Au XIXe siècle, enfanter illégitimement représentait une transgression importante. Honteuses, abandonnées par leur amant, craignant d’être répudiées par leur famille et leur communauté, de nombreuses célibataires ne purent assumer les conséquences de leur grossesse. Confrontées à des méthodes contraceptives et abortives inefficaces, incapables d’intenter un procès pour reconnaissance de paternité ou inconscientes du fait que les orphelinats et les maternités leur offraient des alternatives, ces femmes entreprirent de cacher leur grossesse et se résolurent à tuer leur enfant presque immédiatement après leur naissance. La découverte du cadavre d’un nouveau-né déclenchait une enquête officielle et quelques femmes furent trainées devant les tribunaux. Cette étude met l'accent sur le parcours individuel et social des mères infanticides et tente de comprendre les circonstances qui firent d’elles des meurtrières. / During the nineteenth century, illegitimate birth was a major transgression. Abandonned by their lovers, feeling shamed and in constant fear of being repudiated by their families and communities, some unmarried women could not bear the burden of pregnancy. In the face of ineffective contraceptive methods as well as unreliable abortion technics, unable to sue for paternity or unaware that orphanages and maternities offered them alternatives, these women began to hide their pregnancies and resolved to kill their children almost immediately after birth. The discovery of a new-born corpse started a formal investigation, and some women were dragged to court. This study focuses on the individual and social issues surrounding mothers who have commited infanticide and attempts to understand the circumstances that led them to murder their own children.

The conversion of native forests to pastures and crops is one of the most extensive causes of deforestation worldwide. Concomitant with agricultural landscape modification are the processes of habitat loss and fragmentation, which are major causes of species’ extinctions, population declines and altered ecosystem functions. However, in many tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions, abandoned agricultural lands are reverting to regrowth or secondary forest, which represents an important opportunity for passive landscape restoration. Regrowth may be particularly important in highly modified landscapes, where the area of mature forest may be insufficient to support viable plant and animal communities without some form of restoration. Some studies of fauna populations in regrowth forest have found recovery of species richness within several decades, although recovery of species composition may take at least 100 years and some species may be permanently lost. While these findings are encouraging, they generally fail to account for the landscape context in which regrowth occurs and focus mainly on tropical forests. The aim of this thesis was to advance the understanding of fauna recovery in regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land by: i) comparing woodland bird communities in a replicated chronosequence of semi-arid sub-tropical regrowth forests; and ii) quantifying how the ecological values of regrowth habitat vary among stand-, patch- and landscape-levels of ecological organisation. A review of 68 studies of fauna recovery in regrowth forests, revealed that current knowledge is limited by the predominance of studies conducted: in tropical rainforests; with minimal replication of sites; in landscapes within proximity of large tracts of relatively undisturbed mature forests; and with limited consideration of the influence of the spatial context on fauna recovery in regrowth forest. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding fauna recovery in regrowth forests by quantifying the recovery of estimated bird species richness to levels similar to mature forest, within a period of 30-60 years, in highly modified semi-arid agricultural landscapes in sub-tropical Australia. An ordination of the similarity in species composition among forest types also suggested that after 30-60 years regrowth bird communities are more similar to mature brigalow forest than the younger regrowth. This is important for the recovery of brigalow ecosystems, an endangered ecological community where regrowth is currently given minimal protection from further clearing. Comparisons of the importance of habitat attributes using model averaging and hierarchical partitioning of generalised linear models of the species richness of woodland birds showed that bird species richness was positively associated with patch age, and that stand-level factors such as grazing disturbance and the abundance of mistletoes (Amyema spp.) were also important. The spatial context of vegetation patches (size, shape and isolation) was equally important for bird species richness, with more species of woodland dependent, nectar/frugivores and non-ground foraging insectivores occurring in less modified landscape contexts, and the converse for generalist species, ground foraging insectivores and granivores. While a number of woodland dependent bird species known to be in decline in temperate woodlands of southern Australia were absent or rare in regrowth forests, several species (e.g., eastern yellow robin) also occupied regrowth habitats. This finding suggests that these more sensitive species may respond positively to landscape restoration through targeted retention of brigalow regrowth. The landscape-level amount of forest varied in importance among regrowth age classes and bird groups. In general, the amount and number of mature forest patches in the landscape were of lower importance than local attributes. However, the amount of mature forest and old regrowth (> 30 years) in the landscape did have an important positive influence on the number of woodland bird species and species’ abundance; suggesting that regrowth is making an important contribution to landscape recovery in the study area. Mistletoe abundance was strongly dependent on particular species of frugivores for seed dispersal (e.g., mistletoebird, spiny-cheeked honeyeater and painted honeyeater), and varied considerably among three sub-regions of the study area. In general, mistletoe abundance increased in linear patches and more highly modified landscapes but was also dependent on the abundance of seed dispersers and brigalow stand condition. These findings suggest that narrow linear patches in brigalow landscapes can have important conservation values for woodland birds. The study outcomes have important implications for research and management of regrowth vegetation, both within Australia and internationally. From an international perspective, the study highlights the need for greater consideration of the importance of regrowth forest in a landscape context for conserving and restoring fauna communities. From an Australian perspective, the study provides important baseline information for the conservation and management of woodland bird habitat in fragmented brigalow landscapes. Prior to this research, very little was known on the spatial ecology of woodland birds in the region. The study highlights the important conservation values of small and often linear mature brigalow patches for woodland birds and the considerable potential for restoration of habitat for a diverse range of species through the retention of regrowth vegetation. In particular, the research outcomes suggest that targeting the retention of regrowth towards increasing the size and reducing the isolation of mature brigalow forests may be an effective strategy to maximise biodiversity benefits. Brigalow regrowth stands will need to be retained for at least 60 years and probably longer to maintain viable woodland bird communities. For this to happen on a regional-scale, brigalow regrowth needs to be given greater recognition for potential biodiversity benefits either within a legislative framework or by incentive schemes to promote the long term persistence of regrowth habitat within the landscape.

The conversion of native forests to pastures and crops is one of the most extensive causes of deforestation worldwide. Concomitant with agricultural landscape modification are the processes of habitat loss and fragmentation, which are major causes of species’ extinctions, population declines and altered ecosystem functions. However, in many tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions, abandoned agricultural lands are reverting to regrowth or secondary forest, which represents an important opportunity for passive landscape restoration. Regrowth may be particularly important in highly modified landscapes, where the area of mature forest may be insufficient to support viable plant and animal communities without some form of restoration. Some studies of fauna populations in regrowth forest have found recovery of species richness within several decades, although recovery of species composition may take at least 100 years and some species may be permanently lost. While these findings are encouraging, they generally fail to account for the landscape context in which regrowth occurs and focus mainly on tropical forests. The aim of this thesis was to advance the understanding of fauna recovery in regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land by: i) comparing woodland bird communities in a replicated chronosequence of semi-arid sub-tropical regrowth forests; and ii) quantifying how the ecological values of regrowth habitat vary among stand-, patch- and landscape-levels of ecological organisation. A review of 68 studies of fauna recovery in regrowth forests, revealed that current knowledge is limited by the predominance of studies conducted: in tropical rainforests; with minimal replication of sites; in landscapes within proximity of large tracts of relatively undisturbed mature forests; and with limited consideration of the influence of the spatial context on fauna recovery in regrowth forest. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding fauna recovery in regrowth forests by quantifying the recovery of estimated bird species richness to levels similar to mature forest, within a period of 30-60 years, in highly modified semi-arid agricultural landscapes in sub-tropical Australia. An ordination of the similarity in species composition among forest types also suggested that after 30-60 years regrowth bird communities are more similar to mature brigalow forest than the younger regrowth. This is important for the recovery of brigalow ecosystems, an endangered ecological community where regrowth is currently given minimal protection from further clearing. Comparisons of the importance of habitat attributes using model averaging and hierarchical partitioning of generalised linear models of the species richness of woodland birds showed that bird species richness was positively associated with patch age, and that stand-level factors such as grazing disturbance and the abundance of mistletoes (Amyema spp.) were also important. The spatial context of vegetation patches (size, shape and isolation) was equally important for bird species richness, with more species of woodland dependent, nectar/frugivores and non-ground foraging insectivores occurring in less modified landscape contexts, and the converse for generalist species, ground foraging insectivores and granivores. While a number of woodland dependent bird species known to be in decline in temperate woodlands of southern Australia were absent or rare in regrowth forests, several species (e.g., eastern yellow robin) also occupied regrowth habitats. This finding suggests that these more sensitive species may respond positively to landscape restoration through targeted retention of brigalow regrowth. The landscape-level amount of forest varied in importance among regrowth age classes and bird groups. In general, the amount and number of mature forest patches in the landscape were of lower importance than local attributes. However, the amount of mature forest and old regrowth (> 30 years) in the landscape did have an important positive influence on the number of woodland bird species and species’ abundance; suggesting that regrowth is making an important contribution to landscape recovery in the study area. Mistletoe abundance was strongly dependent on particular species of frugivores for seed dispersal (e.g., mistletoebird, spiny-cheeked honeyeater and painted honeyeater), and varied considerably among three sub-regions of the study area. In general, mistletoe abundance increased in linear patches and more highly modified landscapes but was also dependent on the abundance of seed dispersers and brigalow stand condition. These findings suggest that narrow linear patches in brigalow landscapes can have important conservation values for woodland birds. The study outcomes have important implications for research and management of regrowth vegetation, both within Australia and internationally. From an international perspective, the study highlights the need for greater consideration of the importance of regrowth forest in a landscape context for conserving and restoring fauna communities. From an Australian perspective, the study provides important baseline information for the conservation and management of woodland bird habitat in fragmented brigalow landscapes. Prior to this research, very little was known on the spatial ecology of woodland birds in the region. The study highlights the important conservation values of small and often linear mature brigalow patches for woodland birds and the considerable potential for restoration of habitat for a diverse range of species through the retention of regrowth vegetation. In particular, the research outcomes suggest that targeting the retention of regrowth towards increasing the size and reducing the isolation of mature brigalow forests may be an effective strategy to maximise biodiversity benefits. Brigalow regrowth stands will need to be retained for at least 60 years and probably longer to maintain viable woodland bird communities. For this to happen on a regional-scale, brigalow regrowth needs to be given greater recognition for potential biodiversity benefits either within a legislative framework or by incentive schemes to promote the long term persistence of regrowth habitat within the landscape.

The conversion of native forests to pastures and crops is one of the most extensive causes of deforestation worldwide. Concomitant with agricultural landscape modification are the processes of habitat loss and fragmentation, which are major causes of species’ extinctions, population declines and altered ecosystem functions. However, in many tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions, abandoned agricultural lands are reverting to regrowth or secondary forest, which represents an important opportunity for passive landscape restoration. Regrowth may be particularly important in highly modified landscapes, where the area of mature forest may be insufficient to support viable plant and animal communities without some form of restoration. Some studies of fauna populations in regrowth forest have found recovery of species richness within several decades, although recovery of species composition may take at least 100 years and some species may be permanently lost. While these findings are encouraging, they generally fail to account for the landscape context in which regrowth occurs and focus mainly on tropical forests. The aim of this thesis was to advance the understanding of fauna recovery in regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land by: i) comparing woodland bird communities in a replicated chronosequence of semi-arid sub-tropical regrowth forests; and ii) quantifying how the ecological values of regrowth habitat vary among stand-, patch- and landscape-levels of ecological organisation. A review of 68 studies of fauna recovery in regrowth forests, revealed that current knowledge is limited by the predominance of studies conducted: in tropical rainforests; with minimal replication of sites; in landscapes within proximity of large tracts of relatively undisturbed mature forests; and with limited consideration of the influence of the spatial context on fauna recovery in regrowth forest. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding fauna recovery in regrowth forests by quantifying the recovery of estimated bird species richness to levels similar to mature forest, within a period of 30-60 years, in highly modified semi-arid agricultural landscapes in sub-tropical Australia. An ordination of the similarity in species composition among forest types also suggested that after 30-60 years regrowth bird communities are more similar to mature brigalow forest than the younger regrowth. This is important for the recovery of brigalow ecosystems, an endangered ecological community where regrowth is currently given minimal protection from further clearing. Comparisons of the importance of habitat attributes using model averaging and hierarchical partitioning of generalised linear models of the species richness of woodland birds showed that bird species richness was positively associated with patch age, and that stand-level factors such as grazing disturbance and the abundance of mistletoes (Amyema spp.) were also important. The spatial context of vegetation patches (size, shape and isolation) was equally important for bird species richness, with more species of woodland dependent, nectar/frugivores and non-ground foraging insectivores occurring in less modified landscape contexts, and the converse for generalist species, ground foraging insectivores and granivores. While a number of woodland dependent bird species known to be in decline in temperate woodlands of southern Australia were absent or rare in regrowth forests, several species (e.g., eastern yellow robin) also occupied regrowth habitats. This finding suggests that these more sensitive species may respond positively to landscape restoration through targeted retention of brigalow regrowth. The landscape-level amount of forest varied in importance among regrowth age classes and bird groups. In general, the amount and number of mature forest patches in the landscape were of lower importance than local attributes. However, the amount of mature forest and old regrowth (> 30 years) in the landscape did have an important positive influence on the number of woodland bird species and species’ abundance; suggesting that regrowth is making an important contribution to landscape recovery in the study area. Mistletoe abundance was strongly dependent on particular species of frugivores for seed dispersal (e.g., mistletoebird, spiny-cheeked honeyeater and painted honeyeater), and varied considerably among three sub-regions of the study area. In general, mistletoe abundance increased in linear patches and more highly modified landscapes but was also dependent on the abundance of seed dispersers and brigalow stand condition. These findings suggest that narrow linear patches in brigalow landscapes can have important conservation values for woodland birds. The study outcomes have important implications for research and management of regrowth vegetation, both within Australia and internationally. From an international perspective, the study highlights the need for greater consideration of the importance of regrowth forest in a landscape context for conserving and restoring fauna communities. From an Australian perspective, the study provides important baseline information for the conservation and management of woodland bird habitat in fragmented brigalow landscapes. Prior to this research, very little was known on the spatial ecology of woodland birds in the region. The study highlights the important conservation values of small and often linear mature brigalow patches for woodland birds and the considerable potential for restoration of habitat for a diverse range of species through the retention of regrowth vegetation. In particular, the research outcomes suggest that targeting the retention of regrowth towards increasing the size and reducing the isolation of mature brigalow forests may be an effective strategy to maximise biodiversity benefits. Brigalow regrowth stands will need to be retained for at least 60 years and probably longer to maintain viable woodland bird communities. For this to happen on a regional-scale, brigalow regrowth needs to be given greater recognition for potential biodiversity benefits either within a legislative framework or by incentive schemes to promote the long term persistence of regrowth habitat within the landscape.

The conversion of native forests to pastures and crops is one of the most extensive causes of deforestation worldwide. Concomitant with agricultural landscape modification are the processes of habitat loss and fragmentation, which are major causes of species’ extinctions, population declines and altered ecosystem functions. However, in many tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions, abandoned agricultural lands are reverting to regrowth or secondary forest, which represents an important opportunity for passive landscape restoration. Regrowth may be particularly important in highly modified landscapes, where the area of mature forest may be insufficient to support viable plant and animal communities without some form of restoration. Some studies of fauna populations in regrowth forest have found recovery of species richness within several decades, although recovery of species composition may take at least 100 years and some species may be permanently lost. While these findings are encouraging, they generally fail to account for the landscape context in which regrowth occurs and focus mainly on tropical forests. The aim of this thesis was to advance the understanding of fauna recovery in regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land by: i) comparing woodland bird communities in a replicated chronosequence of semi-arid sub-tropical regrowth forests; and ii) quantifying how the ecological values of regrowth habitat vary among stand-, patch- and landscape-levels of ecological organisation. A review of 68 studies of fauna recovery in regrowth forests, revealed that current knowledge is limited by the predominance of studies conducted: in tropical rainforests; with minimal replication of sites; in landscapes within proximity of large tracts of relatively undisturbed mature forests; and with limited consideration of the influence of the spatial context on fauna recovery in regrowth forest. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding fauna recovery in regrowth forests by quantifying the recovery of estimated bird species richness to levels similar to mature forest, within a period of 30-60 years, in highly modified semi-arid agricultural landscapes in sub-tropical Australia. An ordination of the similarity in species composition among forest types also suggested that after 30-60 years regrowth bird communities are more similar to mature brigalow forest than the younger regrowth. This is important for the recovery of brigalow ecosystems, an endangered ecological community where regrowth is currently given minimal protection from further clearing. Comparisons of the importance of habitat attributes using model averaging and hierarchical partitioning of generalised linear models of the species richness of woodland birds showed that bird species richness was positively associated with patch age, and that stand-level factors such as grazing disturbance and the abundance of mistletoes (Amyema spp.) were also important. The spatial context of vegetation patches (size, shape and isolation) was equally important for bird species richness, with more species of woodland dependent, nectar/frugivores and non-ground foraging insectivores occurring in less modified landscape contexts, and the converse for generalist species, ground foraging insectivores and granivores. While a number of woodland dependent bird species known to be in decline in temperate woodlands of southern Australia were absent or rare in regrowth forests, several species (e.g., eastern yellow robin) also occupied regrowth habitats. This finding suggests that these more sensitive species may respond positively to landscape restoration through targeted retention of brigalow regrowth. The landscape-level amount of forest varied in importance among regrowth age classes and bird groups. In general, the amount and number of mature forest patches in the landscape were of lower importance than local attributes. However, the amount of mature forest and old regrowth (> 30 years) in the landscape did have an important positive influence on the number of woodland bird species and species’ abundance; suggesting that regrowth is making an important contribution to landscape recovery in the study area. Mistletoe abundance was strongly dependent on particular species of frugivores for seed dispersal (e.g., mistletoebird, spiny-cheeked honeyeater and painted honeyeater), and varied considerably among three sub-regions of the study area. In general, mistletoe abundance increased in linear patches and more highly modified landscapes but was also dependent on the abundance of seed dispersers and brigalow stand condition. These findings suggest that narrow linear patches in brigalow landscapes can have important conservation values for woodland birds. The study outcomes have important implications for research and management of regrowth vegetation, both within Australia and internationally. From an international perspective, the study highlights the need for greater consideration of the importance of regrowth forest in a landscape context for conserving and restoring fauna communities. From an Australian perspective, the study provides important baseline information for the conservation and management of woodland bird habitat in fragmented brigalow landscapes. Prior to this research, very little was known on the spatial ecology of woodland birds in the region. The study highlights the important conservation values of small and often linear mature brigalow patches for woodland birds and the considerable potential for restoration of habitat for a diverse range of species through the retention of regrowth vegetation. In particular, the research outcomes suggest that targeting the retention of regrowth towards increasing the size and reducing the isolation of mature brigalow forests may be an effective strategy to maximise biodiversity benefits. Brigalow regrowth stands will need to be retained for at least 60 years and probably longer to maintain viable woodland bird communities. For this to happen on a regional-scale, brigalow regrowth needs to be given greater recognition for potential biodiversity benefits either within a legislative framework or by incentive schemes to promote the long term persistence of regrowth habitat within the landscape.

Η έλλειψη της δραστηριότητας του χρήστη σχετικά με τα αποτελέσματα της αναζήτησης μέχρι πρόσφατα θεωρείτο ως ένδειξη της δυσαρέσκειας του από την απόδοση ανάκτησης, και συχνά τέτοια αδράνεια χαρακτήριζε την αναζήτηση ως αποτυχημένη (negative search abandonment). Ωστόσο, πρόσφατες μελέτες δείχνουν ότι ορισμένες αναζητήσεις μπορούν να ικανοποιηθούν από το περιεχόμενο των αποτελεσμάτων που παρουσιάζονται στον χρήστη, χωρίς να χρειάζεται να κάνει κλικ σε κάποιο από τα ανακτημένα αποτελέσματα (positive search abandonment), και έτσι τονίζεται η ανάγκη να γίνουν διακρίσεις μεταξύ των επιτυχημένων και αποτυχημένων αναζητήσεων που δεν ακολουθούνται από κλικς. Με αυτή την εργασία προτείνουμε τον σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση μιας μεθοδολογίας αξιολόγησης της ικανοποίησης του χρήστη από τα αποτελέσματα αναζητήσεων που δεν ακολουθούνται από επισκέψεις στο περιεχόμενο των δεδομένων ανάκτησης. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου αυτού διενεργήσαμε μελέτη χρηστών που διερευνά τις προθέσεις των χρηστών πίσω από ερωτήματα που δεν ακολουθούνται από επίσκεψη σε κάποιο από τα αποτελέσματα που επέστρεψε η αναζήτηση και εξετάζει τις εργασίες αναζήτησης που μπορούν να ολοκληρωθούν με επιτυχία βασισμένες εξ ολοκλήρου στις πληροφορίες που παρέχονται στη σελίδα με τα αποτελέσματα. Επιπρόσθετα, μελετήθηκαν και υλοποιήθηκαν εργαλεία, QWC Browser, για την καταγραφή της δραστηριότητας του χρήστη με συστήματα ανάκτησης πληροφορίας από τον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό. Στηριζόμενοι στην ευρέως αποδεχόμενη ιδέα της χρήσης της δραστηριότητας του χρήστη ως δείκτη υπονοούμενης αξιολόγησης συσχέτισης (implicit relevance judgments), εξετάσαμε την ύπαρξη σχέση μεταξύ των ρητών δηλώσεων (explicit judgments) ικανοποίησης του χρήστη και μετρικών αξιολόγησης της υπονοούμενης ανατροφοδότησης (implicit measures) του χρήστη. Τέλος, χρησιμοποιήσαμε τεχνικές μοντελοποίησης για την ανάπτυξη μοντέλων πρόβλεψης για την σύλληψη της ικανοποίησης του χρήστη από τις αναζητήσεις που δεν ακολουθούνται από κλικς. / The lack of user activity on search results was until recently perceived as a sign of user dissatisfaction from retrieval performance, often, referring to such inactivity as a failed search (negative search abandonment). However, recent studies suggest that some search tasks can be achieved in the contents of the results displayed without the need to click through them (positive search abandonment); thus they emphasize the need to discriminate between successful and failed searches without follow-up clicks. In this paper we propose to design and implement a methodology for assessing user satisfaction from the results of searches that are not followed by visits to the content of the retrieved results. To achieve this goal we conducted a user study in order to identify the search intentions of queries without follow-up clicks to any of the results returned by the search and identify the search tasks that can be accomplished successfully based entirely on information provided on the results page. Additionally, we developed an instrumented browser, QWC Browser, to collect a variety of measures of user activity after the query submittion. Moreover, we examined whether there is an association between explicit judgments of user satisfaction and implicit measures of user interest in order to understand what implicit measures were most strongly associated with user satisfaction. Finally, we used Bayesian modeling techniques to develop predictive models, to capture user satisfaction from searches that are not followed by clicks to the retrieved results.

Submitted by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2014-01-27T12:54:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_VERONICA SANTANA_VERSÃO FINAL UFBA.pdf: 4340191 bytes, checksum: e8ecd9e38ef54d5d34be24472a6565f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2014-01-27T12:55:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_VERONICA SANTANA_VERSÃO FINAL UFBA.pdf: 4340191 bytes, checksum: e8ecd9e38ef54d5d34be24472a6565f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-27T12:55:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_VERONICA SANTANA_VERSÃO FINAL UFBA.pdf: 4340191 bytes, checksum: e8ecd9e38ef54d5d34be24472a6565f4 (MD5) / Este trabalho se constitui numa investigação sobre o abandono e as estratégias desenvolvidas para permanência dos educandos no processo de escolarização no primeiro Segmento de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (SEJA I) do município de Salvador, questionando: as estratégias contribuem para a permanência dos jovens e adultos na escola? O referencial teórico toma como ponto de partida o estado da arte das pesquisas em torno do debate sobre os condicionantes e as múltiplas determinações do abandono na perspectiva do fracasso escolar e da exclusão, fazendo um breve contraponto com a perspectiva aqui denominada histórico crítica. Como alternativa metodológica, optou-se por articular uma abordagem quanti-quali, partindo das informações do fluxo escolar no ano de 2009, utilizando o SPSS para realização do tratamento e análise dos dados, conjugado com entrevista realizada no grupo focal formado por educandos do SEJA I que abandonaram ou que permaneceram nos semestres letivos de 2009. Constataram-se na investigação, no que se refere às políticas públicas para EJA, quando existe algum tipo de ação que vise garantir a permanência no sistema escolar para efetivação da aprendizagem, elas permanecem nos limites da perspectiva compensatória e subjetiva. A investigação mostra que, além de escassas e limitadas às iniciativas da unidade escolar, as estratégias convergem e refletem ações que supõem as causas do fenômeno as motivações e a questões pessoais. Do mesmo modo, os educandos trazem uma percepção do abandono e da permanência restrita a atributos pessoais e mais imediatos, dissociados da estrutura desigual do sistema social e econômico. Almeja-se com esta investigação contribuir para avaliação da Política de Educação de Jovens e Adultos, bem como instigar para o debate conjunto entre órgãos públicos sobre as ações articuladas que visem à permanência dos educandos no processo de escolarização dos jovens, adultos e idosos que procuram a Rede Municipal de Educação. / ABSTRACT This work is an investigation into the abandonment and the strategies developed for the maintenance of students in the schooling process in the first segment of Youth and Adults (SEJA I) the city of Salvador, questioning: strategies help to stay young and adults at school? The theoretical framework takes as its starting point the state of the art research in the debate about the conditions and the multiple determinants of dropout from the perspective of school failure and exclusion, making a brief counterpoint to the historical perspective here called critical. As an alternative methodology, we chose to articulate a quali-quantitative approach, based on the information flow from school in 2009, using SPSS to perform the processing and analysis of data, in conjunction with interview in the focus group formed by students of BE I who abandoned or who stayed in academic semesters of 2009. They found themselves in research, with regard to public policies for adult education, when there is some kind of action that seeks to ensure continuity in the school system for effective learning, they remain within the limits of compensatory and subjective perspective. Research shows that in addition to scarce and limited to initiatives of the school unit, strategies converge and reflect actions that assume the causes of the motivations and personal issues. Similarly, the students bring a sense of abandonment and stay confined to more immediate and personal attributes, separated from the structure of unequal social and economic system. Program hopes to contribute to this research to evaluate the Education Policy Youth and Adults as well as to instigate the whole debate between public agencies on joint actions aimed at the residence of students in the process of education of the youth, adults and seniors seeking the Municipal Education.

La présente thèse a pour ambition de comprendre les mécanismes de la production de l’habitat précaire à Yaoundé et les stratégies des différents acteurs privés et publics pour le résorber. Elle résulte d’une méthodologie qui combine la recherche documentaire, les observations directes, les enquêtes par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon représentatif des ménages des quartiers à habitat précaire de Yaoundé, et les entretiens auprès des chefs de quartiers, responsables d’associations et ONG de Yaoundé, oeuvrant dans l’amélioration des quartiers à habitat précaire. Il ressort de cette étude que les quartiers à habitat précaire de la ville de Yaoundé se développent essentiellement sur les versants de collines escarpées et dans les fonds de vallées marécageuses. Ils posent de réels problèmes qui poussent les pouvoirs urbains d’une part à les raser (Municipalité) et d’autre part à y mettre en oeuvre des stratégies et/ou programmes d’amélioration (l’État à travers le PPAB et le PDUE ; les ONG, les associations des quartiers, les particuliers, etc.). En effet, l’habitat précaire dans les quartiers étudiés a tout d’abord occupé les versants de collines escarpées, puis s’est étalé dans les marécages, zones en principe non aedificandi. Ces quartiers rassemblent près de 90 % de la population de la ville. Cette dernière, qui provient d’horizons géographiques divers, n’a pas de titre foncier lui garantissant la propriété et les transactions foncières s’y font dans l’illégalité. Les habitations quant à elles, sont construites par des tâcherons qui emploient des matériaux de fortune. Les quartiers à habitat précaire de la ville de Yaoundé ont de réels problèmes d’assainissement. L’évacuation des déchets solides constitue une question épineuse pour les ménages, surtout en termes d’accès aux services de collecte de qualité. Le réseau de distribution de l’électricité présente de façon permanente des défaillances, et l’approvisionnement en eau se fait soit en sous-location à partir d’un robinet appartenant à un particulier, soit à la borne fontaine, soit à une source ou dans un puits d’eau. L’occupation anarchique des versants de collines escarpées et des fonds de vallées marécageuses est à l’origine de nombreux phénomènes "naturels" dont l’érosion, les glissements de terrain et les inondations. Les stratégies de traitement de l’habitat précaire par les pouvoirs urbains publics sont orientées d’une part vers le déguerpissement sans indemnisation des populations n’ayant ni titre foncier, ni permis de construire, et d’autre part vers le désenclavement par restructuration. Plusieurs ONG et associations des quartiers contribuent à l’assainissement de certains quartiers à habitat précaire dans la ville de Yaoundé. Aussi, les populations de ces quartiers emploient des techniques de fortune pour stabiliser les milieux occupés et faire ainsi face aux problèmes hydrologiques et géomorphologiques. Les opérations de restructuration des secteurs à habitations précaires et de recasement des populations installées dans des zones à risque réel, sont des opérations d’aménagement adaptées dans le contexte socio-économique yaoundéen. Pour une amélioration plus efficace, l’État doit impérativement procéder à des changements structurels normatifs et administratifs à différentes échelles. La législation devrait donc envisager l’option d’un réaménagement des secteurs précaires des quartiers dans le but à long terme de normaliser la situation foncière de leurs habitants. Les pouvoirs publics doivent prendre conscience de l’utilité d’intégrer la problématique des quartiers à habitat précaire dans la planification de l’évolution de leur territoire. / The present thesis has as an ambition to understand the mechanisms of the production of the precarious habitat in Yaounde and the strategies of the various private and public actors to reabsorb it. It results from a methodology which combines the document retrieval, the direct observations, the investigations by questionnaire near a representative sample of the households of the districts with precarious habitat of Yaounde, and the talks at the chiefs of districts, persons in charge of associations and ONG of Yaounde, working in the improvement of the districts with precarious habitat. It comes out from this study that the districts with precarious habitat of the town of Yaounde develop primarily on the slopes of steep hills and in the funds of marshy valleys. They pose real problems which push the urban powers on the one hand to shave them (Municipality) and on the other hand to implement at it strategies and/or programs of improvement (the State through the PPAB and the PDUE; ONG, associations of the districts, individuals, etc). Indeed, the precarious habitat in the studied districts first of all occupied the slopes of steep hills, then was spread out in the marshes, zones in theory not aedificandi. These districts gather nearly 90% of the population of the city. The latter, which comes from various geographical horizons, does not have a land title guaranteeing the property to him and the land transactions are done there in the illegality. The dwellings as for them, are built by drudges who employ materials of fortune. The districts with precarious habitat of the town of Yaounde have real problems of cleansing. The evacuation of solid waste constitutes a thorny question for the households, especially in terms of access to the services of collection of quality. The distribution network of electricity present in a permanent way of the failures, and the water provision is done either in sub-renting starting from a tap pertaining to a individual, or on the terminal fountain, or with a source or in a water well. The anarchistic occupation of the slopes of steep hills and the funds of marshy valleys is in the beginning many “natural” phenomena of which erosion, landslides and floods. The strategies of treatment of the precarious habitat by the public urban powers are directed on the one hand towards the abandonment without compensation for the populations not having neither land title, nor building permit, and on the other hand towards opening-up by reorganization. Several ONG and associations of the districts contribute to the cleansing of certain districts with precarious habitat in the town of Yaounde. Also, the populations of these districts employ techniques of fortune to stabilize the occupied mediums and to thus make vis-a-vis the hydrological and geomorphological problems. The operations of reorganization of the sectors with precarious dwellings and of rehousing of the populations installed in zones at real risk, are operations of installation adapted in the socio-economic context yaoundéen. For a more effective improvement, the State must imperatively carry out normative and administrative structural changes various scales. The legislation should thus plan the option of a refitting of the precarious sectors of the districts with a long-term aim to standardize the land situation their inhabitants. The public authorities must become aware of the utility to integrate the problems of the districts into precarious habitat in the planning of the evolution of their territory.

Submitted by Marcelo Lage (mllage@terra.com.br) on 2010-04-29T21:46:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MFEE - Dissertacao de Mestrado - Marcelo Lage.pdf: 642499 bytes, checksum: 4cd7e32c79e1c86a4d7f0d708979238e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza(vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2010-05-03T15:01:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MFEE - Dissertacao de Mestrado - Marcelo Lage.pdf: 642499 bytes, checksum: 4cd7e32c79e1c86a4d7f0d708979238e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-04T12:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MFEE - Dissertacao de Mestrado - Marcelo Lage.pdf: 642499 bytes, checksum: 4cd7e32c79e1c86a4d7f0d708979238e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-10 / This work develops an evaluation of a shopping center through the traditional model of iscounted cash flow and, alternatively, through the model of real options. The objective is to analyze the main differences between these two models. The results show that the use of real options is able to measure the flexibilities that may exist in a project. The results obtained by the two methods have significant differences, which can reach more than 10% of the value or the project. / Neste trabalho é realizada uma avaliação de um projeto de desenvolvimento de um shopping center através do modelo tradicional do fluxo de caixa descontado e, alternativamente, através do modelo de opções reais. O objetivo é analisar as principais diferenças entre os modelos utilizados. Os resultados obtidos revelam que a utilização da metodologia de opções reais é capaz de valorar as flexibilidades gerenciais que podem existir em um projeto. As diferenças de valores entre os dois métodos são significativas, podendo atingir mais de 10% do valor do projeto.

xvii, 133 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The objective of this dissertation is to address violence at the archaeological site of Casas Grandes (Paquimé) in northwest Chihuahua, Mexico. The reasons for the abandonment of Paquimé are uncertain. The prevailing theory claims this geographic area endured centuries of warfare, ritual sacrifice, and at least one massacre; this theory is supported by numerous unburied bodies recovered at the site. These assertions of violence have never been corroborated by osteological data. Data were collected from a sample of Medio period (A.D. 1200-1450) human skeletal remains recovered from the 1958-1961 excavations at Casas Grandes. These data were synthesized with accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates, fluoride ion dates, population demographics, and burial context. Frequencies of ante-, peri-, and postmortem trauma were compared to other studies from the Old and New Worlds. I argue that warfare was not endemic to this region and that a massacre did not occur. Moreover, cannibalism and probably human sacrifice were practiced. I assert that these activities may have been related to the proliferation of the Mesoamerican ballgame in the American Southwest and to Paquimé's role as the distribution center of the region's ritual and exotic goods. This dissertation underscores the importance of including skeletal analysis with other lines of archaeological inquiry when answering questions about human behavior. / Committee in charge: John Lukacs, Chairperson, Anthropology; Guy Tasa, Member, Anthropology; Frances White, Member, Anthropology; John Orbell, Outside Member, Political Science