Detta examensarbete undersöker optimering av användargränssnitt (UI) för att förbättra användarupplevelsen (UX) på sista-minuten biljettsidan på Flygresor.se, enwebbplats för flygjämförelser. Det huvudsakliga målet var att förbättra användarnasengagemang och tillfredsställelse genom implementering av effektiva UI/UX-designprinciper. Med hjälp av en litteraturstudie, semistrukturerade intervjuer och iterativ prototypframställning, identifierar denna studie viktiga UI/UX-förbättringar.Prototyper utvecklades och förbättrades dels baserat på lärdomar från litteraturstudien, men framförallt på feedback från deltagare i semi-strukturerade intervjuermed fokus på navigering, läsbarhet och användarvänlighet. Studien visar den betydande inverkan av genomtänkt UI/UX-design på deltagarnas tillfredsställelse ochlyfter fram praktiska rekommendationer för UI-förbättringar. Resultaten betonarnödvändigheten av kontinuerliga uppdateringar av användargränssnittet och potentialen hos användarcentrerade tillvägagångssätt i verkliga applikationer för att förbättra användares engagemang och operativ framgång. / This thesis investigates the optimization of user interfaces (UI) for enhancing userexperiences (UX), particularly focusing on the last-minute ticket page of the flightcomparison website Flygresor.se. The core objective is to improve user engagementand satisfaction through the implementation of effective UI/UX design principles.Using a literature study, semi-structured interviews and iterative prototyping thisresearch identifies key UI/UX improvements. Prototypes were developed and refined partly based on insights gained through the literature review, but prominentlyon feedback from participants in semi-structured interviews, focusing on navigability, readability, and interaction efficiency. The study highlights the significant impactof thoughtful UI/UX design on participants satisfaction and highlights practical recommendations for UI enhancements. The findings emphasize the necessity of continuous UI updates and the potential of user-centric approaches in real-world applications to improve user engagement and operational success.

When people go online and leave their mark in bytes, how do their traces get preserved, shared, or lost? In the early 2000’s through about 2012, communities of millennial girl web developers and bloggers flourished on the English-speaking Internet. They would write about their intimate lives, code their website designs from scratch, create portfolios of graphics, and forge friendships with fellow bloggers that lasted through years. Most of these blogs are now gone; only patches remain as screenshots on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. For my senior project, I explored how techniques used in glitch art, normally used for destroying image files for purely aesthetic effects, could also be used to embed texts that could be read by humans inside digital photos. I excavated photos and self-portraits of individual bloggers whose old content has since been erased from their original domains as of 2018. Then, I overrode pieces of each image file with the respective bloggers’ journal entries extracted from https://web.archive.org. The result is a picture irreversibly corroded by the loss of its original data, akin to the state of their bloggers' archived websites. It still functions like any image file in that the picture can be copied, shared, and viewed on another computer. However, unlike a typical image file, it also hides a patchwork of legible English text; one can “dig” into the image’s encoding and uncover nuggets of letters from a past Internet presence--specifically, that of a millennial girl's thoughts on identity, life, and the joys and struggles of coding and managing her own website.

According to a study at Linköping University, students who study programming need additional assistance beyond the help provided in the course. According to the same survey, the majority of these students indicate that they would pay for private tuition in programming. At the same time, there are students who believe they have the competence to teach others in programming and could consider of doing this against financial compensation. To meet these needs of students, a solution tested in this thesis resulted in the development of a web application to create a C2C platform where students can meet up to exchange knowledge within programming. The development of the web application is varied by design and functionality substantiated by scientific theories. During the project, user testing is performed to get opinions from the potential target group. The work mainly focuses on answering the research questions regardingconsumer trust of the web application’s design. The report shows that it is possible to develop a web application according to the above criteria.

This thesis is focused on the development of a business plan, which describes all of the essential internal and external factors related to the establishment of a new company. The business plan includes a questionnaire used in conducting a preliminary marketing survey, focused on potential customers and their requirements, in terms of the services sought after in the given field of business. This thesis should serve as an instruction manual for the establishment and management of the small company of Miroslav Malý, who is planning to start a business in website creation, web-design, and related services.

O presente trabalho analisa as metodologias de projeto de arquitetura de informação de websites sob o foco das abordagens de Design Centrado no Usuário da Ciência da Informação e da Interação Humano-Computador. A metodologia adotada foi uma revisão da literatura, para formular um quadro de referência para análise das metodologias de projetos de arquitetura de informação, e duas pesquisas de campo. A primeira pesquisa foi quantitativa, baseada em um questionário on-line, e teve por objetivo levantar o perfil do arquiteto de informação das listas de discussões brasileiras. A segunda pesquisa foi qualitativa e seguiu a abordagem do Sense-making, tendo como objetivo levantar as dificuldades, técnicas e metodologias encontradas nos projetos de arquitetura de informação de websites. Como resultado da revisão da literatura foi formulado um quadro de referência composto de cinco fases (Pesquisa, Concepção, Especificação, Implementação e Avaliação). Os princípios das abordagens de Design Centrado no Usuário são aplicados nas duas fases iniciais, sendo que na primeira é aplicada a abordagem da Ciência da Informação, e na segunda a abordagem da Interação Humano-Computador. A primeira pesquisa de campo retratou um profissional jovem, que vive nos grandes centros metropolitanos, com formação predominante na área de Humanas e que desenvolveu seus conhecimentos sobre Arquitetura de Informação de maneira autodidata. Quase metade deles não segue qualquer metodologia nos seus projetos e, entre os que seguem, a maioria utiliza uma metodologia própria. A segunda pesquisa mostrou que os arquitetos de informação experientes adotam uma metodologia nos seus projetos e dedicam mais atenção às três primeiras fases do quadro de referência (Pesquisa, Concepção e Especificação). As metodologias vistas na prática não seguem a abordagem de Design Centrado no Usuário da Ciência da Informação, pois raramente são feitas pesquisas com usuários. Com relação à abordagem da Interação Humano-Computador, ela é pouco seguida porque os contratantes desconhecem a importância dos testes de usabilidade e porque os arquitetos não dominam as técnicas desses testes mais adequadas à Arquitetura de Informação. Com relação às dificuldades enfrentadas nos projetos, foram identificados três focos: o contratante, o próprio trabalho de Arquitetura de Informação e o contexto tecnológico em que o website está inserido, sendo o primeiro o mais citado. Conclui-se que as metodologias de projetos de arquitetura de informação precisam evoluir na adoção das abordagens de Design Centrado no Usuário, para que consigam produzir websites que satisfaçam plenamente as necessidades dos usuários, e nas formas de avaliar os resultados, para verificar se os objetivos dos projetos foram plenamente alcançados. / The study analyzes information architecture projects methodologies of websites under the focus of User Centered Design approaches of Information Science and Human-Computer Interaction. The adopted methodology included a literature review, to formulate a theoric model to analyze information architecture project methodologies, and two empirical researches. The first one was a quantitative research, based on an on-line questionnaire which aimed at mapping the profile of information architects in Brazilian discussion lists. The second one was a qualitative research, in which the Sense-making approach was applied to map the difficulties, techniques and methodologies found in information architecture projects of websites. As result the revision of literature review a theoric model with five phases was formulated (Research, Conception, Specification, Implementation and Evaluation) in which the approaches of User Centered Design should be applied in the two initial phases, in the first one should be applied the approach of Information Science and in the second one the approach of Human-Computer Interaction. The first research showed a young professional, that lives in the great metropolitan centers, which is often graduated in Human area and developed their knowledge of Information Architecture in an autodidactic way. Almost half of them doesn\'t follow any methodology in their projects and, most of the ones that follow uses theirs own methodology. The second research showed that seniors information architects adopt a methodology in theirs project and they dedicate more attention to the first three phases of the theoric model (Research, Conception and Specification). The methodologies found in practice don\'t follow the User Centered Design approach of Information Science, because they rarely make researches with users. The Human-Computer Interaction approach is little following because the clients are not convinced of the importance of usability tests and because information architects don\'t really know the techniques of usability tests more appropriate to information architecture projects. It were identified three focuses of difficulties faced in the projects: the clients, the own work of Information Architecture and the technology context in that the websites is inserted. It concludes that the methodologies of information architecture projects need to increase in the adoption of User Centered Design, to produce websites that fully satisfy the users, and in ways to evaluate the results of the projects, to verify if its objectives had been reached.

Att göra webbsidor tillgängliga för olika sorters enheter är ett område som har uppstått i och med smartphonens utveckling. Mängden enheter har under de senaste åren ökat stort och det är inte längre endast laptops och datorer som används. Då enheternas skärmupplösning skiljer sig krävs en anpassning beroende på enhet för att ge en bra användarupplevelse. För att identifiera tillgängliga tekniker har en kvalitativ undersökning genomförts. Undersökningen består av en genomgång av utvald litteratur samt intervjuer med utvecklare på företagen Nethouse och Laget.se utförts. Detta för att inhämta information om användandet av tekniker, undersöka om det finns något framträdande tankesätt samt undersöka för- och nackdelar med teknikerna. Slutsatsen är att alla tekniker har sina användningsområden eftersom de har olika styrkor och svagheter. Resultatet från denna studie presenteras som en genomgång av de befintliga teknikerna och deras potentiella användningsområden för att vägleda valet av teknik. / Making web pages available for different types of devices is an area that has arisen with the development of smartphones. In recent years it has become a major increase in units and there are no longer only laptops and computers that are being used. Since there is a size difference between the different devices there is need for adjustment depending on the device to provide a good user experience. The study was carried out as a qualitative study to identify available technologies. A review of available literature and interviews with developers at the companies Nethouse and Laget.se was conducted to obtain information on the performance of the techniques, if there is any way of thinking and if there is advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. The conclusion is that all technologies have their uses as they have different strengths and weaknesses. The results from this study are presented as a review of the existing technologies and their potential uses to guide the choice of technology.

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att analysera och identifiera skillnader och likheter i webbdesign mellan två länder, Japan och Sverige. De japanska och svenska webbplatserna för två företag etablerade i både Japan och Sverige, IKEA och DAIKIN, har analyserats utifrån en modell framtagen av Würtz (2006) i en tidigare studie på området. Denna modell är i sin tur baserad på Halls och Hofstedes teorier om kulturella skillnader och skillnader mellan så kallade låg-kontextuella kulturer (t.ex. Sverige) och hög-kontextuella kulturer (t.ex. Japan). Modellen fokuserar på användandet av animation, främjande av kulturella värderingar som maskulinitet/feminitet och individualism/kollektivism, om individer avbildas tillsammans med produkter eller inte, grad av transparens på webbplatserna och slutligen linjär kontra parallell navigation på webbplatserna. Förutom studien av webbplatserna har två intervjuer hållits med en designer/utvecklare från respektive företag för att få ökad förståelse för hur företagen tänker kring webbdesign.   Studien har inte funnit några väsentliga skillnader i användandet av animation, graden av transparens eller navigation mellan de studerade webbplatserna men skillnader i kulturella värderingar har identifierats. De japanska webbplatserna främjar familjeorienterade värderingar och stereotypiska könsroller i valet av bilder på webbplatserna. De svenska webbplatserna främjar värden som är mer typiska för låg-kontextuella kulturer som till exempel livsstil och frihet. Det har också noterats att det japanska företaget använde sig av en maskot vilket kan tolkas som typisk för japansk kultur. I intervjuerna gav utvecklarna från båda företag liknande svar kring hur de tänker om användande av bilder och animation kontra text på sidorna. Den japanska utvecklaren förklarade att japanska kunder uppskattar kundrecensioner för att minska graden av osäkerhet vilket kan sägas vara typiskt för Japan. Den sammanfattande slutsatsen från studien är att kulturella skillnader i webdesign minskar, kanske på grund av globaliseringen av företag och samhällen. / This thesis aims to analyze and capture differences and similarities in webbdesign between two countries, Japan and Sweden. The Swedish and Japanese websites of two companies established in both Japan and Sweden, IKEA and DAIKIN, have been analyzed based on a model devised by Würtz (2006) in a previous study of the same topic. This model is in turn based on Hall and Hofstede’s theories on cultural differences and differences between so-called low-context cultures (e.g. Sweden) and high-context cultures (e.g. Japan). The model focuses on the use of animation, promotion of cultural values such as masculinity/femininity and individualism/collectivism, individuals being depicted together with products or not, level of transparency in the web design and finally linear vs. parallel navigation on the websites. Besides the study of the websites two interviews were held with a designer/developer from each company to get further input into how the companies think about their web design. The study did not find any significant differences in the use of animation, transparency and navigation between the websites studied but differences in cultural values could be seen in terms of the Japanese sites promoting more family-oriented values and stereotypical gender roles through the pictures used on the websites. The Swedish sites promoted values more typical for low-context cultures such as lifestyle and freedom. It was also noted that the Japanese company featured a mascot which can be said is typical for Japanese culture. Regarding the interviews the developers had similar thoughts on the use of text versus pictures and animations. The Japanese developer explained that Japanese customers appreciate customer reviews in order to lower uncertainty which can be said is typical for Japan. The overall conclusion from this study however is that cultural differences in web design are becoming less, perhaps due to the globalization of business and society.

Digital technology is used today to help consumers in everyday life for example, webpage design and appearance for different devices such as computers, smartphones and tablets. Homepages for all devices can be based on a specific coding called "Responsive Web Design" (RWD).From a social and literary point of view, it appears that RWD in its current form has some problems while transitioning from computer displays to tablets and smartphones. Using the common base that RWD allows for equivalent design expression to different screen sizes should be created by all devices. Although this possibility exists today, there are often differences in navigation that can confuse the user. A consistent design expression facilitates the recognition of the navigation. Additionally, the user experience (UX) through the visual expression can enhance the experience of a webpage or medium used and thus create a whole.This study describes how users look at how the implementation of RWD affects two webpages main menu for computer and smartphone devices. The focus has been on studying the user experience in relation to visual expression. The problem is that RWD in different contexts means that visual expression may be less important and thus changing the user experience. With qualitative interviews, four informants have studied two webpages on both computer and smartphone and expressed their own thoughts. The result of the study shows that the differences between webpages on the computer and smartphone devices do not cause difficulties in the use, but if the similarities between the devices are the same, it creates a more positive user experience. / Digital teknik används idag för att hjälpa konsumenter i vardagen t.ex. hemsidors utformning och utseende för olika enheter så som dator, smartphone och läsplattor. Hemsidor för olika typer av enheter kan göras utifrån en specifik kodning som benämns “responsiv webbdesign” (RWD). Utifrån ett samhälls- och litteraturperspektiv framgår det att RWD i sin nuvarande utformning har en del problematik i övergången från dator till läsplattor och smartphones. Med hjälp av den gemensamma basen som RWD möjliggör för anpassning av samma designuttryck till olika skärmstorlekar ska ett konsekvent uttryck skapas genom alla enheter. Även om denna möjlighet finns idag är det ofta skillnader i navigeringen som kan förvirra användaren. Ett konsekvent designuttryck underlättar igenkänningen av navigationen. Till detta kan användarupplevelsen (UX) genom det visuella uttrycket förbättra upplevelsen av en hemsida eller det mediet som används och därmed skapa en helhet. Denna studie beskriver hur användare ser på hur implementeringen av RWD påverkar två hemsidors huvudmenyer för enheterna dator och smartphone. Fokuset har varit att studera användarupplevelsen i förhållande till det visuella uttrycket. Problemet är att RWD i olika kontext, medför att det visuella uttrycket kan få mindre betydelse, och då ändra användarupplevelsen. Med kvalitativa intervjuer har fyra informanter med sina egna tankar studerat två hemsidor på dator och smartphone. Resultatet i studien visar på att olikheter av hemsidor på enheterna dator och smartphone inte skapar svårigheter i användningen, men om likheten mellan enheterna är densamma skapar det en desto mer positiv användarupplevelse.

För att spara tid och ändå få en responsiv webbplats, kan med fördel ett responsivt front-end ramverk användas. Ett responsivt front-end ramverk kan använda olika angreppssätt: desktop-first och mobile-first. Påverkar front-end ramverkens angreppssätt (approach) något på en webbplats svarstider? Eller finns den stora betydelsen var webbplatsen renderar data, som hämtas från en databas? Ett experiment lämpar sig för att testa studiens hypotes. Utvärdering av studiens fyra olika webbapplikationer och analysering av mätningarna finns, för att få fram slutsatsen som är: Det finns ingen större skillnad mellan front-end ramverken, den stora betydelsen finns på val av rendering. Hypotesen motbevisas, då klientapplikationerna är snabbare än serverapplikationerna på alla plattformarna. Mätningar av svarstider finns och vid ett fortsatt arbete är det intressant bland annat också mäta batterimängden och plattformarnas minne. Implementera fler webbapplikationer, som använder andra front-end ramverk, där mätningarna kan exekveras på fler plattformar, webbläsare och scenarier.

IoT (Internet of Things) are devices which are usually equipped with different kinds of sensors, these sensor values are then sent to a server where these values are somehow processed. It’s predicted that the usage of IoT devices will increase significantly during the upcoming years.   Microsoft has a service named Azure IoT Hub, which is designed for easy administration of IoT devices, but Azure IoT Hub provides no user interface to administer these IoT devices. The task of this project is to create a user interface for Azure IoT Hub. / IoT (Internet of Things) är enheter som vanligtvis är utrustade med olika slags sensorer, dessa sensorvärden skickas sedan till en server där dessa värden på något sätt bearbetas. Det förutspås att användandet av IoT enheter kommer att öka signifikant under de kommande åren.   Microsoft har en tjänst som heter Azure IoT Hub, vilket är designat för att enkelt administrera IoT enheter, men Azure IoT Hub tillhandahåller inget gränssnitt för att kunna administrera dessa IoT enheter. Uppdraget för detta projekt var därför att skapa ett gränssnitt för Azure IoT Hub.