Comprehensive sex education is a determinant of sexual health outcomes and healthy sexual/reproductive behaviors. The need for engaging, accessible, inclusive sex education conducted by community health workers is necessary to combat larger national issues such as the rising rates of sexually transmitted infections. After conducting summer research where I interviewed health educators about what makes health education programs successful, I planned, implemented, and created a sex education program at Scripps College. The event covered the topics of female anatomy, sexually transmitted infections, safer sex/barrier methods, and consent/communication in sexual relationships. The presentation mainly consisted of a PowerPoint that was supplemented with an interactive activity, a raffle and giveaway items, demonstrations of various barrier methods, and a question-and-answer session at the end. Through an evaluative survey, I received an overwhelming amount of positive feedback that indicated that many students learned new information and were likely to make concrete changes to their sexual/reproductive choices because of the program. The most common critical feedback requested that this program be repeated in more depth and cover additional topics such as conception and female orgasm.

BACKGROUND: Among childbirth injuries the most common described symptoms are urine and faecal incontinence, pain during intercourse and perineal pain after rupture and suture. For those women who seek care for lasting nuisance are the routines for follow-up, diagnoses and treatment of childbirth injuries experience insufficient. AIM: The aim of this study was to illuminate women’s experience after of a childbirth injury and encounter the healthcare.  METHOD: A litterateur review based on six articles with qualitative data.  RESULT: Two categories with five subcategories are presented; To live with a childbirth injury- physical and emotional limitations of everyday life, normalization of injuries after childbirth and Encounter the healthcare- insufficient information and follow-up, encounter from the healthcare.  CONCLUSIONS: Women normalize their difficulties today after childbirth causing them not to seek help. The stigma surrounding the nuisance is also a contributing factor for women to contact the health care. Furthermore they experience to get dismissed by the healthcare professionals and not been taken seriously. Caregivers should inform the women about the concerning nuisance that can occur and give information where to seek help. / BAKGRUND: Bland förlossningsskador är de vanligaste beskrivna symtomen urin- och fekalinkontinens, smärta under samlag och mellangårdssmärta efter bristningar och suturer. För dom kvinnor som söker vård för långvariga besvär är rutinerna  för uppföljning, utredning och behandling av förlossningsskador bristfällig. SYFTE: Syftet med studien var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av en förlossningsskada och mötet med vården.  METOD: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserat på sex artiklar med kvalitativa data.  RESULTAT: Två kategorier och fem underkategorier presenteras; Att leva med förlossningsskador- fysiska och emotionella begränsningar i vardagen, normalisering av förlossningsskador och Möte med vården- bristande information och uppföljning, bemötandet från vården.  SLUTSATSER: Kvinnor normaliserar idag sina besvär efter en förlossning vilket medför att de inte söker hjälp. Stigmat kring besvären är också en bidragande faktor till att kvinnor undviker att kontakta vården. De upplever också sig som avfärdade av vårdpersonal och en känsla om att inte bli tagna på allvar. Vårdpersonal bör informera kvinnorna om de berörda besvären som kan uppkomma och ge information var de kan söka hjälp.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:11:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 3 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A concepção de identidade pós-estruturalista, não mais entendida como estática, pré-discursiva e natural, e não mais centrada nos argumentos do déficit, dominância e diferença, postula que existem inúmeras possibilidades identitárias que emergem em contextos socioculturais situados e de forma negociada (BUCHOLTZ e HALL, 2005; WENGER, 1998; ECKERT e McCONNELL-GINET, 1992; OSTERMANN, 2003, 2006; BUTLER, 1999, 2003; SPEER, 2005). As pessoas aprendem a fazer parte de um grupo social dentro das comunidades de prática (WENGER, 1998; LAVE e WENGER, 1991), através das práticas compartilhadas e negociadas, principalmente na fala-em-interação, aprendendo, portanto, a ser homem e mulher, o que é um processo contínuo e por toda a vida. Trancar a pessoa em categorias fixas e binárias acaba por retirar-lhe a agentividade no mundo (BUTLER, 1990 e 1993), limitando-a às determinações biológicas e culturais. A grande narrativa (CAMERON, 2005) que posiciona homens e mulheres como categorias universais, sofre, na perspectiva pós / The poststructuralist conception of identity, no longer seen as static, pre-discursive and natural, nor centered in the arguments of deficit, dominance and difference, proposes that there are several identities negotiated in situated sociocultural contexts (BUCHOLTZ and HALL, 2005; WENGER, 1998; ECKERT and McCONNELL-GINET, 1992; OSTERMANN, 2003, 2006; BUTLER, 1999, 2003; SPEER, 2005). People learn to be part of a social group within communities of practices (WENGER, 1998; LAVE and WENGER, 1991), through shared and negotiated practices, mainly in interaction, thus learning to be females and males within a continuous and life-long process. Locking up a person in fixed and binary categories ends up removing their agency in the world (BUTLER, 1990, 1993), restricting them to biological and cultural determinations. The big narrative (CAMERON, 2005) that positions men and women as universal categories suffers a shift within the poststructuralist perspective, since there is no ontological essence in gender identitie

Violence against women (VAW) is a global problem existing in all cultures. This study is performed because there is a lack of knowledge about how healthcare personnel treat VAW to promote health and to alleviate suffering. The aim is to describe how healthcare workers experience violence against women and how it influences the care. Qualitative semi structured individual interviews were made with three nurses and one medical student in Egypt. The interviews were taped and transcribed before the text was analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The result showed that women were subordinated and discriminated in Egypt and in the healthcare. The care for the abused women was focused on first aid, and the respondents expressed that it was the woman’s own decision and responsibility to report or do any further actions. Often the violence was ignored or silenced. Violence and threats was accepted by the society and individuals as a mean for handling conflicts and was used in the healthcare settings as well. The respondents expressed a need for change and a wish for decreasing the violence, work for equality and stressed the importance of education in society. They also emphasised the need for women to gain more economic independence. Attitudes of healthcare workers need to be addressed and further investigation is necessary to prevent VAW. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

The following study is a phenomenological inquiry into five white, middle classwomen's experiences living with HIV and AIDS in British Columbia. The purpose, rather than describing AIDS as a medical phenomenon, is to document how being diagnosed HIV positive has affected the women's lives, health, relationships and livelihoods. A context for the women's stories is provided through a critical review of the biomedical model, as well as biomedical and community organizing perspectives on women and AIDS. Mostly verbatim accounts drawn from taped interviews conducted with the five women describes their lives with HIV and AIDS. Experiences surrounding their diagnosis, sources of information about their illness, strategies for coping, management of health, and management of personal and social identities are the themes explored. The women's participation, the role of the researcher, and the work produced are considered parts of an interactive process, demonstrating shared authority between the researcher and participants in the ethnographic process. Documentation of the women's experiences leads to a discussion of the ways in which they successfully manage and control their own health care and well being within the context of larger social forces of sexism, medical bias and stigma. The women are given the last word in the study. In conclusion, a review oftheir situations three years after their initial interviews contributes a significant emotional and descriptive time-depth to the study.

Background: War disproportionately affects women and children, and gender based violence (GBV) has become an increasingly common means of fighting wars and targeting civilians. Such is the case in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly in the eastern provinces, where among the multitude of human rights violations, sexual violence and abuses against women and girls are committed on a large scale. Documented efforts addressing GBV in refugee communities have mainly focused on medical, programmatic, and legal responses; few studies explore the prevalence of GBV among conflict-affected populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of outsider violence during and after conflict, and lifetime and past year intimate partner violence (IPV). To determine differences in the proportions of violence victimizations, including the differences in the proportions of outsider violence during and after conflict, and the differences in the proportions of lifetime and past year IPV. To describe patterns of reporting and healthcare seeking related to violence victimization. Methods: Cross sectional data were obtained from a sample of 810 women of reproductive age (WRA) living in two Rwandese refugee camps. GBV was defined as physical violence, sexual violence, or controlling behavior that is committed by intimate partners (IPV) or persons outside the family (outsider violence). Univariate analysis was used to describe the study population as a whole. The chi-square test for independence was used to measure significant differences between women who had identified experiencing GBV and those who did not. A z-test was conducted to explore differences in the proportions of outsider violence during and after conflict, and lifetime and past year IPV. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the unadjusted and adjusted associations between GBV and select variables of interest during and after conflict. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 14.0 Results: 434 WRA experienced GBV; of which 399 reported experiencing outsider violence before and after conflict, and 130 reported experiencing IPV. The logistical model indicated that there was a consistently significant association between a period of one to five years spent in a refugee camp and outsider violence during conflict (Adj.OR= 0.16; 95%CI:0.10-0.27; P <0.0001), lifetime IPV (Adj.OR=0.17;95%CI:0.10-0.32, p<0.0001), and IPV in the last year (Adj.OR= 0.15;95%CI:0.08-0.28, p<0.0001). Discussion: The results of this study illustrate the importance of assessing the impact of conflict on GBV among refugee and displaced populations. The high prevalence of GBV among this study population, with a prevalence of 53.3% for all forms of violence, is evidence of the great burden GBV poses on this population. Ongoing violence generated by conflict is a major public health concern that urgently requires effective interventions. For example, legal, health, and psycho-social services should be well integrated to adequately screen and address the needs of violence survivors.

Objectives: The objectives of the study was to describe how people who face partner violence against women, either as volunteers or as professionals in their everyday work, explain violence against women in intimate relationships and their suggestions for preventive activities. Methods: Twenty men and twenty women were strategically selected for five focus-group discussions. The interviews were analysed following the procedure for qualitative thematic content analysis. Findings: The study shows that the participants acknowledged violence against women as a multifaceted phenomenon grounded in the interplay betweenindividual, family-related factors and local community and socio-cultural factors. Men’s level of education, ‘social evils’, women challenging gender role expectations and women’s extensive work load were discussed as factors at individual and family level. Poverty in the local community and ‘feudal ideologies’ were referred to as explanatory factors at structural level. The informants suggested two main ways of preventing violence against women; improved gender equality through information, education and communication, and enforcing policies and law. Examples pertaining to different levels of society were given. Conclusions: This study shows that behind all of the explanations to intimate partner violence laid the culturally constructed messages about the proper roles of men and women mirroring gender inequality and women’s power disadvantage. A hesitation to intervene was found among some of the informants, the medical doctors, while all the others were eager to discuss activities but mainly those they were already undertaking and it seems the local level require further support to better handle this problem. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-161-x</p>

Edvinsson, J. &amp; Eriksson, I. (2014). Den sociala omgivningens påverkan på kvinnors hälsa - En kvalitativ studie om sju unga kvinnors upplevelser. Kandidatuppsats i pedagogik. Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för Utbildning och Ekonomi, Avdelningen för utbildningsvetenskap. Den sociala omgivningen och dess processer har visat sig påverka individers upplevelser av vad hälsa är och även deras hälsoattityder- och beteenden. I dagsläget är däremot medvetenheten liten kring hur processerna påverkar dessa, samtidigt som kvinnor upplever sin hälsa sämre än någonsin. Det behövs mer forskning om fenomenet sociala processer och hälsa, som kan öka medvetenheten kring detta. Därför är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur unga kvinnor beskriver hälsa samt hur de upplever att deras sociala omgivning påverkar deras hälsoattityder- och beteenden. Metoden som användes var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju kvinnor mellan 20-30 år. Det insamlade materialet kategoriserades utifrån gemensamma teman och analyserats med inspiration av fenomenologi. Resultatet visade genom samlade upplevelser att kvinnorna upplevde hälsa som en balans mellan psykiskt och fysiskt välmående. Det fanns upplevelser av förväntningar och normer i omgivningen kring hälsoattityder- och beteenden, samtidigt som kvinnorna inte ansåg att dessa har någon påverkan på hur de upplevde hälsa. Omgivningen har med andra ord ingen uttalad påverkan på kvinnornas upplevelser av hälsa. Däremot går det inte att konstatera att påverkan inte sker eftersom det kan vara en omedveten process som sker i samspel med omgivningen. / Edvinsson, J. &amp; Eriksson, I. (2014). Den sociala omgivningens påverkan på kvinnors hälsa - En kvalitativ studie om sju unga kvinnors upplevelser. Bachelor thesis in Education. University of Gavle, School of Education and Economy, Department of education science. The social environment and its different processes have been shown to influence individual’s perception of health and peoples’ attitude toward health and behavior constructions. However, the range of knowledge about these processes and their influence is small, while women perceive their health worse than ever. It is essential that more research be conducted, on the phenomenon of social processes and health, which can increase awareness around this. increase the awareness of health and its benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how young women describe health and how they perceive that heir social environment and surroundings influences their attitude and behavior toward health. The method that was used in this study was qualitative semi-constructed interviews that were answered by seven women, aged 20-30 years. The data have thereafter been categorized by common themes and was then analyzed with the help and inspiration of phenomenology. The result, the common experiences that these women shared, showed that health was perceived as a balance between psychical and physical wellbeing. The social environment contain expectations and norms regarding the attitudes and behaviors toward health, however the women did not conceive these to have any impact on their experience of health. The environment and surroundings have therefore no pronounced influence over the women’s experience of health. It is impossible, however, to verify that there are no influence what so ever, as it may be an unconscious process in interplay with the surroundings.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T13:46:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Ligia Gabrielli. 2013.pdf: 1026296 bytes, checksum: 89f63e16b88a791cbbe005081c01884e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T13:53:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Ligia Gabrielli. 2013.pdf: 1026296 bytes, checksum: 89f63e16b88a791cbbe005081c01884e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-04T13:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Ligia Gabrielli. 2013.pdf: 1026296 bytes, checksum: 89f63e16b88a791cbbe005081c01884e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é a doença endócrina mais freqüente em mulheres com idade reprodutiva. Apresenta prevalência entre 2 e 15%, tendo sido estimada em 8,5% (IC 95%: 6,80-10,56) em Salvador, Brasil. Caracteriza-se por fenômenos relacionados à oligoovulação, hiperandrogenismo e subfertilidade, além de se constituir numa síndrome metabólica que predispõe à obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensão e dislipidemia. O diagnóstico precoce traz consigo a chance da intervenção para a prevenção das complicações. Apesar do quadro completo de fatores de risco para a doença cardiovascular (DCV), não tem sido fácil demonstrar esta associação. Muitos trabalhos têm sido realizados com resultados desconcertantes, pois ao tempo em que apontam invariavelmente para a associação da síndrome com os fatores de risco conhecidos para DCV não mostram de forma consistente a associação com a ocorrência desses eventos. A necessidade de pesquisar mulheres com SOP que se encontrem em faixa etária de risco para as DCV leva à necessidade de identificá-las na fase de sua ocorrência, que costuma ser na pós menopausa, momento em que uma parte dos critérios diagnósticos consagrados para mulheres em idade reprodutiva já não estão presentes, ou se encontram atenuados. Outro problema encontrado são as definições e padronização de métodos utilizados para a identificação dos componentes do diagnóstico, em particular para a utilização em estudos com grandes amostras. Um dos principais marcadores da SOP é o hiperandrogenismo clínico, representado predominantemente pelo hirsutismo, que costuma ser identificado através do escore de Ferriman-Gallwey, método com grandes problemas de aplicabilidade em estudos populacionais. A patogênese da SOP é ainda incerta. Alguns dados apontam para causas genéticas, com ocorrência frequente num mesmo grupo familiar, porém até o momento, nenhum padrão de herança, gene ou grupo de genes foi associado à ocorrência da síndrome de modo consistente. Exposições precoces são também aventadas, que se iniciam na vida intrauterina, passando pelo período pós-natal, infância e adolescência, o que parece configurar um acúmulo de eventos adversos que levam à morbidade na vida adulta e apontam não só para a multicausalidade, como também para a necessidade de se apropriar da perspectiva do curso de vida como modelo teórico para dar conta da sua complexidade. A quase totalidade dos estudos sobre o tema realizados no Brasil é da área clínica, observando-se uma carência absoluta de estudos epidemiológicos nacionais. O objetivo geral desta tese foi estudar a síndrome dos ovários policísticos numa perspectiva epidemiológica, possibilitando meios para sua identificação em estudos populacionais. Os objetivos específicos indicam os artigos que compõem este trabalho: a) construir e validar instrumento simplificado para a identificação de hirsutismo; b) propor e avaliar critérios plausíveis para a identificação de mulheres com SOP na pós-menopausa e c) estudar fatores associados à SOP, reconstruindo domínios que representem as diversas fases da vida e a ocorrência de comorbidades tardias. No primeiro artigo, construiu-se e validou-se questionário simplificado e autoaplicável com quatro perguntas, para identificar o hirsutismo em mulheres acima dos 35 anos, adequado para uso em larga escala e adaptável para diversos meios de aplicação, dentre eles, a internet. No segundo artigo foram propostos critérios diagnósticos para a síndrome em mulheres na pós-menopausa e pôde-se mostrar como os fenótipos resultantes identificaram mulheres com características clínicas e bioquímicas esperadas para mulheres com SOP, validando os critérios propostos com desfechos epidemiológicos prováveis. O terceiro artigo descreveu fatores sociodemográficos, reprodutivos e metabólicos associados à SOP e como eles se comportaram em relação à ocorrência da síndrome. A população de estudo foi composta por trabalhadoras da Universidade Federal da Bahia que integram a coorte do ELSA-Brasil. Todos os artigos foram realizados com os dados transversais da linha de base, efetuada de 2008 a 2010. Com este trabalho, que é a continuidade do projeto de pesquisa epidemiológica sobre o tema, que se iniciou em 2007 com o estudo de prevalência da SOP na atenção primária de Salvador, começam a ganhar corpo dados brasileiros sobre esta parcela significativa de mulheres, que apresenta riscos particulares para doenças crônicas comuns, porém de alta morbimortalidade. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T17:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Claudia Rodrigues.pdf: 670872 bytes, checksum: 8a171c0f4105d9497e54e4ba82dbb04f (MD5) license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança de da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral compreender visões e opiniões dos especialistas sobre os sentidos, limites e potencialidades da medicina fetal. Como questões específicas, investigamos como os médicos viam os benefícios e riscos das práticas da medicina fetal para a saúde da mulher e do feto, o acesso segundo condições socioeconômicas, a questão dos direitos reprodutivos e da autonomia das mulheres em face da medicina fetal e o tema do aborto. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que utilizou duas fontes: apresentações em congresso de medicina fetal e entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com especialistas. Para análise dos relatos orais utilizou-se o método hermenêutico-dialético. A noção do feto como paciente impulsiona o desenvolvimento da medicina fetal como especialidade diferenciada da obstetrícia e da perinatologia. Os especialistas reconhecem que o acesso das mulheres à medicina fetal, no Brasil, se dá principalmente através dos serviços privados e da saúde suplementar, com pouca problematização das condições de acesso aos procedimentos no SUS. Os direitos reprodutivos são muitas vezes interpretados como benefícios à saúde, e questões relativas à autonomia decisória, integridade corporal e equidade de gênero são pouco presentes nas reflexões. A possibilidade de iatrogenia e os custos sociais e psicológicos das práticas em medicina fetal para as mulheres aparecem de forma superficial e não suscitam um debate sobre limites éticos e técnicos das intervenções. A maioria dos entrevistados defende a liberação e/ou descriminalização do aborto, como forma de ampliação da atuação da especialidade, e um modo de dar sentido a essas práticas, que são basicamente diagnósticas. O estudo sinaliza a necessidade de um amplo debate para que se estabeleçam políticas públicas para a medicina fetal à luz dos princípios do SUS e dos direitos reprodutivos. / This study aimed to understand views and opinions of experts about the meanings, limits and potentiality of fetal medicine. As specific issues, we investigated how the doctors saw the benefits and risks of the practice of fetal medicine for the health of the woman and fetus, access according to socioeconomic status, the issue of reproductive rights and the empowerment of women in the face of fetal medicine and theme abortion. It is a qualitative study that used two sources: medical congress presentations on fetal and semi-structured interviews with experts. For analysis of oral histories used the hermeneutic-dialectic method. The notion of the fetus as a patient drives the development of differentiated fetal medicine as a specialty of obstetrics and perinatology. Experts acknowledge that women’s access to the fetal medicine in Brazil is mainly through private services and the health insurance, with little questioning of the conditions of access to procedures in the SUS. Reproductive rights are often interpreted as health benefits, and issues related to decision-making autonomy, bodily integrity and gender equity are not very present in the reflections. The possibility of iatrogenic costs and social and psychological practices in fetal medicine for women appear in a superficial manner and does not provoke a debate about the limits of ethical and technical assistance. The majority of respondents supports the release and / or decriminalization of abortion as a means of expanding the role of specialty, and a way of giving meaning to those practices that are essentially diagnostic. The study underscores the need for a broad debate on public policies that are established for fetal medicine in the light of the principles of the SUS and reproductive rights.