Having gained a particular understanding of religion from his anthropological knowledge and psychological research, Raymond B Cattell claims that morality and ethics could be motivated scientifically. He further postulates that the results of scientific research could be implemented effectively to thwart the modern trend of moral collapse. Consequently Beyondism is presented as a religion from science, working from without inward by starting from the outer reality and moving inward to intention. Beyondism is based on the acceptance of evolution as the prime process in the universe. It differs greatly from other alternatives to revealed religion such as humanism and existentialism. This study explores Cattell’s views on religion, epistemology, cosmology and morality, reflecting his Darwinian approach of evolutionary advance and cooperative competition. The evaluation of the viability of the idea of religion from science is performed by means of Ken Wilber’s systems theory and JS Krüger’s conditionalist criteria for religion. Read in the light of his work on personality, intelligence, heredity and environmental influence, his approach to genetics is considered outside the fashionable opinion by which his views have suffered negation, misrepresentation and rejection. Considering recent scientific and social developments, his authentic research and visionary interpretation could be of value not only in the field of psychology, but also in the study of religion. / Thesis (M. Th. (Religious Studies))

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Having gained a particular understanding of religion from his anthropological knowledge and psychological research, Raymond B Cattell claims that morality and ethics could be motivated scientifically. He further postulates that the results of scientific research could be implemented effectively to thwart the modern trend of moral collapse. Consequently Beyondism is presented as a religion from science, working from without inward by starting from the outer reality and moving inward to intention. Beyondism is based on the acceptance of evolution as the prime process in the universe. It differs greatly from other alternatives to revealed religion such as humanism and existentialism. This study explores Cattell’s views on religion, epistemology, cosmology and morality, reflecting his Darwinian approach of evolutionary advance and cooperative competition. The evaluation of the viability of the idea of religion from science is performed by means of Ken Wilber’s systems theory and JS Krüger’s conditionalist criteria for religion. Read in the light of his work on personality, intelligence, heredity and environmental influence, his approach to genetics is considered outside the fashionable opinion by which his views have suffered negation, misrepresentation and rejection. Considering recent scientific and social developments, his authentic research and visionary interpretation could be of value not only in the field of psychology, but also in the study of religion. / Thesis (M. Th. (Religious Studies))

This paper is about the re-establishment of a professional, that is, a neutral perspective on terror; most research on terrorism is partisan in terms of biased culturalist studies on the ‘index patients’ of an international conflict. At the same time, there is very little research on the forms and functions of so called anti-terror measures which are commonly treated as acts of self-defence. In contrast to this, from a sociological point of view we find that it takes two to make the terror: an act of violence, and an act of labelling this violence as terror, too. Thus, we argue that Western societies should take full responsibility for their own perceptions, attributions, and actions within an international conflict system, instead of continuing to externalize these. Finally, we state that sociology has a demand for research on the applicability of the concepts of systemic therapy on the field of the intervention into stable inter-cultural conflict systems.

O recente desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas, de Gunther Teubner a Andreas Fischer-Lescano, abriu novos horizontes teóricos para aqueles que se propõe a estudar a sociedade e o sistema jurídico. A construção de uma teoria crítica sob condições sistêmicas possibilitou o uso conjunto de temas e conceitos teóricos provenientes da teoria crítica da primeira geração da Escola de Frankfurt (crítica imanente, antagonismos sociais, reificação, dialética do esclarecimento) e da teoria dos sistemas (paradoxo, sistema, sociedade mundial). Partindo disso, o sistema jurídico foi analisado nas dimensões da justiça (como fórmula contingente e transcendente) e de sua crítica imanente como atitude transcendente, especialmente em face de sua tendência em se autorreproduzir como ordem social reificada que gera injustiça pelos excessos de justiça. Para alcançar essas conclusões, este trabalho se propôs a analisar o cenário da sociedade moderna no qual nasce a teoria crítica dos sistemas (Parte 1), lançando bases para os aspectos estruturais e semânticos sobre os quais ela se apoia. Seguidamente, foram estabelecidos os pressupostos teóricos básicos da teoria crítica da Escola de Frankfurt e da teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann (Parte 2) com o fim específico de colher os elementos essenciais à construção de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas voltada para o estudo do sistema jurídico. Logrado esse ponto, focou-se a análise do sistema jurídico e de sua evolução até alcançar sua atual condição na forma de um direito global na sociedade fragmentada (Parte 3). A partir disso a justiça autossubversiva e a crítica imanente do direito foram abordadas em seus aspectos essenciais e possibilitadores de uma autotranscendência sistêmica, capaz de tornar o direito mais responsivo com relação ao seu ambiente, limitando a irracionalidade racional inerente a uma ordem social reificada. A presente dissertação propõe dar mais um passo no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas aplicada ao direito, diagnosticando os dilemas contemporâneos e ao mesmo tempo, apontando os desafios existentes numa sociedade mundial paradoxalmente marcada pela possibilidade de hipertrofia sistêmica das ordens sociais reificadas e pelos processos de constitucionalização que buscam limitar essas ordens. / The recent development of critical systems theory, from Gunther Teubner to Andreas Fischer-Lescano, opened new horizons for the theorists who propose to study the society and the legal system. The construction of a critical theory under systemic conditions allows the joint use of theoretical concepts and themes from the first generation of the Frankfurt School (immanent critique, social antagonisms, reification, Dialectic of Enlightenment) and systems theory (paradox, systems, global society). Starting from this, the legal system was analyzed in the dimensions of justice (as contingent and transcendent formula) and its immanent critique as transcendent attitude, especially against the tendency to self-reproduce as reified social order, which produces injustices because excess of the justice. To reach these conclusions, this study aims to analyze the condition of modern society in which the critical systems theory arises (Part 1), laying the foundation for structural and semantic aspects on which it stands. Subsequently was established the basic theoretical premises of critical theory of the Frankfurt School and the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann (Part 2) with the specific purpose of collecting the essential elements to build a critical systems theory facing the study of the legal system. Reached this point, focused on the analysis of the legal system and its evolution to reach its current status of a global law in a fragmented society (Part 3). Like this the self-subversive justice and the immanent critique of the law have focused on key aspects that enable a systemic self-transcendence, able to make the law more responsive regarding to its environment by limiting its rational irrationality, which implies a reified social order. This thesis proposes give a step further towards the development of a critical theory applied to the law systems, diagnosing contemporary dilemmas and at the same time, pointing out the challenges of a global society paradoxically marked by the possibility of systemic hypertrophy stemmed from reified social orders and the constitutionalization processes that seek to limit such orders.

O recente desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas, de Gunther Teubner a Andreas Fischer-Lescano, abriu novos horizontes teóricos para aqueles que se propõe a estudar a sociedade e o sistema jurídico. A construção de uma teoria crítica sob condições sistêmicas possibilitou o uso conjunto de temas e conceitos teóricos provenientes da teoria crítica da primeira geração da Escola de Frankfurt (crítica imanente, antagonismos sociais, reificação, dialética do esclarecimento) e da teoria dos sistemas (paradoxo, sistema, sociedade mundial). Partindo disso, o sistema jurídico foi analisado nas dimensões da justiça (como fórmula contingente e transcendente) e de sua crítica imanente como atitude transcendente, especialmente em face de sua tendência em se autorreproduzir como ordem social reificada que gera injustiça pelos excessos de justiça. Para alcançar essas conclusões, este trabalho se propôs a analisar o cenário da sociedade moderna no qual nasce a teoria crítica dos sistemas (Parte 1), lançando bases para os aspectos estruturais e semânticos sobre os quais ela se apoia. Seguidamente, foram estabelecidos os pressupostos teóricos básicos da teoria crítica da Escola de Frankfurt e da teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann (Parte 2) com o fim específico de colher os elementos essenciais à construção de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas voltada para o estudo do sistema jurídico. Logrado esse ponto, focou-se a análise do sistema jurídico e de sua evolução até alcançar sua atual condição na forma de um direito global na sociedade fragmentada (Parte 3). A partir disso a justiça autossubversiva e a crítica imanente do direito foram abordadas em seus aspectos essenciais e possibilitadores de uma autotranscendência sistêmica, capaz de tornar o direito mais responsivo com relação ao seu ambiente, limitando a irracionalidade racional inerente a uma ordem social reificada. A presente dissertação propõe dar mais um passo no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas aplicada ao direito, diagnosticando os dilemas contemporâneos e ao mesmo tempo, apontando os desafios existentes numa sociedade mundial paradoxalmente marcada pela possibilidade de hipertrofia sistêmica das ordens sociais reificadas e pelos processos de constitucionalização que buscam limitar essas ordens. / The recent development of critical systems theory, from Gunther Teubner to Andreas Fischer-Lescano, opened new horizons for the theorists who propose to study the society and the legal system. The construction of a critical theory under systemic conditions allows the joint use of theoretical concepts and themes from the first generation of the Frankfurt School (immanent critique, social antagonisms, reification, Dialectic of Enlightenment) and systems theory (paradox, systems, global society). Starting from this, the legal system was analyzed in the dimensions of justice (as contingent and transcendent formula) and its immanent critique as transcendent attitude, especially against the tendency to self-reproduce as reified social order, which produces injustices because excess of the justice. To reach these conclusions, this study aims to analyze the condition of modern society in which the critical systems theory arises (Part 1), laying the foundation for structural and semantic aspects on which it stands. Subsequently was established the basic theoretical premises of critical theory of the Frankfurt School and the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann (Part 2) with the specific purpose of collecting the essential elements to build a critical systems theory facing the study of the legal system. Reached this point, focused on the analysis of the legal system and its evolution to reach its current status of a global law in a fragmented society (Part 3). Like this the self-subversive justice and the immanent critique of the law have focused on key aspects that enable a systemic self-transcendence, able to make the law more responsive regarding to its environment by limiting its rational irrationality, which implies a reified social order. This thesis proposes give a step further towards the development of a critical theory applied to the law systems, diagnosing contemporary dilemmas and at the same time, pointing out the challenges of a global society paradoxically marked by the possibility of systemic hypertrophy stemmed from reified social orders and the constitutionalization processes that seek to limit such orders.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-21T14:23:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LENARA GIRON DA SILVA_.pdf: 1909752 bytes, checksum: 7fde4282ff8b81097a6a1684da9efdec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-21T14:23:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LENARA GIRON DA SILVA_.pdf: 1909752 bytes, checksum: 7fde4282ff8b81097a6a1684da9efdec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Nenhuma / Quando se fala genericamente em globalização, surgem inúmeros temas desafiadores -muitos envolvendo o foco de interesse do Direito. Presentemente, não se podem ignorar as irritações do Sistema Econômico ao Sistema do Direito, em especial no direito do trabalho. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar de que forma as relações laborais estão sendo regulamentados na sociedade mundial. A busca constante de lucro pelo sistema econômico que através das organizações empresariais estão se estruturando, cada vez mais,para alcançar o baixo custo da produção, bem como a falta de parâmetro dos direitos laborais acarretam problemas na sociedade e provocam a necessidade dereprodução do sistema do direito. O sistema político, com os avanços da sociedade mundial, passa ter dificuldades para regulamentar os direitos laborais, pois o Estado da forma que está organizado não se mostra efetivo para resolução de relações de trabalho que ultrapassam suas fronteiras. Em um primeiro momento, surge a busca pela regulamentação dos direitos laborais no âmbito da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), todavia, ainda que de suma importância, esta não possui estrutura efetiva para lidar com a complexidade dos direitos laborais, devido à sua dificuldade de apresentar mecanismos que permitam aplicação de suas convenções, sua aceitação e, assim, sua reafirmação. Com o intuito de fornecer uma resposta à sociedade, a OIT se reproduz prevendo o direito à liberdade sindical e a negociação coletiva, como princípios fundamentais. Portanto, o trabalho proposto pretende responder: de que forma os direitos laborais estão sendo regulados em uma sociedade mundial, diante da não efetividade da OIT? Acerca disso, constatou-se que uma das soluções decorre do acoplamento estrutural do Sistema do Direito do Trabalho e do Sistema Econômico, através de Tratados Internacionais com a previsão de cláusulas sociais em uma atuação conjunta da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e OIT. Para além da referida solução, e de forma mais efetiva, tem-se a negociação coletiva promovida pelas Organizações Sindicais e Empresas Transnacionais. As Centrais Sindicais estão efetuando um constante trabalho pela regulamentação mundial dos direitos laborais sociais, visando ao respeito e à dignidade ao trabalhador. Utilizou-se, para tanto, como aporte teórico ao estudo em questão, a Teoria dos Sistemas. O método adotado foi o sistêmico. / When speaking generally, about globalization, many challenging issues arise, many involving the Law’s focus of interest. Presently, the exasperations of the economic system cannot ignore the Labor Law, which has been deeply affected by the effects and requirements of this worldwide phenomenon. This paper aims to analyze how the transactional labor rights are being regulated in the global society. Labor relations are increasingly widespread and without parameters, due to the constant pursuit of profit by multinational companies that are organized in seeking low production cost, directly impelling the worker’s human rights.The State, before this overview, no longer suffices to regulate labor rights, as labor relations go beyond its borders. At first comes the search for the regulation of labor rights in the International Labor Organization (ILO), however this organization, although extremely important, does not have enough structures to deal with the complexity of labor rights, due to its failure power of coercion and punishment. In order to reply to society, the International Labor Organization reproduces providing a right to freedom of association and collective bargaining as fundamental principles. Thus the suggested work aims to answer: How labor rights are being regulated in a global society facing the failure of the ILO? One of the solutions can be found in the structural coupling of labor law system and the economic system through International Treaties with the prediction of social clauses in a joint effort of the World Trade Organization and the International Labor Organization. In addition to this solution, and more effectively, there is the collective bargaining promoted by the unions and transactional companies. The Trade Unions are doing a constant effort in search of a worldwide regulation of social labor rights aiming to respect a worthy job to the worker. The provided theoretical support used is the Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems. The method used is the deductive, because it will start from general premises to specific assumptions.

This paper is about the re-establishment of a professional, that is, a neutral perspective on terror; most research on terrorism is partisan in terms of biased culturalist studies on the ‘index patients’ of an international conflict. At the same time, there is very little research on the forms and functions of so called anti-terror measures which are commonly treated as acts of self-defence. In contrast to this, from a sociological point of view we find that it takes two to make the terror: an act of violence, and an act of labelling this violence as terror, too. Thus, we argue that Western societies should take full responsibility for their own perceptions, attributions, and actions within an international conflict system, instead of continuing to externalize these. Finally, we state that sociology has a demand for research on the applicability of the concepts of systemic therapy on the field of the intervention into stable inter-cultural conflict systems.

Between 2000 and 2015 the Millennium Development Goals were the focus of much global attention and activity. They were selected in light of astounding poverty, with over 1 billion people at the time living on less than $1 per day. In a sense the MDGs were morally undeniable. The focus of this study is MDG2, universal primary education. It sets out to establish how and why MDG2 came to be selected. Whilst its selection seems obvious, for years developing countries complained about the short-sightedness of prioritising primary over secondary and tertiary education (Klees 2008). A task force commissioned by the World Bank and UNESCO at the time showed that the Bank’s rate of return analysis on primary education was flawed. It argued that developing countries need highly educated people to be economic and social entrepreneurs, develop good governance, strong institutions and infrastructure. In this way MDG2’s selection is problematic. Using case study method, first the literature is examined. Three hypotheses are generated: one based on a rational synoptic theory, one on critical theory and one on world society theory. A range of data are used to establish findings and test hypotheses. The study then considers implications of the findings for theory and the policy process. The findings show that priorities promoting more equal opportunities, such as MDG2, were gradually preferred. Whereas priorities promoting more equal outcomes, such as elimination of trade barriers, were gradually excluded. The study finds no evidence that the General Assembly ever voted on the list of 8 MDGs. Rather, the MDGs were selected by elite policy actors, addressing multiple interests. The study considers the assertion that marginalization of the poor does not happen because people harbor ill will toward them, rather because “The poor have no friends among the global elite” (Pogge 2011, p. 62).

國際關係也是社會關係的一環，對國際關係的研究必須植基於國家涉入的歷史、社會、文化等層面進行探求，否則很難對國際關係有著全貌的了解。在美國學界的實證主義長期宰制下，研究國際社會的英國學派長期受到忽視，隱沒於線性發展的歷史中。 為了發掘英國學派受到忽視的地位，本論文擬從下三點著手。首先，回溯英國學派的歷史起源、代表學者、名稱問題；再者，耙梳、整理英國學派的學術內涵，包括現實主義、理性主義及革命主義三個傳統，以及國際體系、國際社會及世界社會三個本體；第三、在美國實證主義的長期獨霸下，注重詮釋方法研究國際社會的英國學派是無法得到關注的。因此，這部分將從社會科學兩大陣營－實證主義及詮釋學著手，並進而帶入受實證主義籠罩的主流國際關係研究。本論文認為以實證主義研究具社會性的國際關係有其侷限，而多元、開放、重社會性的英國學派才能提供更完整的國際關係圖像。 本論文認為抱持多元開放、重視整體性、社會性、規範性的英國學派更能面對接踵而來的環境議題、全球化相關問題及人道干涉等全球性議題，如果正視國際關係也是社會關係的一部分，英國學派是能成為較適當的國際關係理論。 / Social relations encompasses international relations so that the inquiry for international relations must embark on the historical, social, cultural context that states involved in. Otherwise we can’t envisage a comprehensive image of international relations. Under the dominance of positivism led by American international relations, English School, whose intellectual focus is International Society, has been neglected for a long period of time and immerged in the linear history. For the sake of exploring English School, the thesis sets out three schemes. First, it retrospects the history, leading figures and label of English School. Second, it elucidates the arguments of English School, including the three ontologies- International System, International Society and World Society as well as three traditions, namely Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism. Third, beginning with the discuss of Positivism and Interpretivism, the author argues Positivism has its limitation in societal international relations. Consequently, it is English School, which tilts toward an open and diverse inclination, that can tell a better story. The author concludes that English School that stresses on holism, society and social norms can take on the upcoming global issues, such as environmental issue, globalization and humanitarian intervention. If we square up to the fact that international relations is a part of social relations, English School can be a more adequate international relations theory.