The thesis deals with the issue of photographs taken during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. The ethnically motivated conflict, in which the Hutu majority tried to exterminate the Tutsi minority, claimed almost a million victims in a hundred days. The Rwandan genocide is notoriously associated with machetes and radio. Most of the victims were killed with primitive weapons, and the murders of neighbours and family members took place under the influence of a propaganda radio broadcast. The thesis describes how photojournalism in the 1990s reported on such a specific conflict as modern genocide. The thesis uses visual framing analysis, which is based on the theory of framing. After that it was possible to identify the recurring visual frames through which the Rwandan genocide is depicted in the images.

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The thesis "A content analysis of photographs in Pestry tyden and LIFE magazine" analyses two successful magazines of the first half of the 20th century. Intentionally, two periodicals of different origin (Czechoslovakia and the United States) are compared to investigate the assumption that the different origin has major influence on the overall concept and focus of the periodicals. The subject of this study is the selection of volumes of 1937-1945, the period of the greatest success of both magazines. The study aims not only at describing the contents of the periodicals but also at situating them into social, political and art-historical context. The study is based on a theoretical part which gives a general overview of photojournalism and tracks the slow beginning of journalistic photography and the birth of the first illustrated magazines. This part also deals with technological development which made possible quality image journalism. The study does not leave out numerous restrictions, e. g. censorship, which were a frequent point of struggle for the magazines' authors. Key words: illustrated magazines, magazine photography, photojournalism, documentary photography, war photography, censorship, propaganda

The diploma thesis Photographic essay of yesterday and today (comparison of media image of war conflicts in news periodicals) presents comparison of the visual image of photographic essay of the 50s and 60s - the classical photojournalism period, with the contemporary one. The diploma thesis examines photographic essay, using war photography as an example. For clarity, photographic essays from two major war conflicts are examined. The pictures published in the American news magazine LIFE dealing with the Vietnam war are used as an example of the photographic essay produced during the classical photojournalism era of the 50s and 60s. Photographic essays published by the members of VII Photo Agency committed to the Iraq war serve as an example of the contemporary work. This thesis analyses the individual photos and the visual image of photographic essay on the whole, too. The aim of the diploma thesis is to demonstrate that modern technology highly affects the visual image of today's photographic essays.

A Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939) foi o primeiro conflito do século XX sistematicamente fotografado, essas imagens produzidas por diversos fotógrafos foram divulgadas através de revistas ilustradas. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a fotografia como documento a partir das imagens de Robert Capa e Gerda Taro durante o conflito espanhol e publicadas nas revistas ilustradas Vu, Life e Picture Post e no livro Death in the making, buscando trabalhar as imagens pelos seus aspectos formais, comparando as formas de veiculação e produção de narrativas nas revistas ilustradas produzidas pelos editores e pelos fotógrafos no livro. Por fim, essa comparação busca refletir sobre as fotografias como formas de expressar a experiência da guerra e sobre que tipo de narrativa elas produzem. / The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was the first conflict of the twentieth century systematically photographed, these images produced by several photographers were disseminated through illustrated magazines. This research aimed to analyze photography as a document starting for the images produced by Robert Capa and Gerda Taro during the Spanish conflict and published in the illustrated magazines Vu, Life and Picture Post and in the book Death in the making, seeking to work the images by their formal aspects. And comparing their ways to convey and produce of narratives in the illustrated magazines produced by publishers or photographers in the book. Finally, this comparison seeks to reflect on the photographs as ways of expressing the experience of war and on what kind of narrative they produce.

Orientador: Iara Lis Franco Schiavinatto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T03:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zerwes_ErikaCazzonatto_D.pdf: 135961071 bytes, checksum: 0e115495780a66794d440c993d293a3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho enfoca as fotografias de guerra dos fotógrafos David Seymour, George Rodger, Henri Cartier-Bresson e Robert Capa no período anterior à fundação da agência Magnum. Naquele momento eles estavam envolvidos em uma cultura política determinada, os círculos de esquerda e anti-fascistas europeus, e esta filiação política fez parte do desenvolvimento de uma linguagem visual nova. Assim, suas fotografias de guerra construíram bases para uma linguagem fotográfica que intentava comunicar o que acreditavam serem realidades políticas e sociais, impactadas ao mesmo tempo que impactando uma cultura visual e uma cultura política; estabelecendo ao mesmo tempo um modelo para a profissão de repórter fotográfico. Deste modo, o Capítulo 1 se volta para os primeiros meses da Guerra Civil Espanhola, em que um ímpeto revolucionário pautou as reportagens de Chim, Capa e Cartier-Bresson para a imprensa de esquerda francesa. No Capítulo 2 busca-se discutir como o fazer fotográfico e a estética desenvolvidos por eles são ao mesmo tempo tributários e rompedores de uma certa tradição, impactando a cultura visual em especial por meio das imagens ícones. O terceiro Capítulo procura marcar as diferentes formas de narrativa, seus desenvolvimentos e limites, e como o ganho de controle sobre esta narrativa, assim como a glamourização destes fotógrafos, auxiliaram a concepção e concretização da agência / Abstract: This work focuses on David Seymour's, George Rodger's, Henri Cartier-Bresson's and Robert Capa's war photographs prior to the foundation of Magnum agency. At that moment they were involved in a determined political culture, European left and antifascists circles, and this political allegiance became part of the development of a new visual language. Their war photographs built the foundation for a new photographic language which intended to communicate what they believed to be social and political realities, impacted by and at the same time impacting a visual and a political culture, as well as establishing a model for the photographic reporter profession. Chapter 1 refers to the first months of the Spanish Civil War, when the revolutionary momentum marked Chim's, Capa's and Cartier-Bresson's histories for the French left magazines. Chapter 2 intends to discuss how the photographic practice and the aesthetics developed by them are in some ways part of a tradition and in some ways new, impacting the visual culture especially through the icon images. Chapter 3 intends to stress the different narrative forms, its developments and limits, and how the narrative control gain as well as the photographers' glamorization helped the agency's conception and establishment / Doutorado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Doutora em História

Cette étude s'attache au statut des ruines dans la photographie de guerre et en dresse l'inventaire de leurs aspects esthétiques. Le cas de la ville de Beyrouth, défigurée par les bombardements pendant la guerre civile (1975-1990), est à bien des égards exemplaire puisqu'elle a fait l'objet d'une commande photographique confiée à des photographes prestigieux, en 1991, qui avaient pour mission de conserver la mémoire d'un immense champ de ruines. Cette commande photographique est donc, pour cette raison, au centre de notre recherche. Pour saisir pleinement les enjeux des choix effectués par les photographes au cours de cette commande, il était nécessaire dans un premier temps, d'analyser la mise en place de la constitution d'une esthétique des ruines dans l'histoire de la photographie de guerre de 1853 à 1945, à travers des exemples célèbres sur les champs de bataille. Dans un deuxième temps, il était important de considérer les motivations et les objectifs de chacun des photographes dans le contexte de la commande, en les mettant en résonance avec d'autres expériences photographiques menées à Beyrouth pendant et après le conflit, mais aussi en filiation avec les cas étudiés dans la première partie. La troisième partie de cette thèse constitue un compendium des aspects esthétiques dans le traitement photographique des ruines de guerre à Beyrouth qui permet d'affirmer aujourd'hui que, la ruine de guerre est un genre à part entière en photographie. / The present study explores the status of ruins in war photography and draws up the inventory of their aesthetic features. Disfigured by bombing and shelling during the civil war (1975-1990), the city of Beirut is in many respects an examplary case since it was the subject of a photographic commission entrusted to prestigious photographers in 1991, the mission of which was to preserve the memory of an immense field of ruins. For this very reason, this photographic commission is at the core of our research project. Firstly, in order to understand fully what was at stake in the choices made by the photographers within the framework of this commission, we had to analyze how the aesthetics of ruins has been elaborated in the history of war photography from 1853 to 1945, using famous examples from battlefields. Secondly, it was important to consider the motivations and objectives of each of the photographers within the context of the commission. For this purpose we made these elements echo other photographic experiences conducted in Beirut during and after the conflict, then we related them to the cases studied in the first part. The third part of the present thesis forms a compendium of aesthetic aspects in the photographic vision of war ruins in Beirut that makes it possible to assert that war ruins form a fully fledged genre in photography.

This thesis examines the relationship between the photographic archive of the First World War and Canadian war memory through an analysis of the production of photographs depicting the ruins of Ypres, Belgium and their postwar appropriation. Taken by official photographers in the employment of the Canadian War Records Office, the photographs were intended to act as both historical documents and, paradoxically, as publicity and propaganda images. Both functions of the photographs work to construct a unified image of the war and are similarly characterized by a repressive structure. Ypres, almost entirely destroyed during the war, was both the site of Canada's first battle and major victory as well as a contentious site connoting military mismanagement and wasteful loss of life. Resultantly, representations of the city's ruins are suggestive of a corresponding shift from a mythic to a horrific war in First World War historiography that took place in the decades proceeding it. Images of Ypres' ruins were filtered through both material censorship enforced by the military to elicit high morale and psychic censorship. Photographers made mechanized war conform to their visual expectations. However, the repressive structure literally contains that which it represses as an uncanny double and invariably allows for the possibility of its return. I argue that the anodyne and conventionalized image generated by official photographs of ruins also contains and signifies the destructive violence of modern warfare. Finally, I examine the construction of these conflicting narratives as they develop around the simultaneous processes of archivization and circulation ever-widening circles of mnemonic constructs such as postcards and tourist brochures at the same time that they were being archived. I argue that rather than contaminating and damaging the archival meaning of the photographs, the archive is an accumulative institution capable of incorporating a variety of conflicting narratives without ruining its authority.

敘利亞內戰的難民攝影直指當代戰爭的關鍵問題，也凸顯社群媒體使用者如何直面這些影像及採取後續行動。因此，本研究聚焦難民影像中的人道關懷有何轉變，以及社群使用者觀看戰爭影像時，如何理解戰爭影像中的人道意義，以及與社群他人共同觀看時有何倫理問題。 　　以庫爾迪影像為分析始點，指出庫爾迪影像及後文本展現社群人道主義，也隱含不同漠視庫爾迪的視線，包括國際政治的角力、宗教信仰的根本問題，更重要的是主流媒體與社群媒體觀者的旁觀問題。 　　再者，從《聖殤》的構圖傳統到現代戰爭影像，人道主義並非持守一套不變的道德倫理。儘管西方人道主義已深植於紀實戰爭影像的視覺論述，但是因指涉對象不同，人道主義的意義也隨之變動。難民影像除了悲憫與哀悼的人道傳統外，還展現出掙扎、焦慮、變動不安等意義，更隨著不同觀者而有所差異。 　　本文也藉由分析戰爭中的自拍以討論在社群媒體觀看的倫理問題。難民自拍連結社群他人，也跳脫主流新聞媒體的再現，展現難民的非戲劇性日常。而社群觀者便於使用社群媒體的視覺行動機制，實踐線上人道主義。然而，線上視覺人道行動也可能再次消費戰爭悲劇，與實際人道行動的意義相異。最後，觀者不僅漫遊於社群世界，尋找自我觀看的視角，更在與社群他人的互動中反覆確認、變換觀看的位置，以此理解戰爭事件與自身的關係，再採取線上視覺行動。 / The images of Syrian refugees point out key questions about modern war, also high-light how users on social media see the images and practice visual activism.　Therefore, this article aims to analyze what the transformation of humanitarian images is, how to understand the humanitarian meaning when users see the images, and what the ethics of seeing is. First of all, the image of Alan Kurdi and post-text show the social humanitarianism and connote lines of vision of ignorance and, including the struggle of international political, religion conflict, and the indifferent of mainstream media and social media. 　　Second, from Pietas to images of modern war, the meaning of humanitarianism is not always the same. Despite the western humanitarianism being rooted in the visual discourse of documentary war images, the meaning of humanitarianism has also changed with different referents. Besides compassion and mourn, struggle, anxiety, variation and instability are included in the images of refugees. 　　Third, this study discusses the ethics of seeing via analyzing selfies in war. Refugees take advantage of selfies to link others on social media and get rid of representation of mainstream media to present the nondramatic everyday life of fleeing. Furthermore, spectators on social media take the visual action to practice online humanitarianism, although it may consume the tragedy again. 　　Conclusively, seeing is not only wandering in social media world and seeking the angles of self-seeing but confirming and changing the position of seeing among the interaction with others time and again. By seeing, people can understand the relationship between war and self, and then take visual action.