nova agenda global, denominada Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), ilustra tal processo. Afinal, a plataforma revela a ONU se apropriando dos atributos da cibercultura para realizar uma experiência complexa e impossível antes da cultura digital. Nosso objetivo se constitui, portanto, no acompanhamento do fenômeno das multi-interações na plataforma The World We Want para entender, a partir da dimensão macro da Web, como a ONU enfrentou a complexidade permeada em todo esse processo comunicacional e converteu os conflitos num consenso, a Agenda ODS. Para tanto, quanto procedimento metodológico, nos apropriamos dos Sistemas da Arquitetura da Informação, da Avaliação Heurística de Nielsen, da Teoria Ator-Rede e de sua extensão, a Cartografia de Controvérsias. E, a partir da análise, concluímos que a ONU usou a própria complexidade das multi-interações para atingir seu objetivo, transformando a The World We Want em um hub dos debates da sustentabilidade e estimulando a inteligência coletiva e os processos colaborativos em rede. No entanto, embora a plataforma tenha mudado a forma de construir agendas globais e seja descrita como um instrumento de promoção da democracia, entendemos que ela não atingiu esse nível ainda. Pois, ela permitiu que a população fosse ouvida, mas não que esta participasse das decisões junto à cúpula da ONU, tornando a Agenda ODS mais um documento que apenas sustenta o discurso consolidado da Organização há quase quatro décadas.

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中國自推動改革開放政策以來，經濟成長迅速，國民所得不斷提升，醫療需求與日俱增；再加上中國為順利加入WTO，2000年起更釋放醫療利多措施，放寬外資投入中國醫療服務市場限制。為此，旺旺集團旗下之湖南旺旺醫院搶得機先，於2005年底開業，不惟成為《中外合資、合作醫療機構管理暫行辦法》頒布後，中國第一家中外合資大型綜合醫院；亦是台商在大陸興建完成且正式營運之首家醫療機構，甚具指標性意義。 本研究除介紹中國醫療產業環境及相關政策法令外，更以個案研究法探討湖南旺旺醫院之興建動機、進入模式及經營策略。透過深入訪談並輔以次級資料分析，本研究發現，目前中外合資醫療機構由於數量少、進入時間短，尚不足以撼動公立醫院的地位，但在中國「看病難，看病貴」問題依然無法有效解決的情況下，以效率及品質著稱的民營大型醫院，應有相當之競爭優勢與發展空間。湖南旺旺醫院營運迄今已兩年餘，其透過醫院資訊系統建構整體醫療流程、以制度及人才奠定厚實根基等著重內部發展之經營策略，已逐漸獲得病人信賴並在經營實績上漸受肯定，應可供作其他跟進者發展布局參考。 至於兩岸醫療交流合作議題，由於台灣醫師薪資普遍較高，未必是符合成本的必然選項，建議應善用台灣管理經驗，就地建置系統性人才來源，方能掌握雙贏契機。總之，無論台資企業或醫療機構，唯有入境問俗、順勢而為，改變傳統思維與既有作法，才能在競爭激烈的中國醫療市場占有一席之地。 / Since China started to adopt the reforming and opening-up policy, it has seen rapid economic growth and ever-increasing medicare demand. To join WTO, China opened its medicare service industry for foreigners to invest in year 2000. Given such a background, the Want Want Group pioneered to found the Hunan Want Want Hospital—the first Chinese-foreigner joint ventured large general hospital following the dictum of “Interim Measures for Administration of Chinese-foreign Joint Venture and Cooperative Medical Institutions”. The hospital consequently sets an example of such joint ventures. In addition to discuss the environment of the Chinese medicare service industry and corresponding policies/regulations, this study explores the founding motivations, the entry mode, and the set of management strategies of Hunan Want Want Hospital. Through in-depth interviews and secondary data analysis, the study finds that owing to the still-small number and the still-short history of which, Chinese-foreigner joint hospitals have not yet gained the high ground to challenge public hospitals’ position in China. However, the study also finds that large private hospitals, renowned for their efficiency and quality, own substantial competitive advantage and expansion potentials. As an example for followers to emulate, Hunan Want Want Hospital has nurtured trust among its customers and performed well on several fronts because it developed a comprehensive information system to handle details of complicated medicare procedures, set up concrete rules for layers of management, and well-utilized human resources after more than two years’ operation. As far as the cross-straight medicare cooperation is concerned, this study finds that disparity in human resource cost across the straight may be an issue for Chinese-foreigner joint hospitals in China to address, and suggests that a win-win situation is achievable through the import of Taiwanese management expertise as well as the localization of human resource management. To conclude, Taiwanese medicare services, just like Taiwanese businesses in China, should adapt to Chinese local market environment and change accustomed management mindset so as to survive and grow in the Chinese medicare market.

Šiuolaikiniai techologijų pasiekimai pakeitė verslo pasaulį. Tokia kaita įtakoja bendrąją politiką, įpareigodama UAB darbuotojų poreikį mokytis visą gyvenimą ir įteisinti kaip vieną iš pagrindinių prioritetų. Mokymas tampa jau nebe epizodine patirtimi, o nuolatine gyvenimo dalimi. Vadinasi, mokymosi galimybės turi būti prieinamos visiems visais gyvenimo tarpsniais ir bet kurioje aplinkoje. Suaugusiųjų mokymui ypač svarbus kompetencijomis grįstas mokymas, suteikiantis žinių ir gebėjimų, kurias UAB darbuotojai galėtų taikyti praktiškai. O praktiškai taikyti žinias yra svarbu ir aktualu dabartinėje kintančioje visuomenėje. Tuo tarpu mokymasis darbo vietoje yra ypač svarbus. Todėl mokyti UAB darbuotojus ir kelti jų profesinę kvalifikacija, tai pačių įmonių interesai ir poreikiai. Tai sąlygoja susidariusios priežastys, kaip mokslo ir technikos pažanga, reikalaujanti naujų specialistų, nuolatinė darbo pobūdžio kaita. UAB darbuotojų reikiamų kompetencijų neturėjimas sunkina bei mažina galimybes sėkmingai veikti darbo rinkoje. Vadinasi, UAB darbuotojų mokymasis ir kvalifikacijos kėlimas bendrovei naudingas, kadangi didina lankstumą ir skatina motyvacijos augimą. / Modern techniques achievements changed the business world. This change affects the general policy, imposing the JSC employees need for lifelong learning and the validation of one of the main priorities. At the same time, lifelong learning is not only government institutions, educational institutions, and the JSC's concerns and the willingness of workers to remain competitive in the labor market. Training is no longer episodic experience, and a permanent part of life. Thus, learning opportunities must be available to all in all life, and in any environment. Adult education is particularly important skills-based training, knowledge and skills to JSC employees to apply in practice. A practical application of knowledge is important and relevant to the current changing society. While the job training is crucial. Therefore, the training of workers and JSC to raise their professional qualifications, the same corporate interests and needs. JSC staff in addressing the professional qualification of the problem of the use of the private company, as well as external qualification of the potential of the system. Determines the competitiveness of the company's key factors, the tools, staff skills and qualifications, abilities and qualifications of managers. However, there is a major problem, the JSC, employers are not convinced that the training of workers will benefit, taking into account the economic levels of today.