Downed woody debris (DWD) is a carbon-rich form of forest litter and plays a unique role in carbon and nutrient cycling. I present a novel modeling approach describing DWD decomposition and nutrient storage in a managed northern hardwood forest. The predicted half-life of DWD carbon was 7 years, less than previously observed in similar northern hardwood forests. A stage-based nutrient model indicated that harvest slash DWD was a net nitrogen and phosphorus sink for eight years following harvest and accumulated calcium during decay. Field observations of respiration and leaching supported model results with a respired C half-life of 8 years, while leached carbon export constituted 1.37% of the respired flux. DWD leachate carbon and nitrogen concentrations were 11× and 2× greater than from litter, respectively, and DWD leachate contributed disproportionately to soil C stocks. This work represents an expedient means of forecasting DWD abundance and partitioning carbon flux from DWD.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 negrao_dr_me_botfca.pdf: 3707396 bytes, checksum: a86257bbc964f1d5be2cd0c00ddf6c80 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O eucalipto é a arbórea mais plantada no Brasil, devido ao seu amplo uso e após seu corte, os tocos e raízes que permanecem no local, dificultam o manejo da cultura. Com base nessa necessidade, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as características fisiológicas e funcionais de fungos basidiomicotas, isolados de campos de reflorestamento de Eucalyptus spp., com vistas à possibilidade do uso destes na destoca natural. Os fungos Pycnoporus sanguineus, Lentinus bertieri, Xylaria sp. e Lentinula edodes e um isolado não identificado foram estudados. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a patogenicidade dos mesmos em plantas de eucalipto urograndis (10 meses de idade), através da inoculação de disco de meio de cultura colonizado e não colonizado (Testemunha). As avaliações foram feitas aos 30 e 60 dias após a inoculação, com base no tamanho das lesões internas e externas. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial dos fungos P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp., L. edodes e S. ostrea, em substrato à base de serragem enriquecida com farelos, e em três composições de meios de cultura, Batata-Dextrose-Ágar (BDA); Malte-Ágar (MA) e Serragem-Dextrose-Ágar (SDA), e incubados a 23, 27 e 31ºC. No terceiro experimento, avaliou-se a produção das enzimas ligninocelulolíticas lacase e celulase, e outras ligadas à degradação de tecidos vegetais, as proteases, pectinases e lipase, em meios de cultura específicos. No quarto experimento, estudou-se, pelo método “soil block”, a perda de massa (%) de corpos-de-prova de eucalipto urograndis, inoculados com os fungos P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp. e L. edodes, mantidos sob dois regimes de umidade (50 e 100%), e avaliados aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 após inoculação. Estudaram-se também as características químicas da madeira, após 120 dias da inoculação / The Eucalyptus spp. tree is the most planted in Brazil, due to its widespread use and after its use, the stumps and roots that remains in the area, hinder crop management. Based on this need, the purpose of this work was evaluate the physiological and functional characteristics of basidiomycetes fungi, obtained in reforestation fields of Eucalyptus spp., with the possibility of using the fungi in natural stump removal. Pycnoporus sanguineus, Lentinus bertieri, Xylaria sp., Stereum ostrea and a unidentified isolate, were studied. In the first, was evaluate the fungi pathogenicity in eucalipt urograndis plants (10 months old), by means of disk inoculation into culture medium colonized and non-colonized (control) by fungi. Evaluations were performed at 30 and 60 days after inoculation based on the external and internal size of lesions. In experiment 2, the mycelial growth of P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp., L. edodes and S. ostrea was evaluated in bran and sawdust-based substrate, as well as in three culture media: Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA), Malt-Agar (MA) and Sawdust-Dextrose-Agar (SDA), and at three incubation temperatures, at 23, 27 and 31ºC. In experiment 3, the production of lignolytic enzymes lacase and cellulase, and other enzymes related to degradation of plant tissues, like protease, pectinases and lipase was assessed in specific culture media. In experiment 4, mass loss (%) and chemical features of eucalipt urograndis wood degraded by the soil block method were evaluated by the P. sanguineus, L. bertieri, Xylaria sp. and L. edodes fungi. Thus, test specimens were inoculated with the fungi and kept under two moisture regimes, 50 and 100%, and incubated at 25 ±2ºC. Mass loss was assessed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after inoculation. The chemical features of eucalipt urograndis test specimens were only analyzed at 120 days

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Les maladies du bois de la vigne, causées par des champignons nécrotrophes, ont un impact considérable sur l'économie viticole au niveau mondial. En effet, tous les cépages Vitis vinifera cultivés actuellement présentent une sensibilité plus ou moins forte à ces champignons.Dans le but d'établir un test rapide d'évaluation de la sensibilité de clones de vigne (nouvellement sélectionnés ou futures obtentions variétales) à Eutypa lata, le champignon responsable de l'Eutypiose, une recherche de marqueurs moléculaires de tolérance a été réalisée. Suite à l'infection in vivo et in vitro d'une douzaine de cépages de sensibilité différente par E. lata, plusieurs gènes candidats ont été identifiés comme marqueurs potentiels de la tolérance à la maladie à partir d'une étude transcriptomique.A l'aide d'un système innovant d'infection in vitro, le dialogue moléculaire sans contact physique entre des disques foliaires de V. vinifera et le mycélium d’E. lata a également été étudié chez les douze cépages. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle potentiel d'éliciteurs dans la mise en place des réponses de défenses. De plus, l'infection par E. lata régule différentiellement l'expression des gènes codant pour un transporteur d'hexoses et des invertases, ainsi que les activités invertasiques associées, chez les cépages de sensibilités variables.Les travaux de recherche présentées dans cette thèse ont ainsi permis l'identification des marqueurs de tolérance à l'Eutypiose et la mise au point d'un test d'infection in vitro efficace et fiable, permettant de diagnostiquer la sensibilité des futures créations variétales. De plus les résultats obtenus démontrent l'importance des éliciteurs dans la mise en place des défenses, de la régulation du transport et du métabolisme des sucres au cours de l'infection par E. lata. / Nowadays, grapevine wood decay diseases cause significant economic losses for the most sensitive varieties and represent a threat to the sustainability of the wine industry.This research focuses on the identification of molecular markers for sensitivity to Eutypa lata, responsible for Eutypiosis that could be used to diagnose the sensitivity of new grapevine clones or cultivars. Using an in vivo and in vitro infection assay, several potential markers genes for tolerance to Eutypiosis have been identified from a gene expression study on twelve different cultivars.Using an innovative in vitro infection system, the molecular dialogue (without physical contact) between Vitis vinfera foliars discs of and Eutypa lata was studied, leading to the identification of elicitors that could potentially play a role in the induction of defense responses in the cultivars. In addition, the expression of several sugar transport and invertase genes and their associated activities were demonstrated to be differentially regulated by the infection in tolerant and susceptible cultivars.Altogether, this research work led to the identification of several tolerance markers genes to Eutypiosis and to the development of a new, efficient and reliable in vitro infection system that could be used to diagnose new cultivar susceptibility. Furthermore, the results obtained demonstrated the importance of sugar transport and defense metabolism regulation during the infection of grapevine by Eutypa lata.

Sammanfattning: Wood decay fungi are the main decomposer of lignocellulose material stored in wood. Thus, all factors that affect them could affect their ecological function. This in return, may affect ecosystem functioning in terms of altered carbon emissions from dead wood. Increased temperature is one of the main factors influencing fungal decay. The aim of the current study is to explore the effects of temperature and assembly history (order of species arrival), two important regulators of fungal communities, on wood decomposition. I conducted a microcosm experiment with two temperature treatments and eight assembly histories where each species was allowed to colonize the wood two weeks ahead of the rest of the species. The temperature treatments were set to mimic the effect of climate induced warming. Therefore, I had one treatment with relatively high temperature, representing the expected temperatures year 2100 given the current emission trends of the northern inland of Sweden, and another treatment representing the current normal temperature (1961-1990). The temperature treatments had an average difference of 5°C. In order to see how climate induced warming and fungal assembly history influenced decomposition, I measured and analyzed initial fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood weight loss. Both temperature and assembly history had a significant influence on fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood decomposition. There was also strong interaction between the two factors. The average increase in mass loss under elevated temperature was 19% compared to 14% under normal temperature. The highest mass loss (25%) was when Phlebia centrifuga was the initial species under elevated temperature and the lowest (12%) was when Climacocystis borealis was initial species under normal temperature. All assembly histories had higher mass loss under elevated temperature, but the magnitude varied. For example, when C. borealis was the initial species, mass loss increased by 60% compared to only 7% when Antrodia sinuosa was the initial species. Six out of eight assembly histories had higher CO2 under elevated temperature, with the highest increase (88%) in P. centrifuga histories and the lowest (7%) in C. borealis histories. Even if the results need to be confirmed by field studies, my data illustrates that climate induced warming probably results in higher fungal respiration and deadwood decomposition and that the magnitude of this effect depends on fungal assembly history.

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