Les relations entre l'Angleterre et l'Espagne constituent un aspect important de l'histoire de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle européen. Poursuivant des buts concurrents sur les plans religieux et politique, ces deux puissances ne cessent de s'opposer et de s'éviter. Les représentations de l'Espagnol qui sont diffusées en Angleterre par les pamphlets, les gravures, les textes littéraires et les pièces de théâtre, semblent dans un premier temps refléter ces affrontements et nous font parvenir l'image d'un Espagnol violent et menteur, hérétique et cruel, conforme en tous points à ce qu'il est attendu du « natural enemy » qu'évoquait encore Cromwell en 1656, un siècle plus tard. Toutefois, si l'Angleterre et l'Espagne s'affrontent et se contournent, elles ne cessent également de se rencontrer tout au long de cette période : l’ennemi héréditaire est également un partenaire et un modèle privilégiés, tant sur le plan des alliances dynastiques que des relations commerciales et culturelles. Marie épouse Philippe II d’Espagne, Bartholomew Yong traduit La Diana de Montemayor, l'orange de Séville gagne les tables élisabéthaines et la langue castillane est admirée tandis que les manuels de navigation sont traduits avec empressement et révérence. / The relations existing between England and Spain are an important feature in the history of the second half of the XVIth century in Europe. Pursuing competing aims on political and religious levels, those two powers are engaged in constant confrontation, or prefer avoiding contact altogether. The images of the Spaniards that are circulated in England at the time, through pamphlets, engravings, literary texts and plays, seem at first to reflect this opposition as they offer a picture of the Spaniard characterized by violence and deception : he is cruel and heretical, just as may be expected of the “natural enemy” Cromwell referred to, a century later, in 1657. However, although the two countries do oppose each other, they have more in common than England cares to admit. The hereditary enemy is also a privileged partner the country turns to, both for marital alliances, trade, and cultural material. Mary weds Philip II of Spain, Bartholomew Young translates Montemayor’s La Diana, oranges from Seville are served to English tables and the Castillan tongue is admired while Spanish seafaring books are translated with urge and deference.

L'attività pittorica di Giovan Paolo Lomazzo è stata fino ad ora poco considerata dalla critica, che si è per lo più concentrata sull'importanza del personaggio come poeta, scrittore in volgare e in "facchinesco" (una versione caricaturale del dialetto lombardo, Rime ad imitazione dei grotteschi, 1587; Rabisch 1587) e come critico d'arte (trattato dell'arte della pittura, 1584; idea del tempio della pittura, 1590). In realtà Lomazzo fu uno degli artisti milanesi più importanti negli anni tra la fine del sesto decennio e il 1571, quando una malattia agli occhi gli impedì di continuare l'attività pittorica; oltre ad un gran numero di ritratti di facoltosi personaggi legati a Carlo V e ai governatori spagnoli, oggi quasi del tutto perduti (ad eccezione dei due autoritratti di Brera e del Kunsthistorisches Museum di Vienna), Giovan Paolo eseguì anche numerose opere per le più prestigiose chiese milanesi, come le Due Crocifissioni per San Giovanni in Conca (ora rispettivamente nella parrocchiale di Valmadrera e a Brera), le pale per San Barnaba e la Pietà per San Vittore all'Olmo (oggi all'Ospedale Marchesi di Inzago). Lomazzo fu attivo anche a Piacenza, Lodi e Caronno, dove decorò l'abside di s. Maria Nuova. / The artistic activity of Giovan Paolo Lomazzo has been very little studied. Scholars have given their preference to his written work, published as a world famous poet (in Italian and in Lombard Dialect; the Grotteschi and the Rabisch, both published in 1587) and as art theorist (above all the Trattato dell'Arte della Pittura, 1584 and the Idea del Tempio della Pittura, 1590). Lomazzo was also a very important painter, one of the most Famous in Milan between 1560 and 1571, when he was compelled to stop his activity for a sudden eyes illness, which made him almost totally blind. He executed many portraits, which are almost totally lost (except from his two autoportraits, now in Brera and at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Wien), and many religious paintings for important churches of Milan, such as two Crucifixions for S. Giovanni in Conca (now in Valmadrera, Parish Church and at Brera Gallery), the altarpiece in San Barnaba and the Pietà for San Vittore all'Olmo (now at the Hospital Church in Inzago). He worked also in Piacenza, Lodi and Caronno, near Varese.

This paper analyses irrigation systems, settlement patterns and indigenous chiefdoms locatedin the lower part of the Rimac river valley, during the XVIth century, when this territory wasunder the administration of the Inca Empire. Aerial pictures of 1944 and old maps were analyzedto determine the location and characteristics of the irrigation channels, reservoirs andarchaeological edifi cations. The study was complemented with the revision of colonial documentationto establish the chiefdom spatial locations in relation to these irrigation systems. / Este artículo analiza los sistemas de irrigación, patrones de asentamiento y señoríos indígenasen el valle bajo del río Rímac, correspondientes al siglo XVI, cuando dicho territorio seencontraba bajo la administración del imperio inca. Se analizaron fotografías aéreas de 1944y mapas antiguos de la zona para determinar la ubicación y características de los canalesde irrigación y reservorios, los que formaron valles artifi ciales, y las edifi caciones arqueológicas.El estudio se complementó con la revisión de documentación colonial para establecerla ubicación espacial de los señoríos del valle en relación con dichos sistemas de irrigación.

La présente thèse analyse le contrôle des pratiques médicales dans le royaume de Castille au XVIe siècle à travers, notamment, les procès des protomédicos. Le changement substantiel qui a lieu au sein des professions de santé se produit au moment où les protomédicos parviennent à obtenir le monopole légal sur le contrôle des pratiques médicales. Ce fait demeure en étroite relation avec la consolidation du pouvoir royal. Le processus d’institutionnalisation de la charge de protomédico n’est pas en progression régulière et n’est pas exempt de difficultés ; il touche non seulement ceux qui ont pour métier de soigner mais aussi le pouvoir municipal, le royaume et le pouvoir royal. Dans ce concert de forces, le protomédico est l’une des branches du pouvoir royal qui joue un rôle fondamental. Sa légitimité : être médecin de la Chambre du roi et son « alcalde examinador mayor ». Or son autorité est très contestée dans la pratique car il représente la mainmise royale sur des métiers qui autrefois furent sous l’autorité des autorités municipales. Ses actions sur le terrain sont ainsi une permanente source de conflits et controverses dans le royaume de Castille au XVIe siècle. / The present dissertation examines the control over medical practices in the kingdom of Castile during the XVIth century and, notably, the trials against protomédicos. An essential change that occurred in the medical profession during the period saw the protomédicos attempting to gain control of legal monopoly over the all medical practices. This issue was strictly linked to the consolidation of royal power in Castile. The establishment process of the office of the protomédico does not follow a regular progression and it was not created without struggles. This process does not only concern those that provide medical care but also the municipal authorities, the kingdom and the royal power. Thus, through this interplay, the protomédico became one of the branches of royal power that exercised a major role in the kingdom. The protomédico became the first official physician at the royal Chamber and the “alcalde examinador mayor”. However, his authority is highly contested in the practical field because he holds royal stranglehold over offices that were formerly subordinated to the municipal authorities. The protomédico’s activities on the ground were thus a permanent source of conflicts and controversies in 16th century Castile.

Le Brésil a commencé à se construire au XVIeme siècle en soumettant les populations indigènes autochtones, au prix souvent de leur extermination et en repoussant farouchement les Français, qu'ils soient simples négociants à la recherche des produits exotiques du pays ou bien désireux de fonder une colonie avec Villegaignon dans la Baie de Guanabara. Le Portugal est encore confronté à ces oppositions quand commence le soulèvement des Potiguares de la Paraiba, dans le Nordeste du pays. Le Sumario das Armadas, une chronique oubliée, la seule aussi détaillée existant au Brésil, en retrace l'histoire au cours de laquelle, en trois campagnes, les forces hispano-portugaises parviendront à vaincre les alliés franco-amérindiens et étendre plus au nord l'emprise de la couronne de Philippe II / Brazil begun to built itsel on the XVIth century subduing the native population, who often paid the high price of her life, and repelling the French men, merchants looking for the exotic products of the country or settelers wanting to found a colony with Villegaignon in Ganabara Bay. Portugal has not finished fighting against both, French and Indians, in the others parts of the country, when begun the Potiguar uprising in Paraiba Territory, in the North-East of Brazil. The Sumario das Armadas is a forgotten cronicle, but the only one such detailed existing in the whole country. It describes the conquest of the Potiguar territory in three campaigns by the Spanish and Portuguese columns against the Indians and Frenchs allied, and the extention of the king's power of Philippe II of Spain.

Cette thèse se propose de retracer l’histoire de la Junta de Philippe II. Encore très méconnue des historiens, la Junta fut porteuse d’un renouveau de la façon de gouverner et d’appréhender le politique en Espagne à la charnière des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. En s’insérant entre les diverses étapes de la consultation et la décision royale, et en situant l’action de ses membres au cœur de la gestion quotidienne des affaires, son influence modifia en profondeur la façon dont la structure conciliaire traditionnelle tâchait de répondre au flux incertain du politique. La confrontation quotidienne des membres de la Junta aux affaires les plus variées offre également à l’historien une perspective d’ensemble sur le gouvernement de la Monarchie. Les multiples processus de négociation, la conduite de projets d’ampleur et les diverses réactions aux contingences révèlent une action politique davantage soumise aux tensions et aux rapports de force des acteurs qu’à la ferme volonté du monarque. La Junta constitue ainsi un observatoire privilégié de la construction du choix politique à la fin du règne de Philippe II. Cherchant à s’émanciper à la fois des études sur les institutions de gouvernement et de l’approche prosopographique, ce travail explore de nouvelles pistes d’interprétation centrées sur les pratiques de gouvernement. Production documentaire, organisation du travail de bureau, élaboration de nouveaux dispositifs de consultation, la Junta permet de mieux comprendre quels étaient les mécanismes de la polysynodie et comment ils évoluèrent à son contact. / This thesis intends to trace the history of the Junta of Philip II. Still little known by historians the Junta brought change into the way of governing and of understanding politics in Spain at the transition from the XVIth to the XVIIth century. Being inserted between the several stages of consultation and the royal decision, and by placing the action of its members at the heart of the daily management of cases, its influence deeply modified the way in which the traditional conciliar structure tried to respond to the uncertain stream of politics.The daily confrontation of the members of the Junta with the most diverse cases also gives the historian an overview of the government of the Monarchy. The multiple negotiation processes, the management of wide projects and the several reactions to contingencies reveal a political action more dependent on tensions and balances of power between the actors than on a firm will of the monarch. The Junta thus constitutes a valuable observatory of the construction of political choice at the end of the reign of Philip II. Aiming at emancipating itself from both the studies on governing institutions and the prosopographical approach, this work explores new paths of interpretation focused on the practices of government. Document production, office work organisation, creation of new tools of consultation: the Junta allows to understand better what the mechanisms of the polysynody were and how they evolved because of it.

Este trabalho pretende oferecer uma análise crítica da Demonomania das Feiticeiras, escrita pelo famoso jurista francês Jean Bodin no final do século XVI. Por intermédio da perspectiva histórico-religiosa, desenvolvida pelos expoentes da Escola Italiana de História das Religiões, procurar-se-á estudar algumas categorias conceituais que fundamentaram a escrita da obra, tendo em vista o complexo contexto em que foi escrita. Para tanto, observar-se-á a influência das Guerras de Religião que assolaram a França no percurso intelectual de Bodin, a decorrência da caça às bruxas enquanto fenômeno cultural e religioso e uma análise geral da carreira e da obra bodiniana, de modo a buscarmos o afinamento de nossos instrumentos interpretativos e, com isso, melhor compreendermos a Demonomania no contexto de sua realização e, ao mesmo passo, o conjunto da obra de seu autor. / This study intends to do a critical analysis of the Demon-mania of the Sorcerers, written by the famous French jurist Jean Bodin by the end of the XVI century. Through the historical-religious perspective developed by the Italian School of History of Religions, it will be sought to study some of the conceptual categories which gave the Demon-manias writing its foundation, having in mind the complex context in which it was written. In order to achieve this, the influence of the French Religion Wars on the intellectual course of Bodin, the witch-hunt as a cultural and religious phenomenon and a general analysis of the authors career and his works shall be taken into consideration, while we reach for an improvement of our interpretative instruments and, with that, a better understanding of the Demon-mania in its context and, at the same time, in the interior of the whole of Bodins writings.

Este trabalho pretende oferecer uma análise crítica da Demonomania das Feiticeiras, escrita pelo famoso jurista francês Jean Bodin no final do século XVI. Por intermédio da perspectiva histórico-religiosa, desenvolvida pelos expoentes da Escola Italiana de História das Religiões, procurar-se-á estudar algumas categorias conceituais que fundamentaram a escrita da obra, tendo em vista o complexo contexto em que foi escrita. Para tanto, observar-se-á a influência das Guerras de Religião que assolaram a França no percurso intelectual de Bodin, a decorrência da caça às bruxas enquanto fenômeno cultural e religioso e uma análise geral da carreira e da obra bodiniana, de modo a buscarmos o afinamento de nossos instrumentos interpretativos e, com isso, melhor compreendermos a Demonomania no contexto de sua realização e, ao mesmo passo, o conjunto da obra de seu autor. / This study intends to do a critical analysis of the Demon-mania of the Sorcerers, written by the famous French jurist Jean Bodin by the end of the XVI century. Through the historical-religious perspective developed by the Italian School of History of Religions, it will be sought to study some of the conceptual categories which gave the Demon-manias writing its foundation, having in mind the complex context in which it was written. In order to achieve this, the influence of the French Religion Wars on the intellectual course of Bodin, the witch-hunt as a cultural and religious phenomenon and a general analysis of the authors career and his works shall be taken into consideration, while we reach for an improvement of our interpretative instruments and, with that, a better understanding of the Demon-mania in its context and, at the same time, in the interior of the whole of Bodins writings.

Dernière reine d’Égypte, Cléopâtre est, en France, la première héroïne de tragédie. Présentée comme un monstre de débauche et d’ambition par les auteurs latins, elle devient une figure majestueuse et digne sur la scène : la dramaturgie humaniste naît sous le signe de l’éloge.L’entrelacement des thèmes et des motifs, la composition des pièces ainsi que le travail stylistique et rhétorique des dramaturges mettent en place un tribunal où est instruit le procès de Cléopâtre, l’étrangère, la femme fatale qui a déjà séduit César et qui, responsable d’Actium, précipite la mort de Marc Antoine. Mais le suicide de la reine est mis en valeur par le recours au dénouement étendu, instrument dramaturgique au service d’une logique d’héroïsation. Ainsi réhabilitée dans le théâtre humaniste et « classique », la figure de Cléopâtre illustre à merveille la définition du héros tragique. / Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, is the first heroine of tragedy in France. Depicted by Latinauthors as a debauched and ambitious monster, she became a lofty and dignified figure onstage: thus was born humanist dramaturgy under the sign of eulogy. The interlacing ofthemes and topics, the composition of the plays together with the stylistic and rhetorical workof the playwrights set up a court where is conducted the trial of Cleopatra, the foreigner, thefemme fatale who had seduced Caesar and who, responsible for the defeat of Actium,hastened Mark Antony’s death. But the suicide of the queen is enhanced by the use of theextended outcome, a dramatic instrument serving a logic of heroizing. Thus cleared of hermisdeeds in the humanist and "classic" theatre, the figure of Cleopatra marvelouslyillustrates the definition of the tragic hero

Dans l’œuvre dramatique de Shakespeare, la voix a le pouvoir de séduire et de faire naître le désir, d’atteindre l’âme comme les émotions et d’y insuffler un mouvement, d’ordonner et d’harmoniser les rapports entre les hommes, ou encore d’agresser, de blesser, de maudire, voire de tuer. La belle acoustique du Théâtre, du Globe ou des Blackfriars, permettait à la voix de résonner en se mêlant à des effets musicaux et à des bruits pour former des paysages sonores qu’il s’agit d’entendre et de déchiffrer. / In Shakespeare’s plays, the voice is an agent of seduction and desire as well as a source of inspiration which animates the soul, moves the heart and arouses emotions. It has the power to civilize men and form harmonious bonds between them, but it may also be a weapon used to curse and kill. At theatres such as the Globe and the Blackfriars which were designed to produce the best acoustic conditions, the actor’s voice resounded and blended with a multiplicity of musical effects and noises to compose soundscapes that the audience was meant to hear and decipher.