Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 1996. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with a reinvention of rhetorical criticism and its application to the parable discourse. The first part of this study examines the theoretical background of rhetoric, and shows that rhetoric emerged as a disciplinary discourse after mythos and logos, and was used as the first systematic hermeneutical method. Rhetoric has developed in two directions: influence and system. Influence study keeps to the tradition of classical rhetoric, while system study covers the system of rhetoric by integrating classical rhetoric with modern human and social sciences. Through this process, rhetorical criticism has been established as a theory and a method for biblical study. Its focus has shifted from rhetoric restrained to rhetoric revalued/reinvented, a shift toward social/practical criticism from hermeneutics. Moreover, rhetorical criticism has begun to treat text as a dialogic, collaborate art or social activity rather than as a mere instrument of persuasion in the monologic scheme of speaker-message-audience, and occupies a prime position in biblical studies in the mode of either one-dimensional or a comprehensive multi-dimensional approach. It is clear that there has been a shift in the application of rhetorical criticism from the performance of rhetorical discourse to its archaeology (inventio). The second part investigates the parable discourse. I suggest that Jesus' parables are net rhetorical discourses of either the dominant Jewish or the dominant Hellenistic-Roman culture. Rather, it is a rhetorical discourse of the Christian subculture. In addition, Jesus' parables in Matthew 13 are not merely grouped but woven into a textus which has a rhetorical structure centred on a basic unit (chreia) to be elaborated. The parable discourse thus takes the pattern of chreia elaboration, and occupies the representative position in Matthew. Against this background, this thesis formulates dialogic rhetoric, as a mode of reinvented rhetoric which deals with invention, for studying the rhetorical function of the parable discourse in Matt 13. Dialogic rhetoric combines Burkean pentadic criticism, Bakthinean dialogic and the social scientific approach. This method differs from the recent historico-critical reading, the semiotic reading, the pragmatic reading in the study of the parable discourse, and also from the structural study carried out by discourse (colon), chiastic and triadic analysis. Dialogic rhetorical criticism has two dimensions. Centripetal rhetoric investigates various rhetorical strategies such as chreia elaboration, figures of dialogism, honour and shame, spatial arrangement, and dyadic personality. Multiple scenes, agents, acts, agencies and purposes in the parable discourse provide a special opportunity for Burkean critique. Centrifugal rhetoric examines the relationship between the parable discourse and two groups of discourses. The first group includes Man 12:46-50 and Matt 13:54-58 which frame the parable discourse, and the second comprises Jesus' other great discourses which, together with the parable discourse, provide key elements within the chiasm of Matthew's Gospel. In final assessment, I define the nature of Christian culture as represented in the parable discourse in terms of response to the world. The parable discourse configures conversionist, revolutionist and gnostic- manipulationist responses, particularly to the Hellenistic-Roman world of the first century. Therefore, I propose that the parable discourse has the function of separating the disciples from the crowds, and then promoting the building of community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die herontdekking van retoriese kritiek en die toepassing daarvan op die gelykenis-materiaal, en val uiteen in twee afdelings: die teoretiese agtergrond van retoriek en die navorsing van gelykenis-materiaal. Die eerste afdeling van hierdie proefskrif behandel die teoretiese agtergrond van retoriek. Retoriek het ontwikkel as 'n dissiplinêre diskoers na mythos en logos, en het gefunksioneer as die eerste sistematiese hermeneutiese metode. Dit word tans op twee maniere nuut omskryf: die sogenaamde invloed-studie staan in die tradisie van klassieke retoriek, terwyl die sogenaamde sisteem-studie klassieke retoriek integreer met moderne menslike en sosiale wetenskappe. Die retoriese aard van Bybelse materiaal is vroeg reeds raakgesien, maar is nou algemeen bevestig. Retoriese kritiek as teorie en metode het ontwikkel vanaf beperkte retoriek na 'n herontdekte retoriek en word daarom nou beskou as sosiale aktivisme of praktiese kritiek op meta-hermeneutiese vlak. 'n Teks word deesdae beskou as dialogise, kollaboratiewe kuns of sosiale aktiwiteit eerder as oorredingsinstrument in die monologiese skema: spreker-boodskap-gehoor. Retoriese kritiek, hetsy as 'n enkelvoudige of 'n omvattende benadering, beklee dus 'n eersterangse posisie in die Bybelwetenskap. Dit is duidelik dat daar 'n ontwikkeling plaasgevind het in die toepassing van retoriek vanaf die performatiewe aard van die retoriese diskoers na die argeologie daarvan (inventio). Die tweede afdeling van hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die gelykenis-materiaal. Ek meen dat die gelykenisse van Jesus nie die retoriese diskoers van die dominante Joodse of Hellenisties-Romeinse kulture is nie, maar eerder die retoriese diskoers van die Christelike subkultuur. Verder is die gelykenisse in Matt 13 nie bloot saamgevoeg nie, maar ingeweef deur middel van 'n textus met 'n retoriese struktuur wat bestaan uit 'n basiese eenheid (chreia) met uitbreidings. Die gelykenis-materiaal neem dus die vorm aan van chreia uitbreiding, en neem die representatiewe posisie in Matteus in. Hierdie proefskrif postuleer dialogiese retoriek as 'n vorm van herontdekte retoriek, met klem op invention, vir die studie van die retoriese funksie van die gelykenisrede in Matt 13. So gesien, kombineer dialogiese retoriek Burke se vyfledige kritiek. Bakthin se dialogiese benadering en die sosiaal-wetenskaplike benadering. Hierdie metode word gekontrasteer met die onlangse histories-kritiese, semiotiese en pragmatiese benaderings in die gelykenis-navorsing, asook die strukturele benadering soos dit manifesteer in diskoers, chiastiese en triadiese analise. Dialogiese retoriese kritiek vertoon twee dimensies: sentripetaal en sentrifugaal. Sentripetale retoriek ondersoek verskeie retoriese strategieë soos chreia uitbreiding, dialogiese styl, eer en skande, ruimtelike inkleding en diadiese persoonlikheidstipes. 'n Veelvoud van plekke, agente, handelinge en bedoelinge in die gelykenis-materiaal maak die gelykenisrede besonder ontvanklik vir Burkeaanse kritiek. Sentrifugale retoriek ondersoek die verhouding tussen die gelykenisrede en twee ander diskoerse; Matt 12:46.50 en Matt 13:54-58 wat die gelykenisrede omraam, asook die ander toesprake van Jesus wat sleutelposisies binne die chiastiese struktuur van Matteus se Evangelie beklee. As finale bevinding, word die aard van die Christelike kultuur soos aangebied in die gelykenisrede in terme van 'n antwoord aan die wêreld gedefinieer. Die gelykenisrede artikuleer bekerings-, revolusie- en gnosties-manipulasie-reaksies in terme van die eerste- eeuse HeIlenisties-Romeinse wêreld. Gevolglik, stel ek voor dat die gelykenisrede die funksie vervul om die dissipels van die skare af te sonder, en om gemeenskapsbou te bevorder.

A part les quelques pages écrites, dans les années soixante, par Orest Ranum sur Claude et Léon Bouthillier et leur activité de secrétaires d'Etat des Affaires étrangères entre 1635 et 1642, la famille Bouthillier n'avait jamais fait l'objet d'aucune étude. Pourtant, du surintendant des finances Claude Bouthillier à l'abbé de Rancé, Armand-Jean Bouthillier, du secrétaire d'Etat Léon Bouthillier, mieux connu sous le nom de Chavigny, à Marie Bouthillier, femme du maréchal-duc de Choiseul, cette famille compte des personnages éminents.<br />L'obscurité de ses origines n'en rendait l'étude que plus attrayante. Rien, ou peu de choses, sur l'avocat Denis Bouthillier, père de Claude. Pas davantage sur les avocats à cette époque.<br />L'accent a été mis sur l'étude du mouvement qui a porté Denis et Claude Bouthillier, dans leur carrière et dans la formation de leur fortune. Cela a permis, entre autres choses, de se pencher sur la vie d'un avocat à la fin du XVIe siècle et au début du XVIIe siècle, mais également de suivre pas à pas la formation de la fortune d'un surintendant des finances.

El presente trabajo indaga acerca de los procesos de diferenciación social campesina temprana en la Zamora medieval. Dicho proceso adquiere características particulares de acuerdo al marco señorial en que se inserten las comunidades. La documentación zamorana ha permitido agrupar los casos empíricos en dos tipos ideales, aquellos que presentan desarrollo de caballería y los que maduran al interior de cotos de abadengo. En cuanto al primer tipo, comprobamos que la caballería que surge de las propias clases campesinas tiende a transformarse en un sector privilegiado en la comunidad. Tal proceso de diferenciación se presenta con importantes disparidades evolutivas en las distintas comunidades. Las comunidades de este tipo que ingresan a la órbita episcopal evidencian conflictos violentos relacionados con la imposición de nuevos derechos señoriales y nuevas pautas de reproducción señorial. En cambio, en las aldeas desarrolladas desde su inicio al interior de cotos monásticos la diferenciación por el ejercicio de la función militar se encuentra negada. La única posibilidad estructural de diferenciación se relaciona con el ejercicio de funciones en representación del señor. El surgimiento de tales sectores evoluciona, entonces, de manera coherente con la construcción del poder señorial a escala local. En las comunidades con presencia de caballería será necesario desmontar las jerarquías preexistentes, proceso que determina que únicamente bien entrado el siglo XIII puedan comenzar a esbozarse nuevas elites locales y condiciones de poblamiento afines a la reproducción del señorío eclesiástico.

Orientador: Sanderléia Roberta Longhin / Coorientador: Liesbeth Degand / Banca: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Maria da Conceição Auxiliadora de Paiva / Banca: Maria Alice Tavares / Resumo: Esta tese investiga os processos de gramaticalização de onze conectores causais do português: ca, que, como, pois, pois que, porque, porquanto, posto que, já que, visto que e por causa que. Empreendendo incursões em diferentes sincronias do português, esta pesquisa pauta-se pela premissa de que a sistematicidade e a historicidade linguística devem ser estudadas paralelamente (COSERIU, 1979). Com base na abordagem da Gramaticalização (MARTELOTTA, 2011; BYBEE, 2010; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 1993; HOPPER, 1991) em correlação com os estudos de (Inter)Subjetivização (TRAUGOTT, 2010; 2007), analisam-se propriedades semântico-pragmáticas e sintáticas de cada conector, tendo em vista os seguintes objetivos: a) descrever as trajetórias de gramaticalização dos conectores causais encontrados no corpus; b) analisar, sincrônica e diacronicamente, os seus usos e estatuto sintático e c) investigar se a (inter)subjetivização representa um dos estágios possíveis da gramaticalização desses conectores. O corpus é constituído por amostras de língua falada e escrita. Os dados de fala são do século XXI; os textos escritos datam do século XIII ao XX. As investigações no corpus seguem pressupostos estabelecidos pela perspectiva das Tradições Discursivas (KABATEK, 2012). Os principais resultados são: i) alguns dos conectores gramaticalizam-se ainda no latim; ii) a gramaticalização dos conectores causais, no português, com exceção de porque, não envolve (inter)subjetivização; iii) a tendência... / Abstract: This thesis probes into the grammaticalization of eleven Portuguese causal connectives: "ca", "que", "como", "pois", "pois que", "porque", "porquanto", "posto que", "já que", "visto que" and "por causa que". By carrying out incursions into different synchronies of Portuguese, this research is in line with the assumption that it is possible to examine language considering its systemacity and historicity in parallel (COSERIU, 1979). Based on the grammaticalization approach (MARTELOTTA, 2011; BYBEE, 2010; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 1993; HOPPER, 1991) in correlation with researches on (inter)subjectification (TRAUGOTT, 2010; 2007), semantic-pragmatic and syntactic features of each connective are analyzed, aiming at: a) describing connectives' trajectories of grammaticalization; b) investigating connectives' usages and syntatic status both synchronically and diachronically and c) identifying (inter)subjectification as one of the stages of the grammaticalization of causals. The corpus of the investigation consists of written and spoken texts. The written texts represent samples from the 13th to the 20th centuries. Spoken samples belong to the 21st century. The investigations through the corpus follow assumptions of the discourse tradition perspective (KABATEK, 2012). The main results are as follows: i) some of the causal connectives undergo grammaticalization in Latin; ii) the grammaticalization of causals throughout the Portuguese doesn't involve (inter)subjectification, ... / Doutor

GALDINO, Maria Rakel Amâncio. Mulheres escravas e forras na Ribeira do Acaraú (1750-1788). 2013. 277f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-11T12:46:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-MRAGALDINO.pdf: 2934860 bytes, checksum: 9e8ed1d23ad1119d9b2bcc158eb55a1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-11T13:32:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-MRAGALDINO.pdf: 2934860 bytes, checksum: 9e8ed1d23ad1119d9b2bcc158eb55a1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-11T13:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-MRAGALDINO.pdf: 2934860 bytes, checksum: 9e8ed1d23ad1119d9b2bcc158eb55a1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The investigation that resulted in this paper examined the insertion and presence of black slavery throughout the eighteenth century in the northwestern state of Ceará, where most of the territory was entitled Ribeira Acaraú. Therefore, stood out the performances of slave and free women and from the experiences of them, we have analyzed the changes in this society that enabled the rise and dominance of Africans and their descendants in the world of captives. Through consultation with various documentary sources as cartorárias, records of the Chamber of Sobral, correspondences between the settlers and the Overseas Council, parish records and the crossing of the information contained in these, one can observe different situations regarding this society, the world of work and the network construction workers solidarity possible slaves and freedmen in a region agropastoral and predominance of family labor. Entering the universe of captives through the experience of women, it is observed that the performance of these was permeated with intent to survive, preserve their families, and even achieve freedom. To reassure them, the women worked, sought union sanctified by the church, engaged in crony relationships, which enable them to have the protection and solidarity of a network formed by free persons freed (blinders), other slaves and even gentlemen. The sources consulted in line with the discussion, allowed the observation that at least in the case of captives and ceilings, usually inserted in small flocks, labor and solidarity were strategic elements to meet the challenges and limitations imposed by slavery. / A investigação que resultou neste trabalho analisou a inserção e presença da escravidão negra ao longo do século XVIII na região Noroeste cearense, cuja maior parte do território foi intitulada Ribeira do Acaraú. Para tanto, destacou-se as atuações de mulheres escravas e forras e a partir das experiências vivenciadas por elas, buscou-se analisar as mudanças nessa sociedade que propiciaram a ascensão e predominância de africanos e seus descendentes no mundo dos cativos. Através da consulta a várias fontes documentais como: cartorárias, registros da Câmara de Sobral, correspondências entre os colonos e o Conselho Ultramarino, registros paroquiais e o cruzamento das informações contidas nestas, pode-se constatar situações diversas a respeito dessa sociedade, do mundo do trabalho e da construção da rede de solidariedades possíveis aos trabalhadores escravos e libertos numa região agropastoril e de predominância do trabalho familiar. Adentrando no universo dos cativos através da experiência das mulheres, observa-se que a atuação dessas foi permeada pela intencionalidade de sobreviverem, preservar suas famílias, e até mesmo alcançarem a liberdade. Para assegurá-los, as mulheres trabalharam, buscaram a união sacramentada pela igreja, se envolveram em relações de compadrio, os quais lhes permitam contar com a proteção e solidariedade de uma rede de contatos formada por pessoas livres, libertas (forras), outros escravos e até mesmo senhores. As fontes consultadas, em consonância com a discussão, possibilitaram a constatação de que pelo menos em se tratando dos cativos e forros, inseridos geralmente em pequenos plantéis, trabalho e solidariedade foram elementos estratégicos para enfrentarem os desafios e limites impostos pela escravidão.

FERREIRA, Ediene Pena. Gramaticalização e auxiliaridade: um estudo pancrônico do verbo chegar. 2007. 272f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-14T13:19:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_tese_ EPFerreira.pdf: 1994457 bytes, checksum: b37a5e9872c293c1847cc5c1610245fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T14:01:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_tese_ EPFerreira.pdf: 1994457 bytes, checksum: b37a5e9872c293c1847cc5c1610245fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T14:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_tese_ EPFerreira.pdf: 1994457 bytes, checksum: b37a5e9872c293c1847cc5c1610245fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / This research, based on theoretical presuppositions of linguistic functionalism (Hopper, 1991; Hopper e Traugott, 1991; Bybee, 1994, 2003; Givón, 1995) investigates constructions with the verb chegar, in a processual perspective of linguistic change in grammaticalization. Through a study of panchronical character, the aim of this investigation is to identify different uses of the verb chegar and its functional amplitude, observing, in particular, how the auxiliarity process is manifested in categorial status change and in which manner this item can be considered an auxiliary verb. With that purpose in view, this work has used the Minimal Corpus of Portuguese Written Texts (By Figueiredo-Gomes and Pena-Ferreira, 2006), collected from the most frequent and different genres used in society in different centuries – in Portugal, since the 18th Century, and in Brazil, since 19th and 20th Centuries. The genres that compose this corpus were grouped in the following manner: narrating genres, reporting genres, arguing genres, exposing genres and instruction and prescribing genres. As supporting corpus, some speech samples from project NURC were also used. Although the object of this study is not characterized as a variable phenomenon, in the classic linguistic variation theoretical perspective, two Varbrul programs were used as statistical instruments. It is assumed that communicative and cognitive necessities intervene in the different uses of the verb chegar, which are characterized by an ongoing abstract continuum. The hypothesis that the verb chegar is in grammaticalization process was confirmed by the results obtained. The criteria applied to auxiliary verb identification, revealed a hybrid behavior of the verb chegar, this finding signals to the possibility of considering it a semi-auxiliary verb. As a non-prototypical auxiliary, the verb chegar does not express grammatical function such as Tense, Aspect and Mode, but a textual and discoursive one in order to mark temporal changing in narration of events, limits, contra-expectations and consequences. / Esta pesquisa, apoiada nos pressupostos teóricos do funcionalismo lingüístico de vertente norte-americana (Hopper, 1991; Hopper e Traugott, 1991; Bybee, 1994, 2003; Givón,1995), investiga construções com o verbo chegar, sob a perspectiva do processo de mudança lingüística conhecido por gramaticalização. Por meio de um estudo de natureza pancrônica, o objetivo desta investigação é flagrar os diferentes usos de chegar e sua ampliação funcional, observando, entre outras coisas, como se manifesta o processo de auxiliarização na mudança de seu estatuto categorial, de modo a identificar em que medida esse item pode ser considerado auxiliar. Com esse propósito, este trabalho utilizou o Corpus Mínimo de Textos Escritos da Língua Portuguesa – COMTELPO (Figueiredo-Gomes e Pena-Ferreira, 2006), constituído por diferentes gêneros mais freqüentemente usados na sociedade em diferentes épocas – em Portugal, desde o século XIII, e no Brasil, do século XIX ao XX. Os gêneros que compõem este corpus foram agrupados da seguinte forma: Gêneros da ordem do narrar (GON), gêneros da ordem do relatar (GOR), gêneros da ordem do argumentar (GOA), gêneros da ordem do expor (GOE) e gêneros da ordem do instruir ou prescrever (GOP). Como corpus de apoio foram utilizadas amostras de fala do projeto NURC. Embora o objeto desse estudo não se caracterize como um fenômeno variável, na acepção clássica da teoria da variação lingüística, foram utilizados como instrumental estatístico dois programas do pacote varbrul. Assume-se que necessidades comunicativas e cognitivas intervêm nos diferentes usos de chegar, que se caracterizam por um percurso de abstratização crescente. A hipótese de que chegar está em processo de gramaticalização foi confirmada pelos resultados obtidos, e, depois de aplicados critérios de identificação de auxiliares, revelou-se o comportamento híbrido de chegar, o que o faz ser considerado, nesta pesquisa, um verbo semi-auxiliar. Não sendo auxiliar prototípico, chegar não expressa funções gramaticais prototípicas, como Tempo, Aspecto e Modo, mas, sim, funções gramaticais ligadas à construção textual-discursiva, como a de marcar mudança temporal na narração de eventos, limite, contra-expectativa e conseqüência.

Les confins méridionaux et orientaux de la Champagne, correspondant approximativement à la Haute-Marne actuelle, ont été touchés de plein fouet par la guerre de Trente Ans, en raison de leur position frontalière avec deux redoutables ennemis, la Franche-Comté et la Lorraine. La guerre ouverte entre la France et les Habsbourg en 1635 ne s’est d’ailleurs pas interrompue en 1648, aux traités de Westphalie, mais s’est prolongée jusqu’en 1659-1660 contre l’Espagne et le duc Charles IV de Lorraine.Après vingt-cinq années de conflit, on peut s’interroger sur le degré de destruction subi par le Bassigny et la Montagne langroise. Le célèbre Journal du curé d’Hortes Clément Macheret, qui narre les désastres survenus pendant cette période, demeure pour l’historien un témoignage incontournable, mais il subsiste de nombreuses autres sources archivées qui permettent d’approfondir l’enquête. Le règne personnel de Louis XIV, qui s’étend de 1661 à 1715, correspond à la phase de reconstruction de la Champagne méridionale. Plusieurs questions demeuraient à ce jour sans réponse : - Quelle a été l’ampleur des dévastations et des pertes démographiques suite à la guerre de Trente Ans ? - Quel a été le rythme du relèvement après 1660, et à partir de quelles ressources humaines et économiques ? - Comment s’est opérée la reconstruction matérielle de la région ? Il s’agit de comprendre quels facteurs ont favorisé, ou au contraire freiné, le redressement champenois durant cette période. La comparaison avec d’autres provinces dévastées au cours de cet interminable conflit, comme la Lorraine, l’Alsace ou la Franche-Comté, peut également être éclairante. Peu étudiée par les historiens de la Champagne, cette récupération laborieuse de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle a pourtant, à bien des égards, enfanté le bel essor démographique et économique du siècle des Lumières. / Champagne’s southern and eastern borders, approximately within today’s Haute-Marne, were severely hit by the Thirty Years’War, due mainly to their frontier position with two fearsome foes, Franche-Comté and Lorraine. The open war between France and the Habsburgs in 1635 didn’t however come to an end in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia, but dragged on until 1659-60 against Spaniards and Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine. Following a twenty-five-year old conflict, the point at issue is to what extent Bassigny and the Plateau de Langres were destroyed. Historians can rely on the famous Journal by the parish priest of Hortes Clément Macheret relating that period’s disasters, but many other archives can lead on to further research. Louis XIV’s personal reign (1661-1715) spans the reconstruction period of southern Champagne. Several questions still remain unanswered today : - How important were the devastations and demographic losses caused by the Thirty Years’War ?- How fast was the recovery after 1660, and from what human and economic resources ? - How did people manage to rebuild their region ? The question at stake is to understand what factors have favoured or, on the contrary slowed down the reconstruction of Champagne during that period. The comparison with other damaged provinces, such as Lorraine, Alsace or Franche-Comté throughout that endless conflict, may be also helpful. Although it hasn’t been much studied by the historians of Champagne, this difficult recovery during the second half of the 17th century has, in many ways, given birth to the fine demographic and economic surge of the Enlightenment.

This dissertation examines the role of the United States in the mass expulsion of Germans from East-Central Europe from spring 1945 through 1947. By agreeing to allow Czechoslovakia and Poland to expel their German minority populations in 1943, and again in 1945 under Article XIII of the Potsdam Agreement, the United States permitted approximately 14 million to 16 million Germans to be forcibly relocated into a truncated, war-torn Germany, an incident that is the largest example of ethnic cleansing in world history. Although these expulsions threatened the postwar stability of Europe and were of great concern they were of marginal interest to most people in the United States. Informed discussion of these expulsions occurred among a fairly narrow group of military officials, diplomats, politicians, intellectuals, and immigrants or exiles. In fact there was a dearth of contemporary debate and analysis on all aspects of the United States role in the expulsion of Germans, both within government and in society more generally. Newspaper reports, magazine articles, diplomatic documents, government documents and the personal papers of diplomats and politicians reveal that the expulsion of Germans was a secondary issue to the United States government. Despite considerable media coverage, it seems that most Americans lacked both awareness of and compassion for the plight of the German expellees. These expulsions however, changed the politics and the demographics of Europe forever and made the ethnic cleansing of the minority populations of nations an international legal precedent. Today, the expulsions remain a controversial subject within the region of East-Central Europe where the people of Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland still debate the expulsions as if they occurred yesterday. In the United States, however, the expulsions have been long forgotten. This dissertation is unique in that examines the involvement of the United States in the planning of the expulsions and the reaction of the American press, intellectuals and policymakers whereas previous literature has focused very sparingly on this aspect of the expulsions.

No description available.

La presente tesis analiza la formación y el funcionamiento de la red de poder del virrey marqués de Castelfuerte, durante su periodo de gobierno (1724-1736). El mandato del vicesoberano fue parte del primer intento de reformas planteadas a los territorios americanos. Estas trataron de reactivar el comercio transatlántico y mejorar la recaudación fiscal. Para lograr dichos objetivos fue vital la participación de los criados y familiares del virrey dentro de la corte limeña. Justamente, las operaciones de los socios y miembros del séquito virreinal fueron de vital importancia para la gestión política del virrey. Por ello, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar la creación y fortaleza de los lazos comerciales y sociales de los miembros de la red de poder del virrey que los unieron, así como, el impacto político positivo que generaron para la gestión del virrey. Estos lazos se lograron estudiar a partir del análisis exhaustivo de los protocolos notariales y el seguimiento de los miembros de esta red a través de las actas de matrimonios y bautizos. De tal manera, se logra evidenciar la importancia de las relaciones sociales y económicas como herramienta política del vicesoberano para la consolidación de la agenda virreinal y de su fortuna personal.