Ao identificar a existência de uma procura significativa pela prática do teatro, através da qual um número expressivo de pessoas objetiva o reencontro consigo e com a vida ao invés da preparação do ator e montagem de espetáculo, passei a considerar a possibilidade de o Jogo Teatral constituir-se uma alternativa terapêutica que possa responder a esta expectativa. Ao buscar referências que pudessem somar à minha própria experiência como professor e oficineiro de teatro, encontrei em algumas Práticas Corporais Alternativas, especialmente, na Formação Pessoal, material e estímulo para esta investigação. De certa maneira, aspectos como as interações, a espontaneidade, a criatividade e a expressividade, entre outros, são comuns ao Jogo Teatral e à Formação Pessoal. No Brasil, são poucos os teóricos e estudiosos do teatro que se debruçam sobre esta possibilidade terapêutica do teatro, além de Augusto Boal. Entretanto, em razão das características empregadas nesta investigação, usei como suporte teórico não somente o pensamento de Boal, como os de Koudela e Spolin sobre o Jogo Teatral. Outros autores como Santin, Bertherat, Ceccin, Stanislawski, Arendt, Chekhov, Barba, Negrine, Paín e Mariotti serviram-me muito com seus estudos sobre o teatro, a corporeidade, o lúdico, as interações e entrelaçamentos do ser humano com o outro e com o mundo, levando-me a reflexões e inquietações profundas. A partir destes referenciais teóricos e da experiência prévia, esta investigação definiu-se como descritiva, interpretativa e de corte qualitativo. A metodologia da investigação envolveu a criação de dois grupos de trabalho em caráter livre e voluntário, integrados por participantes vinculados por suas sensações de prazer e desprazer durante as vivências. O primeiro grupo reuniu-se durante quatro meses, duas vezes por semana. O segundo grupo reuniu-se durante um mês e meio, uma vez por semana. Em função das características específicas, selecionei 12 integrantes do 1º grupo e 6 integrantes do 2º grupo para objeto da coleta e análise das informações. As características fundamentais dos encontros foram as vivências e as práticas dos jogos e exercícios teatrais realizadas em dinâmicas individuais, em pequenos grupos e no grande grupo. Em razão disso, os instrumentos de coleta de informações utilizados devem refletir, da melhor maneira possível, estas mesmas vivências e práticas por parte dos participantes. Assim, a observação, o memorial descritivo, a verbalização e a entrevista semi-estruturada são os principais instrumentos empregados. Soma-se à criação dos dois grupos, a experiência no Estágio Docente que realizei com três turmas da graduação durante a investigação e que me serviu como fonte complementar de coleta de informações em uma experiência diferenciada. Impulsionado pelas reflexões teóricas dos diversos autores e pelas experiências prévias e similares, através desta investigação, procurei desvendar um caminho que o indivíduo pudesse lançar-se a abrir, em trocas permanentes com o outro, em busca da consciência do “eu”, do outro e de sua inserção no mundo através do Jogo Teatral. / When identifying the existence of a significant search for the practice of the theater, through the one which an expressive number of people aim the find of yourself and with the life instead of the actor's preparation and assembly of show, I started to consider the possibility of the Theatrical Game to constitute a therapeutic alternative that can answer to this expectation. When looking for references that could add to my own experience as theater teacher, found in some practices corporal alternatives, especially, in the Personal Formation, material and incentive for this investigation. In a certain way, aspects as the interactions, the spontaneity, the creativity and the expressiveness, among other, are common to the Theatrical Game and to the Personal Formation. They are few the theoretical and studious of the theater that bend on this therapeutic possibility of the theater, besides Augusto Boal. However, in reason of the characteristics used in this investigation, I used as theoretical support not only the thought of Boal, like the one of Koudela and Spolin about the Theatrical Game. Other authors as Santin, Bertherat, Ceccin, Stanislawski, Arendt, Chekhov, Beard, Negrine, Paín and Mariotti served me a lot with its studies about the theater, the corporality, the ludic, the interactions and the human being interlacement with the other and with the world, taking me to reflections and deep inquietudes. From these theoretical referential and of the previous experience, this investigation was defined as, descriptive, interpretative and of qualitative cut. The methodology of the investigation involved the creation of two work groups in free and voluntary character, integrated by participants linked by its pleasure sensations and displeasure during the existences. The first group met for four months, twice a week. The second group met during one and a half month, once a week. In function of the specific characteristics, I selected 12 components of the 1st group and 6 components of the 2nd group for object of the collection and analysis of the information. The fundamental characteristics of the encounters were the existences and the practices of the games and theatrical exercises accomplished in individual dynamics, in small groups and in the great group. In reason of that, the used instruments of collection of information should contemplate, of the best possible way, these same existences and practices on the part of the participants. Thus, the observation, the descriptive memorial, the verbalization and the semi-structured interview are the main instruments employees. It is added to the creation of the two groups, the experience in the Educational Apprenticeship that accomplished with three groups of the graduation during the investigation and that served me as complementary source of collection of information in a differentiated experience. Impelled by the theoretical reflections of several authors and for the previous and similar experiences, through this investigation, I tried to unmask a way that the individual could rush to open, in permanent changes with the other, in search of the conscience of the " self ", of the other and of its insertion in the world through the Theatrical Game.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was embarked upon to evaluate the contribution which World Vision as agent and catalyst of development has made towards addressing social issues in Lesotho. Specifically, the study evaluates Taung Area Development Programme which is one of the World Vision community development programmes established to improve social conditions in the rural communities particularly, in Tsoloane, Ha-Mopoane and Qhalasi. The study seeks to investigate three important areas; 1. Participation: to assess whether the communities have been involved in the planning of the projects, identified their own priorities for the projects or used their lands and other resources to exercise control over their economic, social and cultural development. 2. Empowerment: to assess how the projects have strengthened the capacity of local communities. This includes the transfer of skills through training for the purpose of equipping people to engage in their own development. 3. Sustainability: to assess the long-term viability of the projects. Data was gathered through the use of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. To conduct both methods a snowball technique was applied. The data gathered was tabulated in graphs and pie charts. The results were then discussed and analysed in terms of the aims of this research. Regarding participation, the findings of the study revealed that to a large extent people were able to participate in the planning of the projects. People were able to identify their objectives and make a decision to embark on Income Generating Activities (IGA) such as raising poultry and pigs, sewing, and making baskets, candles and soap. The IGA enabled project members to feed and earn income for their families. The study further revealed that while certain people were able to participate in the planning of their projects, in development activities such as the building of feeder roads, people’s participation was minimal. This blueprint and top down planning approach allowed for little public participation. The study also found that World Vision’s religious involvement was appreciated for the moral support it provided. Another important issue the study brought to light was that people had an opportunity to use their indigenous knowledge in their projects. Regarding empowerment, almost all the respondents believed that World Vision played an important role by training people to handle various activities within projects. Apart from the training given, people also acquired different skills and knowledge. Most of the respondents acquired technical and economic knowledge, while others became skilful in farming and health matters as well as in handcraft. Empowerment in the Taung Area Development Programme has also manifested itself through the improved living conditions of the local people. The study found that infrastructure such as schools and roads have been established. As regards primary health care, respondents indicated that they had access to clean water due to the presence of a community tap. HIV/AIDS awareness, disease prevention campaigns and the building of toilets have contributed to improved living conditions in the Taung Area Development Programme. Though HIV/AIDS awareness and disease prevention campaigns were essential for primary health care, few people were knowledgeable about deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS. As a result there was still a need for World Vision to underpin the spread of HIV/AIDS awareness within the communities. Sustainability has been attributed to the long-term survival of the development projects and their future operation. The findings of this study confirmed that people in the Taung Area Development Programme were optimistic that the skills and knowledge they have acquired, and the projects themselves will generate resources and continue to operate after World Vision’s departure, especially with regard to IGA projects. The study results confirmed that people who mainly engaged in development activities such as at Qhalasi showed that they could only utilise their skills and knowledge to a small degree. The main conclusion reached by the study is that the Taung Area Development Programme as one of World Vision’s programmes has to a large extent transformed the lives of the local people. As a result of World Vision involvement in the Taung Area Development Programme, people-centred development is manifestly seen to promote the participation and empowerment of the people as well as the sustainability of the development projects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die bydrae wat World Vision as agent en katalisator van ontwikkeling gemaak het om sosiale kwessies in Lesotho aan te spreek te bepaal. Die studie, meer spesifiek evalueer die Taung Area Develoment Programme, wat een van World Vision se gemeenskapontwikkelingprogramme is wat gevestig is om maatskaplike toestande in landelike gebiede te bevorder veral in Tsoloane, Ha-Mopoane en Qhalasi. Die studie poog om drie belangrike areas te ondersoek; 1. Deelname: om te bepaal of gemeenskappe betrek was by die beplanning van die projekte, deur die identifikasie van hulle eie prioriteite vir die projekte, of die gebruik van hul grond en ander hulpmiddels om beheer oor hul eie ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele ontwikkeling uit te oefen. 2. Bemagtiging: om vas te stel in watter mate die programme die kapasiteit van plaaslike gemeenskappe versterk het. Dit sluit in die oordrag van vaardighede deur opleiding, om mense toe te rus om in hulle eie ontwikkeling betrokke te raak. 3. Volhoubaarheid: om die langtermyn lewensvatbaarheid van die projekte te bepaal. Data is versamel deur die gebruik van kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data-insamelingstegnieke. Om albei tegnieke uit te voer was die sneeubal steekproeftegniek toegepas. Die data wat versamel was, is in grafieke aangebied. Die resultate was daarna geanaliseer en bespreek in terme van hierdie studie se doelstellings. Met betrekking tot deelname, het die bevindings van die studie bewys dat die betrokke mense in ’n groot mate bevoeg was om deel te neem aan die beplanning van die projekte. Mense was bevoeg om doelwitte te identifiseer en besluite te neem om inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite (IGA) aan te pak. Die aktiwiteite het pluimvee en varkboerdery, naaldwerk, en die maak van mandjies, kerse en seep ingesluit. Die IGA het dit vir projeklede moontlik gemaak om kos en ’n inkomste vir hulle families te verdien. Die studie het verder vasgestel dat, afgesien van die feit dat sommige mense bevoeg was om aan die beplanning van hul projekte deel te neem, die deelname in ontwikkelingsprojekte soos die bou van toeganspaaie, minimaal was. Die tipiese “van bo na onder’’ voorskriftelike benadering tot beplanning het min geleentheid vir publieke deelname toegelaat. Die studie het ook bevesting dat die godsdienstige betrokkenheid van World Vision, weens die morele ondersteuning wat dit bied, hoog gewaardeer was. Nog ’n belangrike aspek wat die studie aan die lig gebring het, was dat die mense die kans gebied was om hul inheemse kennis in hul projeke aan te wend. Met betrekking tot bemagtiging, het feitlik al die respondente geglo dat World Vision ’n belangrike rol gespeel het om mense op te lei om veskeie aktiwiteite binne hul projekte uit te voer. Benewens die opleiding wat ontvang was, het die mense ook verskeie vaardighede en kennis opgedoen. Die meerderheid van die respondente het tegniese en ekonomiese kennis opgedoen, terwyl andere in landbou en gesondheidsaangeleenthede en ook handwerk vaardig geword het. Bemagtiging in die Taung Area Development Programme is ook deur die verbetering in die lewensomstandinghede van die plaaslike bevolking geopenbaar. Die studie het ook gevind dat die infrastruktuur met die bou van skole en paaie verbeter was. Met betrekking tot primêre gesondheid, het die respondente bevesting dat hulle toegang tot skoon water gekry het deur middel van ’n gemeenskaplike kraan. Veldtogte soos MIV/VIGS bewusmaking, voorkoming van siektes en die bou van toilette het tot verbeterde lewensomstandinghede in die Taung Area Development Programme bygedra. Afgesien van veldtogte soos MIV/VIGS en siektevoorkoming wat vir primêre gesondheidsorg belangrik is, beskik min mense kennis van dodelike siektes soos MIV/VIGS. Dit blyk dus dat World Vision meer klem sal moet lê op die verspreiding van kennis van MIV/VIGS binne die gemeenskappe. Die langtermyn oorlewing van die ontwikkelingsprojekte sal aan volhoubaarheid gekoppel moet word. Die bevindings van hierdie studie bevestig dat mense in die Taung Area Development Programme optimisties was dat die vaardighede en kennis wat hulle verkry het, en die projekte, selfhulpmiddels sal genereer wat nog in werking sal wees lank na die vertrek van World Vision, veral met betrekking tot die IGA projekte. Hierdie studie bevestig dat persone wat hoofsaaklik betrokke was by ontwikkelingsprojekte soos by Qhalasi, net tot ’n geringe mate hulle vaardighede en kennis kon gebruik. Die belangriskte slotsom wat hierdie studie bereik het was dat die Taung Area Development Programme, as een van die World Vision programme, in ’n groot mate die lewens van die plaaslike mense getransformeer het. As gevolg van World Vision se betrokkenheid in die Taung Area Development Programme, word mensgesentreerde ontwikkeling nou gesien as bevordelik vir die betrokkenheid en bemagtiging van die bevolking sowel as die volhoubaarheid van die ontwikkelingsprojekte.

本研究試圖從「微視」的觀點與「實證」之方式來探索宗教信仰與非營利組織文化之關係，單以『台灣世界展望會』為本研究之研究個案。本研究所關注的焦點是組織內部的文化為何，且是實際從組織成員的角度來加以深入的了解，因此，本研究嘗試先從瞭解組織內成員之個人基本背景與特質以及組織成員本身所持有之宗教信仰與價值理念，進一步認識組織內所認知的文化內涵為何。換言之，組織成員對組織文化的認知是否會因組織成員本身背景與特質所影響，以及組織成員在宗教信仰上的虔敬程度(即宗教性)是否會影響組織成員對其組織文化上的認知。本研究之研究方法上採以量化問卷調查為主之研究工具，但在尋找明確之研究變項的過程裡亦採取一些質化的方式，如:訪談、觀察等方式，以助於之後研究問卷之設計與真正符合本研究的意義。 研究發現，摘要如下: 1.由於展望會本身是一個具有基督教背景之非營利社會服務性組織，故發現成員中佔有約百分之七十的人是基督徒，而且其中原住民的同工則佔有相當的比例，亦形成展望會獨特的組織文化與特色。此外，成員對組織的認同感(包含認同於組織所信奉的核心價值與信念)相當高，更反映出成員對組織的向心力與忠誠度等文化面向上呈現出相當高與一致程度的組織文化。 2.成員個人的基本特質對其組織文化的認知上有一定程度的影響力，包括了教育程度、婚姻狀況與宗教信仰上的差異。教育程度低的成員對組織文化的認同感、向心力程度較教育程度高的為高；已婚比未婚高；具有基督教信仰之成員比起非基督徒或沒有任何信仰者高等。 3.成員之宗教信仰的宗教性愈高，則其對組織文化的認同感會愈高。也就是說成員對組織文化的看法亦會受到成員之宗教性程度上的差異而有所不同。 4.成員個人之基本特質對其組織文化上的認知有一定程度的影響力，包含了成員之教育程度、婚姻狀況與宗教信仰上的差異。組織成員中以高中、職的教育程度者居多數，相較之下，教育程度愈低的成員對組織文化的認同感、向心力程度較教育成度高者為高。已婚比未婚的成員對組織文化的認同感、向心力程度較教育程度高者為高。具有基督教信仰之成員比起非基督徒或沒有任何宗教信仰者在對組織文化的認同感、向心力程度為高。 5.成員之基督教信仰之宗教性愈高，則對組織文化的認同感、向心力程度會愈高。換言之，成員對組織文化的認知會因為成員本身之宗教性程度上的差異而有所不同。 目 錄 第一章 緒 論 第一節 研究背景與動機……………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………5 第三節 研究個案之選擇與特質……………………………………6 第四節 研究流程與論文結構………………………………………8 第二章 相關文獻之探討與回顧 第一節 組織文化的概念……………………………………………9 第二節 宗教信仰與組織文化……………………………………..17 第三節 本章結語…………………………………………………..20 第三章 研究設計 第一節 研究架構與研究主題……………………………………..22 第二節 研究概念與變項之界定…………………………………..24 第三節 研究方法…………………………………………………..26 第四節 資料收集與分析…………………………………………..28 第四章 簡介台灣世界展望會及其發展概況 第一節 簡介世界展望會之起源與工作核心理念………………..30 第二節 簡介台灣世界展望會……………………………………..32 第五章 研究樣本之量化研究結果與分析 第一節 研究樣本之基本資料與特質的分析與描述…………….36 第二節 組織文化觀點之解釋…………………………………….41 第三節 影響成員對組織文化認知之相關因素探討…………….47 第四節 宗教信仰與組織文化之關係探索與分析結果………….50 第五節 發現與討論……………………………………………….51 第六章 結論 第一節 研究發現與結語………………………………………….52 第二節 研究限制………………………………………………….57 參考書目………………………………………………………………58 附錄一 問卷內容…………………………………………………..62 圖 次 圖一：本研究之流程圖………………………………………………8 圖二：組織文化的層次及其互動………………………………….14 圖三：組織文化的層級…………………………………………….15 圖四：本文研究架構圖…………………………………………….23 表 次 表一：研究樣本之個人基本資料與特質之描述統計分析表…….37 表二：研究樣本之個人基本資料與特質之描述統計分析表.…..39 表三：個人宗教信仰之描述統計分析表.………………………..41 表四：成員對組織認同感之描述統計分析表…………………….43 表五：成員對組織之向心力的描述統計分析表………………….44 表六：組織人際關係氣氛的描述統計分析表…………………….46 表七：組織宗教化之程度的描述統計分析表…………………….47 表八：個人基本特質對組織文化認知上的顯著性影響之檢定表.47 表九：教育程度對組織文化認知之顯著性影響分析表………….48 表十：婚姻狀況對組織文化認知之顯著性影響分析表………….49 表十一：宗教信仰對組織文化認知之顯著性影響分析表……….49 表十二：成員之宗教性與其對組織文化的認知上的相關程度表 50 / ABSTRACT In this thesis, we study the relationship between religion and the culture of non-profit organization from micro viewpoint and practical way, taking the World Vision Taiwan for our study case. We focus on what is truly culture within the non-profit organization and we attempt to search for understanding the culture from the member of view. We adopt maily the questionnaire of quantitative research, in the meanwhile we also use qualitative method of interview and join and observation to get definite variables, helping the design of the questionnaire. We found most members are Christians and aborigiines. Their commitment theirselves to World Vision also is the unique trait of their culture within the organization. We prove that the higher of the religiosity of members, the more degree of their centripetal force and identification.In other words, the recognification of culture from members depends on their different religiosity of the members. We show the clear and definite correlation between members' background, including education, marriage and religious belief and their concepts towards the World Vision. The identification of members who are lower education is more positive and higher than those are higher education. Marrieed members are higher than unmarriaged. And if members have their religious belief, their are much more willing to involved the service and the mission than those do not have.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NeriAOC_DISSERT.pdf: 1709539 bytes, checksum: 27ae09e0afabc1ceee7d9f41de835f98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-22 / The networks terminology has been growing in different meanings, in which emergent structures coming from one not so recently typology aquired, in the 90 s, fluid shapes impelled by waves without borders of the New Information and Communication Technologies. Ever since, the pattern and the morphology are being multiply and strengthen. With this backdrop, this study deals with the Education for Environment Networks, as a political and social, educative and cultural alternative intervention, as an answer for some contemporary demands. But what are these networks? In wich way they organize themselves to germinate political actions? Where is the core of these actions? What are their limits or potentialities? These are some of the questions that are presented along the study proposed. Therefore, we have in view to unveil the network social and environmental pedagogic dimension, as an alternative proposal towards to the planetary cintzenship formation for persons and coletivity. The study employs the exploration reasearch as the analysis of the organizational reference basis and the dinamics of conections that support the dialogue among the groups that belong to the Education for Environment Networks. We conclude that the networks overcome themselves as a powerfull tool to articulate and moblize people. They establish a potential pedagogic act for political and social intervention, as an alternative proposal for the citizen formation and his world vision. We sinalize that the networks are sometimes limited by the poorness of knowledge that still remains on those who find themselves twisted on them, and on the decreasing optics by those who are absent. / A terminologia redes vem ganhando novos significados, onde estruturas emergentes oriundas de uma n?o t?o recente tipologia adquirem na d?cada de 90 formas fluidas impulsionadas pelas ondas sem fronteiras das Novas Tecnologias de Informa??o e Comunica??o (NTIC). Desde ent?o, o padr?o e a morfologia est?o se multiplicando e se fortalecendo. Com este pano de fundo, este estudo trata das Redes de Educa??o Ambiental, como alternativa de interven??o pol?tica e social, educativa e cultural, em resposta a algumas das demandas da contemporaneidade. Mas o que s?o estas redes? De que forma se organizam para germinarem a??es pol?tcas? Onde est? o cerne destas a??es? Quais seus limites ou potencialidades? S?o estas algumas das quest?es que apresentamos ao longo do estudo proposto. Para tanto, objetivou-se o desvelar da dimens?o pedag?gica socioambiental das Redes, enquanto proposta alternativa contribuinte para a forma??o da cidadania planet?ria de indiv?duos e coletivos. Empresta como refer?ncia de an?lise a pesquisa explorat?ria dos fundamentos organizacionais e as din?micas de conex?o que sustentam o di?logo dos grupos pertencentes ?s Redes de Educa??o Ambiental. Conclu?mos que as Redes superam como articuladoras e mobilizadoras de indiv?duos e coletivos. Instaura-se um potencial pedag?gico e de interven??o pol?tica e social, enquanto proposta alternativa para a forma??o do cidad?o e sua vis?o de mundo. Indicamos que operam por vezes de forma limitada devido ? insipi?ncia do saber que ainda perpetua nos que nela se enredaram e na ?tica descrente dos que nela se fazem ausentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 giaretta_la_me_rcla.pdf: 1512395 bytes, checksum: 4f1fcaa4e96d9f94446ff2c92bc81524 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como propósito realizar uma análise do pensamento geográfico embutido na visão do mundo de Monteiro Lobato em sua obra literária infantil. Com isso, promoveremos a inserção dessa obra na História do Pensamento Geográfico, buscando preencher uma lacuna nessa linha de pesquisa, que tem dado pouca atenção às obras desse gênero literário. Para analisar essa visão do mundo, amparamo-nos em Lucien Goldmann que propõe o estudo das obras-primas de literatura na perspectiva do método estruturalista genético. A partir de suas orientações, analisamos o contexto histórico vivido por Lobato e as correntes de pensamento que o influenciaram a propor uma reconstrução do espaço geográfico brasileiro, pautado na ideologia de sua classe social: a burguesia industrial. Esse panorama contextualizou a análise do discurso geográfico de Lobato presente em três histórias: Geografia de Dona Benta (1935), O poço do Visconde (1937), A Chave do Tamanho (1942). Os pontos marcantes neste discurso são industrialização, integração e identidade nacional, exploração dos recursos naturais, potencialidades e problemas regionais, valorização da educação e da ciência, e uma visão ambígua do povo e do progresso, ora vistos com otimismo, ora com pessimismo, caracterizando a visão do mundo contraditória do escritor. Também detectamos nesse discurso uma Geografia pautada em concepções deterministas e darwinistas sociais e, eventualmente, uma postura possibilista, o que nos levou a crer que a obra infantil lobatiana refletiu a conjuntura da ciência geográfica da década de 1930. / This academic research has the purpose of making an analysis of the geographic thought embedded in Monteiro Lobato’s world vision in his literary child. With this, we will intend to insert this work in the History of Geographic Thought, seeking for filling a gap in this line of research, which has given little attention to works of this gender. To analyze this world vision, we lean on Lucien Goldmann’s that suggests the study of works of literature primary in the perspective of the genetic structuralist method. From the guidelines of his proposal, we analyse the historical context lived by Monteiro Lobato and the currents of thought that had influenced him to propose a reconstruction of a Brazilian geographical space, based on the ideology of his social class: the industrial bourgeoisie. This overview contextualized the analysis of his geographic speech in the three stories: Geografia de Dona Benta (1935), O poço do Visconde (1937), A Chave do Tamanho (1942). The remarkable points in this speech are industrialization, national integration and identity, exploitation of natural resources, regional potentialities and problems, enhancement of education and science and an ambiguous seen of the people and progress, now seen with an optimism now with pessimism, characterizing the writer contradictory world vision. We also detected in this speech a Geography based on deterministic concepts and social darwinists, and, possibly, a possibilist behaviour, that led us to believe that Lobato’s literary child reflected the conjuncture of science geographic of the decade of 1930.

Cette thèse étudie la perception que Norbert Mobyem Mikanza se fait du monde qui l’entoure et sa conception de l’art théâtral. Cette étude se structure autour de trois parties. La première fait l’objet d’un panorama historique du théâtre congolais. Son importance consiste à situer la place du dramaturge Norbert Mobyem Mikanza et à cerner son originalité au sein de ce théâtre. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à l’étude de la forme, c’est-à-dire les structures de surfaces des pièces de théâtre du corpus. Ces éléments de la forme : la fable, les personnages, les actions, le temps, l’espace et le langage théâtral servent de passerelle vers le sens. La troisième partie est intitulée « les structures profondes ». Elle sert d’interprétation de l’œuvre dramatique de Norbert Mobyem Mikanza. Cette œuvre n’est rien d’autre qu’une scène de combat inégal où le social et le moral s’affrontent à « l’asocial et à l’immoral », dans la société congolaise en particulier et dans la société africaine en général. / This thesis is a study of the way the author Nobert Mobyem Mikanza considers the world surrounding him and how he conceives the art of theatre. This study falls into three parts. The first one is a historical and panoramic view of the congolese theatre. Its importance consists mainly in situating the part played by the play wright Norbert Mobyem Mikanza and in pointing out the originality of his theatrical work. The second part deals with the study of the form, that is how the plays are set and organized, these elements being the fable, the characters, the actions, the time, and space, the language, all that helps converging theis meaning to the audience. The third part entitled « deeper structures » is an analysis of the dramatic works of Norbert Mobyem Mikanza. His works port rays no thing but a fight, an unegual one, in which social and moral issues come in conflict with antisocial and immoral issues, not anly in the Congolese society but also further in the African society as a whole.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have occupied a prominent role in the development of rural Zimbabwe since the time of its independence in 1980. NGO work in Zimbabwe currently takes place within the context of a tense and fluid political climate, an economy struggling to recover from crisis, international skepticism toward long-term donor investment in development, and global expectations about the methodologies and accountability measures carried out in intervention-based development work. In the light of the participatory methodologies and empowerment-based development frameworks that dominate the current global expectations for work within the NGO sector, this thesis focuses on the work of one particular NGO working in Zimbabwe, namely, World Vision. The main objective of the thesis is to understand and explain the participatory methods, accountability and effectiveness of World Vision in Zimbabwe (with particular reference to Umzingwane District) and, in doing so, to deepen the theoretical understanding of NGOs as constituting a particular organizational form. World Vision is a large-scale international NGO that has a pronounced presence in Zimbabwe and it is specifically active in Umzingwane District in Matabeleland South Province. The thesis argues that NGOs exist within a complex and tense condition entailing continuous responses to pressures from donors and states that structure their survival. Ultimately, in maneuvering through such pressures, NGOs tend to choose directions which best enable their own sustainability, often at the cost of the deep participatory forms that may heighten the legitimacy of their roles. World Vision Zimbabwe responds to donor trends, national and local expectations of the state and its own organizational expectations by building local government capacity in order to maintain the longevity and measureable outputs of its projects. In doing so, it redefines the concept of participation in pursuing efficient and practical approaches to ‘getting things done’. This compromises deep participatory methodologies and, in essence, alters the practices involved in participatory forms in order to maintain World Vision’s own organizational sustainability and presence in Zimbabwe.

Национальный менталитет выражается в языке, в частности, через ключевые слова, одно из которых надежда. Данные толковых словарей русского и китайского языков позволяют представить лексикографическое описание лексемы надежда, сравнить их значения в разных языках. Проведенный психолингвистический эксперимент среди русских и китайских респондентов позволил выявить лексические значения, существующие в реальном употреблении. Если для русских респондентов надежда – это ожидание, мечта и женское имя, то для китайских респондентов надежда – это успех, мотивация. / National mentality is expressed in language, in particular, through keywords, one of which is hope. The data of the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian and Chinese languages allow us to present a lexicographical description of the lexeme hope, to compare their meanings in different languages. A psycholinguistic experiment conducted among Russian and Chinese respondents revealed lexical meanings that exist in actual use. If for Russian respondents hope is an expectation, a dream and a female name, then for Chinese respondents hope is a success, motivation.

Children around the world suffer greatly due to conflicts. One of the most common interventions to support children affected by conflicts are Child Friendly Spaces (CFSs). Implemented within different cultural contexts, CFSs aim to be both culturally sensitive and contribute to gender equality, an interaction that can be complex. Previous research regarding CFSs is limited. As CFSs are commonly used in Humanitarian Action, further knowledge is central.This thesis aims to explore and compare how culture and gender appropriate responses in CFSs guidelines and manuals are expressed in order to gain an increased understanding of how these guidelines handle the interaction between gender norms in different cultures.In this study I discuss six CFSs guidelines and manuals by conducting comparative analysis and applying the Ecological Resilience Framework.The result suggests that culture and gender appropriate responses are central in all guidelines and manuals but emphasized in different ways. The participation of children, families and communities, as well as the adaption of activities, are all strategies aimed at cultural sensitivity. The result also entails that the equal inclusion of all children is a general gender appropriate approach. In addition, I claim that the main intervention, aiming to be both gender and culture appropriate, is separated groups between boys and girls. Finally, I argue that gender and culture may clash due to different perceptions of gender and culture appropriate responses.

Ce mémoire est une étude sur le développement local comme stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté en Haïti. C'est une étude de cas sur une stratégie qui a été implantée par la WVI dans plusieurs communautés pauvres en Haïti, le Programme de Développement de zone (PDZ). Nous avons cherché à savoir comment le PDZ a permis de mettre en place un projet de développement local de lutte contre la pauvreté dans ces communautés. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons analysé, à l'aide de la perspective de Klein et al. (2011), le type de stratégie de développement local auquel le PDZ correspond et vu comment il implique les communautés visées. En effet, plusieurs dimensions, dont la majorité proposée par Klein et al. ont été analysées : le transfert de la stratégie aux leaders locaux ; le processus de leadership local (individuel, organisationnel et socio-territorial) ; la mobilisation des ressources endogènes et exogène ; l'utilisation créative des programmes publics ; la gestion locale des conflits et apprentissage collectif ; et la construction d'une identité positive et d'un sentiment d'appartenance. Ce mémoire fait ressortir une critique souvent adressée à l'endroit des interventions des ONGI, à savoir que la situation de dépendance qu'elles engendrent compte tenu de l'approche assistentialiste sur laquelle elles sont souvent échafaudées. Particulièrement, l'étude du PDZ, nous renseigne que dans un contexte de grande pauvreté, de cumulation de désavantages (en termes de ressources humaines, économiques, politiques), ou d'obstacles objectifs, le développement par initiatives locales soulève des défis et enjeux majeurs. Les données montrent que la stratégie du PDZ __ bien qu'elle soit parvenue à développer un leadership local ; à favoriser une circulation limité de ressources économiques ; à permettre la construction d'une identité positive chez certaines personnes ; __ ne permet pas une mobilisation locale co-construite qui viendrait maintenir les actions mises de l'avant en faveur des priorités dégagées par les communautés elles-mêmes. Enfin, à travers l'analyse nous avons pu conclure qu'elle correspond à un modèle top-down. / This thesis examines the issues of local government as a strategy to fight against poverty in Haiti. As a study case of a strategy that the World Vision established in many poor rural communities- The Area Development Program-, we want to understand and clarify how the PDZ was able to help in building a local project development for fighting poverty in these communities. More specifically, we analyze, with the help of Klein and al. (2011) perspective, the type of strategy of local development which best describes the PDZ and we determine how these communities get involved in this strategy. Thus, we focus on many aspects that were mainly suggested by Klein and al. : the transfer of the strategy to the local authorities ; the process of local leadership (individual, organizational and socio-territorial) ; the mobilization of endogenous and exogenous resources ; creative use of public programs ; local conflict management and collective learning ; positive identity and community feeling construction. This research highlights criticism leveled against NGOs operations, about the dependency situations that arose as a result of assistance-based approaches of their aid. The PDZ study particularly teaches us that development through local initiatives raises daunting challenges and major issues, in the context of extreme poverty, cumulative disadvantages (in term of human, economic and political resources) or objectives obstacles. The facts show us that the PDZ strategy doesn’t allow a local mobilization that could sustain the initiatives inspired by the community`s self-defined needs, although the PDZ strategy succeeds in developing local leadership, in promoting limited movement of capital and enabling some people to construct a positive identity. Finally, we will conclude that the PDZ strategy refers to a top-down model.