Les fictions de Claude Simon et de Yu Hua s’affranchissent de la représentation mimétique de la réalité, traditionnellement considérée comme dogme du roman. Leurs œuvres, qui ressassent la mémoire des événements historiques dans l’Histoire du XX° siècle, ne visent pas une restauration du passé au moyen de la chronologie et de l’enchaînement de causes et d’effets. Le vécu personnel de Claude Simon et de Yu Hua les incite à réfléchir sur la valeur de l’écriture face à la violence des désastres, et à remettre en cause toutes les modalités de représentation prétendant rétablir l’ordre du monde qui est en réalité radicalement chaotique. L’aspect insaisissable, obsédant de l’Histoire les obligent à partir à la recherche de formes nouvelles, et à élaborer une transfiguration de leur objet d’écriture. Ainsi, une expérience du temps chaotique voire fantastique, la hantise des aïeux et du père, les manifestations d’un érotisme intense, d’une violence aveugle, ainsi que tous les procédés de désorganisation de la narration, toutes les étrangetés du langage, témoignent d’un constat : l’évocation du passé ne peut advenir qu’obliquement. L’importance de l’Histoire dans la diégèse et dans la genèse de leurs œuvres réfute un type de critique qui identifie ces œuvres au formalisme. Ce lien organique entre l’Histoire et la fiction montre aussi qu’une certaine littérature contemporaine, caractérisée par une volonté de rupture avec les codes classiques de la représentation romanesque, surmonte une tentation nihiliste pour suggérer une éthique. / Claude Simon and Yu Hua’s fictions abandon the traditional mimetic representation of reality. Their works, which reexamine the memory of events in the History of the 20th century, are not aimed at restoring the past by means of a chronology and a sequential linking of cause and effect. The personal life experiences of Claude Simon and Yu Hua led them to reflect on the value of writing in the face of the violence of the century’s disasters, and to question the validity of a so-called realist literature pretending to re-establish the order of the world which is in reality radically chaotic. The elusive and obsessional character of History requires the writer to set off in search of new forms, and to elaborate a transfiguration in his literary objectives. Thus, the chaotic or even fantastic experience of time, the obsessive figures of ancestors and the father, the excess of eroticism or blind violence, as well as all the disorders in the narration and the strangeness of the language, all come within an attempt to speak of a past which can only be evoked obliquely. The importance of History in the diegesis and in the genesis of their works refutes a certain type of criticism which identifies these works with formalism. This visceral connection between History and fiction also shows that contemporary literature, marked by a spirit of rupture, goes beyond nihilism and in its own way realizes an ethical value.

L'un des buts de la physique de la matière condensée est à l'heure actuelle de fournir de nouveaux systèmes topologiques en particulier dans le domaine de la supraconductivité. L'une des manières envisagée pour générer des supraconducteurs topologiques est d'utiliser une interaction magnétique locale sous la forme de chaînes d'impuretés magnétiques, de vortex ou de clusters d'impuretés magnétiques ordonnées. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié un ensemble d'effets en partant de l'étude d'impuretés individuelles en allant jusqu'aux clusters organisés en interaction avec un supraconducteur bidimensionnel. En utilisant la microscopie et la spectroscopie tunnel nous avons étudié des monocrystaux de 2H-NbSe$_{2}$ ainsi que les monocouches de Pb/Si(111). En raison du caractère électronique bi-dimensionnel de ces deux systèmes nous avons pu montrer que l'étendue spatiale des états liés induits par des impuretés magnétiques était considérablement augmentée en comparaison avec les supraconducteurs tridimensionnels. En combinant ces atomes magnétiques par auto-assemblage nous sommes parvenus à réaliser des clusters ferromagnétiques qui génèrent une supraconductivité topologique dans la monocouche de Pb. Nous présentons en particulier ici la mesure d'états de bords topologiques à l'interface entre Pb/Si(111) et Pb/Co/Si(111). Nous présentons également la mesure d'états liés à zéro énergie au centre de clusters magnétiques signant la présence de fermions de Majorana dans ces systèmes. / One of the present days goals of condensed matter physics is to create new systems with topological properties, especially in the field of superconductivity. One of the ways envisioned to create topological superconductors is to locally induce a magnetic interaction in the form of chains of magnetic impurities, vortices or magnetic clusters of ordered magnetic impurities. In this thesis we studied a set of effects from individual impurities to organized clusters interacting with two-dimensional superconductors. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy we considered two systems, monocrystals of 2H-NbSe$_{2}$ and monolayers of Pb/Si(111). Thanks to the two-dimensional electronic behavior of these two systems we show how the spatial extent of the bound states induced by magnetic impurities is considerably enhanced compared to the case of a three-dimensional superconductor. By combining these magnetic atoms using a self-assembly method we were able to create ferromagnetic clusters that lead to a topological superconductivity in Pb monolayers. In particular we present here measurement of topological edge states at the interface Pb/Si(111) and Pb/Co/Si(111). We also present the measurement of zero bias peaks in the center of larger magnetic clusters that sign the presence of Majorana fermions in these systems. Our results show that an adequate patterning of surfaces could realize topological patches and call for a pursuit of the efforts in the subject in order to be able to control Majorana fermions that could eventually lead to breakthrough in quantum computation.

Han Yu is famous in Chinese history both for his literature and for his defense of Confucianism at a time when it was being seriously challenged by Buddhism and religious Taoism. Although his influ- ence was limited during his own lifetime, in later times Han Yu came to symbolize the conservative Confucian values that are often identi- fied with the traditional Chinese state. This study examines Han Yu's life and thought in an attempt to determine to what extent his later image as an ideal Confucian was or was not justified. A chapter on the historical background provides the context for Han Yu's biography, which is divided into five chap- ters. This is followed by a chapter discussing the intellectual back- ground of Han Yu's thought. Two further chapters discuss, first, the basis of Han Yu's conservative image, and, second, a number of his writings which illustrate the limits of his conservatism. Han Yu's ideas are related to the political and social circumstan- ces of his times, and it is found that while he is indeed a conservative and a Confucian, the extent of both his conservatism and his Confucian orthodoxy have been exaggerated.

This study seeks to investigate the modern derivative of Beijing opera, known as yangbanxi, through macro and micro approaches. The first part of the thesis surveys the development of Beijing opera under the historical context and in its social, political, and cultural perspectives. The second part, taking a microscopic perspective, undertakes an in-depth analysis of the compositions that were solely created by composer Yu Huiyong. First, it assays the application of Yu’s theory to his compositions of various Beijing opera arias. Second, it analyzes Yu’s instrumental music in compositional dimensions such as material, structure, and techniques, considering the larger implications of Yu’s approach. Third, it explores the highly acclaimed opera Azalea Mountain as a case study, integrating compositional analysis and sociopolitical perspective in order to give a relatively full picture of Yu’s final work as sole composer. The analysis also focuses on three aspects of the yangbanxi. The first aspect is the role of composers, in which Yu Huiyong was largely responsible for shaping the musical language and influencing the direction of Beijing opera. The second aspect is the role of politics, focusing on Jiang Qing, who had a clear vision to transform Beijing opera along revolutionary lines and the artistic and political wherewithal to implement that transformation. The third aspect is the role of culture in shaping society, with an emphasis on yangbanxi, as the artistic centerpiece of the Cultural Revolution, and special consideration is given to its role in creating a new mass culture. Beijing opera, as a living art form, had been undergoing a process of modernization throughout the first half of the twentieth century, but it was Yu Huiyong who clearly articulated what needed to be done to make the traditional art form relevant to modern audiences. In particular, the most significant achievement of yangbanxi was its music development, which achieved a new height in artistic development thanks to Yu Huiyong’s fully constructed music theory and newly established music and performance system. As the main composer, designer, theorist, and organizer of yangbanxi, Yu Huiyong made the greatest contribution to these developments. His academic research laid the theoretical framework of the further development of opera music, and his hands-on practice and music innovation provided valuable experience for the younger generation.

本論文全部共一冊，十餘萬字，除緒論與結訥外，正文部份分為六章十九節。 第一章說明盜匪產生的時代背景，分由政治、軍事、經濟、社會四方面來論述。 第二章說明盜匪產生的種類、巢窟與分布。 第三章說明盜匪產生的組織、規律與隱語。 第四章說明盜匪產生的武器、戰術與習性。 第五章說明盜匪產生的禍害，分別解釋盜匪燒殺、劫掠、綁票三種惡行及慘狀。 第六章說明盜匪產生的影響，包括政治外交方面與社會經濟方面。另外，還對直魯豫 方志內記載的匪亂事件加以統計，除借此來看當時匪亂情形的嚴重程度，並可作為前 述各項說明的另一個論證。

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

潘俊輝. / 稿本(電腦打印本). / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學中國語言及文學學部. / Gao ben (dian nao da yin ben). / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [23-29] (2nd group)). / Pan Junhui. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue Zhongguo yu yan ji wen xue xue bu. / 韓愈詩歌研究一 / 韓愈的尚奇詩風及其淵源 / 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter ´ؤ --- 韓愈傳略 --- p.7 / Chapter 二 --- 韓愈詩的内容 --- p.24 / Chapter (1) --- 反映民生疾苦 --- p.26 / Chapter (2) --- 抒發個人怨憤 --- p.33 / Chapter (3) --- 諷剌現實政治 --- p.56 / Chapter (4) --- 描摹人情物態 --- p.76 / Chapter 三 --- 韓愈詩的風格 --- p.88 / Chapter (1) --- 創作初期 --- p.89 / Chapter (2) --- 創作中期 --- p.98 / Chapter (3) --- 創作晚期 --- p.112 / Chapter 四 --- 韓愈「以文為詩」的創作方法 --- p.118 / Chapter (1) --- 「以文為詩」觀念的提出 --- p.118 / Chapter (2) --- 「以文為詩」的具體表現 --- p.125 / Chapter 五 --- 韓愈的詩歌創作主張 --- p.144 / Chapter (1) --- 不平則鳴 / Chapter (2) --- 崇尚「雄怪」的詩風 --- p.152 / Chapter 六 --- 韓愈尚奇詩風的成因 --- p.158 / Chapter 七 --- 韓愈尚奇詩風的文學淵源 --- p.171 / Chapter (1) --- 由杜甫詩奇險處獨闢蹊徑 --- p.171 / Chapter (2) --- 汲取李白詩雄壯和富於想像的特色 --- p.197 / Chapter (3) --- 韓愈尚奇詩風舆孟郊等人的關係 --- p.212 / Chapter 八 --- 結論 --- p.232 / 附錄：韓愈詩篇目索引 / 参考書目及論文目

The research recorded in this thesis examined the experience of eight foreign teachers who have taken up residence in China as teachers of oral English language. The study grew out of my reflections on my own challenging, yet rewarding, journey as an international student in New Zealand, and aimed to investigate and unfold the reality of foreigners living and working experience under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, specifically in Pan Yu district, Guang Zhou City, Guang Dong Province. I was interested to find the cultural differences that the teachers struggled to accept or understand. I wondered whether the foreign teachers would reshape their personal beliefs and values, especially about teaching, because of the cultural differences they encountered in China. A sample of eight foreign teachers, from Australia, America, Canada and New Zealand, took part in semi-structured interviews in which I hoped to capture critical incidents in their inter-cultural experience. I was also able to undertake two observations of classroom practice. The data collected was then analysed using Boyatzis' (1998) system of thematic analysis. The research found that participants had similar experiences during their residence in China. For instance, the majority of participants showed a long period of cultural adoption and they all defined their experience as challenging. All participants refused to reshape their moral beliefs about teaching in response to traditional Chinese culture, but that they all, to some extent, eventually adjusted to a Chinese way of thinking. However, issues that direct connected to their own cultural heritage remained unchanged. An interpretation of the findings was that perhaps, on one hand, while the environment and cultural difference initiated various forms of difficulties, on the other hand, participants are trying to reset their personal limits. Most likely, their desire to introduce their Chinese students to a different style of learning convinced them to hold on to personal beliefs about effective teaching and learning, hoping to pass this on to a new generation of Chinese. My research, however, focused on only very small proportion of foreign teachers in China. Further research should be pursued with an expanded focus, to find the potential of the implementation of cultural awareness programmes and support groups for foreigner.

Les fictions de Claude Simon et de Yu Hua s'affranchissent de la repr��sentation mim��tique de la r��alit��, traditionnellement consid��r��e comme dogme du roman. Leurs ��uvres, qui ressassent la m��moire des ��v��nements historiques dans l'Histoire du XX�� si��cle, ne visent pas une restauration du pass�� au moyen de la chronologie et de l'encha��nement de causes et d'effets. Le v��cu personnel de Claude Simon et de Yu Hua les incite �� r��fl��chir sur la valeur de l'��criture face �� la violence des d��sastres, et �� remettre en cause toutes les modalit��s de repr��sentation pr��tendant r��tablir l'ordre du monde qui est en r��alit�� radicalement chaotique. L'aspect insaisissable, obs��dant de l'Histoire les obligent �� partir �� la recherche de formes nouvelles, et �� ��laborer une transfiguration de leur objet d'��criture. Ainsi, une exp��rience du temps chaotique voire fantastique, la hantise des a��eux et du p��re, les manifestations d'un ��rotisme intense, d'une violence aveugle, ainsi que tous les proc��d��s de d��sorganisation de la narration, toutes les ��tranget��s du langage, t��moignent d'un constat : l'��vocation du pass�� ne peut advenir qu'obliquement. L'importance de l'Histoire dans la di��g��se et dans la gen��se de leurs ��uvres r��fute un type de critique qui identifie ces ��uvres au formalisme. Ce lien organique entre l'Histoire et la fiction montre aussi qu'une certaine litt��rature contemporaine, caract��ris��e par une volont�� de rupture avec les codes classiques de la repr��sentation romanesque, surmonte une tentation nihiliste pour sugg��rer une ��thique.