Narrative therapy provides an opportunity for children to identify what is important to them. The aim of therapy in this research is to open up space for Nguni speaking children, who in their culture, are not allowed to express their feelings freely. The researcher has found that stories allow children an opportunity to realise that they are all human and that we have come through a process where we have to acknowledge that our existence today is largely dependent on the fact that we are not denying our stories as Nguni speaking people. From looking at the results of study, it would appear that these children have benefited from the therapy sessions. From three clients a sense of pride and self-worth was often evident at the end of a session and the overall comment made was that each one felt far better than when they had started the sessions. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (specialisation in Guidance and Counseling)

Syftet med denna studie är att förklara varför en segregerad skola läggs ner och vad som händer med elever som ofrivilligt möter en ny skolkultur. Jag vill förtydliga de politiska besluten som legat till grund för förändringen och vilka konsekvenser beslutet får för eleverna. Syftet är också att belysa vilken betydelse en annan skolkultur med ett inkluderande arbetssätt har för de elever som tvingas byta skola mitt under högstadiet.   Som kvalitativ metod för datainsamling har jag valt intervjuer med ansvariga politiker samt med ett antal elever som tvingats byta skola. Dessutom har jag gjort uppföljningar av trivselenkäter och betygsresultat för de berörda eleverna jämfört med de elever i samma årskurs som inte gått på mottagande skola under hela högstadiet.   Politikernas avsikt med att lägga ner skolan var att bryta segregationen och de sjunkande elevresultaten. Man ville också, via en omläggning av flera verksamheter, använda de nyrenoverade lokalerna bättre. Lyckades man då med sitt beslut? Resultatet visar att betygsresultaten förbättrades för de elever som bytt skola, t o m mer än för eleverna i referensgruppen. Eleverna säger att de känner sig välkomna på den nya skolan, de uppskattar framförallt lärarna och tycker att undervisningen är bättre. Men de får inte så många nya vänner och flera säger att de längtar tillbaka till sin gamla skola.   Utifrån studiens resultat kan vi dra följande slutsatser. Politikerna lyckades med sin avsikter och känner sig nöjda med beslutet flera år senare, även om man erkänner att det funnits brister i informationen. Att lägga ner en skola är både ovanligt och äventyrligt. Ur ett elevperspektiv är det inte optimalt att tvingas byta skola mitt under högstadiet. Även om det går bra för deras resultat blir den nya skolan aldrig riktigt deras. / The purpose of this study is to explain why a public high school in Växjö, Sweden, dealing with issues of segregation and falling results, closed down and what happened to the students who involuntarily had to change schools and meet a new school culture. I want to clarify the politicians’ reasons that formed the basis for the decision and the consequences of the decision for the students. The study also aims to highlight the importance of a school culture with an inclusive approach for students who are forced to change schools in the middle of high school.   As qualitative methods for data collection, I have chosen interviews with the politicians and a number of the affected students. Additionally, the students’ results and their well-being (as expressed by the students themselves in surveys) after changing schools were followed and compared to a reference group of students in the same grade who also hadn’t been attending the receiving school from the start of high school.   The politicians’ intent when deciding to close down the school was to break the segregation and the long-term trend of falling results. Moreover, they wanted to improve the usage of some newly renovated facilities through a reorganization of several activities. So, did the politicians achieve what they hoped when drafting this unusual and risky decision? In this study, I show that the affected students improved their grades, their improvement being even larger than the students in the reference group. Additionally, students expressed through the surveys that they felt welcome in the new school, that they appreciated the teachers and found the teaching in their new school better than previously. However, they also expressed troubles making new friends and some were longing to return to their old school.   My conclusions from this study are the following: The politicians succeeded with their intentions and feel satisfied with the decision several years later, although acknowledging that there had been shortcomings regarding the information they distributed to the students and their parents. From a student perspective, it is not optimal to have to change schools in the middle of high school. Even though they improved their grades after the change, they never felt completely at home in their new school.

Selon des thèses développées au cours des années 1990 et 2000, le développement économique constitue à la fois la source et la solution aux problèmes environnementaux. Au sujet des forêts, les transitions forestières (c’est-à-dire le passage de la déforestation à la reforestation) documentées dans certains pays développés seraient causées par des dynamiques universelles intrinsèques au développement et à la modernisation des sociétés. Nos travaux ont porté sur l’application de cette vision optimiste et controversée à l’évolution des superficies forestières en Thaïlande. S’appuyant sur une recension de la littérature, sur des données secondaires ainsi que nos travaux de terrain dans la région de Phetchabun, la thèse offre les apports suivants. Elle démontre que contrairement à l’idée répandue en Thaïlande, le ralentissement de la déforestation a été suivi par une expansion forestière substantielle entre environ 1995 et 2005. Ce regain forestier est lié à la disparition presque complète de l’expansion agricole, à l’établissement de plantations sylvicoles et, surtout, à l’abandon de terres agricoles. Cet abandon agricole découle d’abord et avant tout de la faible et incertaine rentabilité de l’agriculture dans certaines zones non irriguées. Ce phénomène s’explique, entre autres, par la dégradation des sols et par l’incapacité des agriculteurs à contrer l’impact des transformations économiques internes et externes à la Thaïlande. L’accroissement de la pression de conservation n’a pu contribuer à l’expansion forestière que dans certains contextes (projets de reforestation majeurs appuyés par l’armée, communautés divisées, terres déjà abandonnées). Sans en être une cause directe, l’intensification agricole et la croissance des secteurs non agricoles ont rendu moins pénibles la confiscation et l’abandon des terres et ont permis que de tels phénomènes surviennent sans entraîner d’importants troubles sociaux. Dans un contexte d’accroissement des prix agricoles, notamment celui du caoutchouc naturel, une partie du regain forestier aurait été perdu depuis 2005 en raison d’une ré-expansion des surfaces agricoles. Cela illustre le caractère non permanent de la transition forestière et la faiblesse des mesures de conservation lorsque les perspectives de profit sont grandes. La thèse montre que, pour être robuste, une théorie de la transition forestière doit être contingente et reconnaître que les variables macro-sociales fréquemment invoquées pour expliquer les transitions forestières (ex. : démocratisation, intensification agricole, croissance économique) peuvent aussi leur nuire. Une telle théorie doit également prendre en compte des éléments d’explication non strictement économiques et souvent négligés (menaces à la sécurité nationale, épuisement des terres perçues comme arables et libres, degré d’attachement aux terres et capacité d’adaptation et résilience des systèmes agricoles). Finalement, les écrits sur la transition forestière doivent reconnaître qu’elle a généralement impliqué des impacts sociaux et même environnementaux négatifs. Une lecture de la transition forestière plus nuancée et moins marquée par l’obsession de la seule reforestation est seule garante d’une saine gestion de l’environnement en respect avec les droits humains, la justice sociale et le développement durable. / Recent popular ideas and theories portray economic development as both a cause and a solution to environmental degradation. Concerning forest cover, many authors view forest transitions (the passage from deforestation to reforestation) as resulting from near-universal causal dynamics linked to economic development. The thesis evaluates the validity of these controversial ideas and their relevance to the Thai case. Based on an analysis of secondary literature and official data as well as extensive fieldwork in Phetchabun region, the thesis makes the following points. Contrary to the dominant view, forest cover did expand significantly between ~1995 and 2005. Forest regrowth is linked to the near-interruption of agricultural expansion, the establishment of forest plantations, and, most importantly, agricultural abandonment. The latter derives first and foremost from the declining and currently uncertain profitability of agriculture in non-irrigated zones. These agricultural problems are linked to declining soil fertility and the incapacity of some farmers to counter the impact of rapid economic changes occurring within and outside Thailand. Conservation efforts contributed to forest expansion only in some contexts (ex.: military-backed projects, divided communities, land already abandoned). Agricultural intensification and the growth of non-agricultural sectors made land confiscation and agricultural abandonment less distressing and allowed these land transformations to occur without leading to major social troubles. Since 2005, part of the forest regrowth has been lost to the rubber boom. This illustrates both the potentially non-permanent nature of the forest transition and the limited power of forest conservation in the face of major politico-economic interests. A robust forest transition theory must be contextually-bounded and recognize that forest transitions can be encouraged, blocked or countered by the same frequently invoked macro-social variables: economic growth, agricultural intensification, and democratisation. It must also take into account neglected causal factors, such as geopolitical threats, the resilience of agrarian systems, the perception of land scarcity and the degree of attachment to the land and an agrarian life. Typically, social distress, violence and, in some cases, negative environmental impacts have accompanied forest transitions. Human rights, social justice and sustainable development principles require that a more nuanced view of forest transitions be adopted.

L’enseignement supérieur malien et notamment l’Université de Bamako est confrontée à d’énormes difficultés depuis plusieurs années. Qu’est ce qui explique ces difficultés et comment faire pour rendre plus efficace cet enseignement supérieur afin de rehausser les niveaux et le rendre compétitif sur le plan sous régional et international ? Cette question nous a conduit à nous intéresser à l’étude de son efficacité interne. Le présent travail est une contribution à la recherche de facteurs de ces difficultés et d’alternatives pour y remédier. Il tente de dégager des pistes de réflexion sur l’amélioration des conditions de travail de l’Université de Bamako.La Faculté des Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences humaines de l’Université de Bamako a été retenue comme terrain de la recherche. Après la recherche documentaire pour l’élaboration d’une revue de littérature, la préférence a été donnée en premier lieu à une analyse des résultats d’examens de deux promotions de la filière Sciences de l’éducation de 2001 à 2009. Dans l’analyse il a été question d’indicateurs tels que l’évolution des effectifs, les taux de réussite, d’abandon, d’exclusion, le genre et les caractéristiques extra universitaires des étudiants. Cette analyse qui a conclu à une faible efficacité interne de l’Université de Bamako a été suivie par d’autres investigations par entretiens, observations et questionnaires auprès d’un échantillon d’étudiants, d’enseignants et d’administrateurs de l’Université. Après une analyse des données recueillies lors de ces investigations, nous avons terminé par une discussion de l’ensemble des résultats. / The Malian higher education and notably the University of Bamako is confronted to enormous difficulties since several years. What explains these difficulties and how to make more efficient this higher education in order to heighten the levels and to make he competitive on the plan under regional and international? This question drove us to interest us to the survey of her internal efficiency. The present work is a contribution in search of factors of these difficulties and alternatives to remedy there. He tempts to clear tracks of reflection on the improvement of the conditions of work of the University of Bamako. The Faculty of the Letters, Languages, Arts and human sciences of the University of Bamako has been kept like land of research. After the documentary research for the development of a literature magazine, the preference has been given to an analysis of the exams results of two promotions of the path Sciences of the education of 2001 in the first place to 2009. In the analysis it was question of indicators as the evolution of the strengths, rate of success, abandonment, exclusion, kind, extra feature academic of the students. This analysis that concluded to a weak internal efficiency of the University of Bamako has been followed by other investigations by interviews, observations and questionnaires by a sample of students, teachers and administrators of the university. After an analysis of the data collected at the time of these investigations, we finished by a discussion of the set of the results.

Ma recherche vise à la vie psychique et sociale des enfants dans les orphelinats chinois. Ces enfants sont souvent abandonnés à cause de leur handicap. Ils sont placés aussi du fait de la défaillance de leurs parents consécutive à un décès, un paupérisme, un emprisonnement, ou des difficultés qu'ils subissent les conduisant à l'abandon de l'enfant. Je m'interroge sur la façon dont les enfants dans les orphelinats chinois vont s'organiser psychiquement et socialement pour faire face à ce double traumatisme : celui de l'abandon, celui du placement. Pour vérifier les effets de la carence affective croisée avec l'abandon et l'institutionnalisation, une recherche exploratoire qui consiste en l'observation sur le terrain et les entretiens avec 3 nurses est réalisée au sein de deux orphelinats chinois. Et puis, le recueil des données s'est déroulé auprès de 16 enfants de 7 à 12 ans avec ces outils méthodologiques: l'entretien auprès des enfants, le dessin et le test des contes. L'analyse des données recueillies est basée sur trois vecteurs qui fondent l'organisation de la vie psychique d'un individu : la représentation de soi, la représentation de son lien à l'autre, les mécanismes de défense et d'adaptation mis en oeuvre. La présentation des résultats est scindée en deux parties : étude globale des données (étude globale des entretiens ; étude globale de dessins ; étude globale du test des contes) et études de cas (7 cas parmi les échantillons sont choisis pour des études approfondies). Les résultats montrent que les enfants présentent des défaillances dans lareprésentation de soi qui se décèlent par les atteintes dans l'estime de soi et par des sentiments négatifs, des défaillances dans la relation à l'autre de l'ordre de la pathologie du lien, et que pour faire face à leur situation, certains enfants peuvent entrer dans un processus de résilience qui s'observe par les mécanismes de défense qu'ils utilisent ou par la référence à un tuteur de résilience. / My research aims to psychic and social life of children in Chinese orphanages. These children are often abandoned because of their disability. They are placed as a result of the failure of their parents following a death, pauperism, imprisonment, or the difficulties they face leading to the abandonment of the child. I wonder how these children in Chineseorphanages will organize themselves socially and psychologically to deal with the double trauma: abandonment and placement. To test the effects of emotional deprivation crossed with the abandonment and institutionalization, an exploratory research, which consists of field observation and interviews with three nurses is carried out in two Chinese orphanages. And then, the data collection was conducted with 16 children from 7 to 12 years with the methodological tools: the interview with children, drawing and testing stories. The analysis of data collected is based on three vectors that underlie the organization of the psychic life of an individual : self-representation, representation of his relationship with others, defense mechanisms implemented. The presentation of results is divided into two parts: comprehensive study of data (comprehensive study of the interviews, comprehensive study of the drawings, comprehensive study of the test stories) and case studies (7 cases among the samples are selected for in-depth studies). The results show that these children have deficiencies in self-representation which are detected by the self-esteem damaged and negative feelings, deficiencies in their relationship with others of the order of pathology of the link, and to deal with their situation, some children may enter into a process of resilience which is observed by the defense mechanisms they use or by reference to a guardian of resilience.

In nest-building species, offspring survival and reproductive success of parental individuals are strongly influenced by nest location and quality. Thus, quantifying the influence of abiotic conditions on nest integrity is important to predict the effects that weather variability may have on offspring survival and parental reproductive success. Here we investigated how rainfall affects nest integrity and how nest integrity influences male attractiveness and nest tenure. Our study species was the harvestman Quindina limbata, in which males build cup-like mud nests on fallen logs and protect the eggs against predators and fungi infestation. Our dataset is based on 12 months of regular inspections of over 150 nests in a tropical rainforest from Costa Rica. We found that 43% of the nests were destroyed by rainfall. The drag force promoted by rainfall running on the log surface negatively affected nest integrity by decreasing the wall perimeter and the floor area. The intensity of fungi cover was not explained by nest position or by precipitation. No matter the body size of the owner males, nests with high integrity received more eggs than nests with low integrity. Curiously, nests with high values of fungi cover received more eggs. Finally, nest integrity and fungi cover did not affect nest tenure, but the probability of males abandoning their nests increased with time they did not receive eggs. Considering that intense rainfall occurs all year long in tropical forests, the best males can do to decrease the chances of nest destruction is to select protected places to build their nests. Protected sites may keep nest structure better preserved, improve offspring survival, attract more females, and ultimately increase male reproductive success / Em espécies que constroem ninhos, a sobrevivência da prole e o sucesso reprodutivo dos indivíduos parentais são fortemente influenciados pela localização e qualidade dos ninhos. Portanto, quantificar a influência das condições abióticas sobre a integridade dos ninhos é importante para prever os efeitos que a variabilidade climática pode ter na sobrevivência da prole e no sucesso reprodutivo dos pais. Neste estudo, investigamos como a chuva influencia a integridade dos ninhos e como a integridade dos ninhos influencia a atratividade masculina e o tempo de posse do ninho. Nossa espécie de estudo foi o opilião Quindina limbata, em que os machos constroem ninhos de barro em troncos caídos e protegem os ovos contra predadores e infestação por fungos. Nosso conjunto de dados é baseado em 12 meses de inspeções regulares de mais de 150 ninhos em uma floresta tropical na Costa Rica. Descobrimos que 43% dos ninhos foram destruídos pela chuva. A força de arrasto promovida pela chuva na superfície dos troncos caídos influenciou negativamente a integridade dos ninhos, diminuindo o perímetro da parede e a área do piso. A intensidade de cobertura de fungos não foi explicada pela posição do ninho ou pela precipitação. O tamanho corporal dos machos não influenciou o ganho de ovos, mas ninhos com alta integridade receberam mais ovos do que ninhos com baixa integridade. Curiosamente, ninhos com altos valores de cobertura de fungos receberam mais ovos. Por fim, a integridade dos ninhos e a cobertura de fungos não influenciaram o tempo de posse do ninho, mas a probabilidade de os machos abandonarem seus ninhos aumentou com o tempo em que não receberam ovos em seus ninhos. Considerando que temporais ocorrem durante todo o ano em florestas tropicais, os melhores machos devem selecionar locais protegidos para construção dos seus ninhos a fim de diminuir as chances de destruição promovida pela chuva. Locais protegidos podem manter a estrutura do ninho melhor preservada, melhorar a sobrevivência da prole, atrair mais fêmeas e, finalmente, aumentar o sucesso reprodutivo dos machos

Introdução: A situação epidemiológica da tuberculose (TB) no âmbito mundial e no Brasil ainda evidencia importante magnitude, acrescentandose o problema crescente da Tuberculose Multirresistente (TBMR). A TB é exemplo consagrado que evidencia as desigualdades sociais e as limitações de acesso à saúde. A adesão ao tratamento da TBMR é um dos aspectos cruciais do cotidiano da assistência em saúde e uma das maiores dificuldades no controle da enfermidade. Objetivos: Analisar como se processa a adesão ao tratamento para a TBMR, em um grupo de indivíduos que completaram com sucesso o tratamento medicamentoso; e propor alternativas para incrementar a adesão. Métodos: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em Centro de Referência para Controle da TB e TBMR do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados, no período de abril a setembro de 2012, depoimentos de indivíduos que vivenciaram o adoecimento por TBMR e que aderiram ao tratamento medicamentoso até a alta por cura. Os depoimentos foram analisados segundo técnica de análise de discurso e interpretados à luz da Hermenêutica-Dialética e da Teoria da Determinação Social do Processo Saúde-Doença. Resultados: Entrevistouse 21 sujeitos, sendo: 17 (80,9%) pertencentes ao sexo masculino; 19 (90,4%) encontravam-se na faixa etária produtiva; 11 (52,4%) tinham 9 ou mais anos de escolaridade; 14 (66,7%) estavam afastados do trabalho ou desempregados durante o tratamento e relataram ter recebido auxílio, como vale transporte e cesta básica; 14 (66,7%) eram acompanhados pela Estratégia Saúde da Família; 18 (85,7%) tinham tratamento anterior para TB; 20 (95,2%) realizaram o tratamento da TBMR na modalidade Diretamente Observado, executado na Unidade Básica de Saúde (19: 95,0%); 16 (76,2%) caminhavam até o local para o Tratamento Diretamente Observado; sendo que 17 (80,9%) levavam até 30 minutos para o deslocamento; 16 (76,1%) realizaram o tratamento por 18 a 20 meses; 7 (33,6%) possuíam outra doença além da TBMR; 4 (40,0%) faziam uso de cigarro e nenhum sujeito fazia uso de álcool, durante o tratamento.Verificou-se que, como produto da forma como se realiza o trabalho e a vida, há uma variedade de questões que acabam por mediar o processo de adesão ao tratamento, que são determinadas por relações de interdependência e de subordinação. Fundamentalmente, a adesão ocorreu devido ao desejo de viver face à inevitabilidade da morte; ao suporte físico, emocional/psicológico e financeiro; e à forma como o serviço de saúde oferece o cuidado e se organiza para o tratamento medicamentoso. Conclusão: A adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso da TBMR não se reduz a um ato de vontade estritamente individual, mas depende da forma como se realiza a vida em sociedade e da acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde. Ressalta-se a necessidade de entender tais processos para apoiar a prática assistencial dos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no tratamento das pessoas com TBMR, em particular a Enfermagem, com vistas a fortalecer a adesão e apoiar as estratégias para o controle da TBMR. / Introduction: The epidemiological situation of Tuberculosis (TB) in the world, as well as in Brazil, shows an important magnitude, adding to the growing problem of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). TB is an enshrined example highlighting the social inequalities and limited access to health care. Adherence to treatment of MDR-TB is a crucial aspect of everyday health care and one of the greatest difficulties in controlling the disease. Objetive: To analyze the adherence process to the treatment for MDR-TB in a group of individuals who have successfully completed drug treatment; and propose alternatives for increasing the treatment adherence for MDR-TB. Methods: A qualitative study, developed in a Reference Center for Tuberculosis Control and MDR-TB in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. During the period of April - September 2012, testimonials were collected from individuals who experienced MDR-TB and who adhered to drug treatment until discharge for being cured. The reports were analyzed according to discourse analysis technique and interpreted in the light of hermeneutics-dialectics and the Theory of Social Determination of the Health-Disease Process. Results: Twenty-one (21) subjects were interviewed, 17 (80.9%) were male; 19 (90.4%) were in the productive age group; 11 (52.4%) had 9 or more years of schooling; 14 (66.7%) were out of work or unemployed during treatment and reported receiving aid, such as transportation vouchers and food baskets; 14 (66.7%) were accompanied by the Family Health Strategy; 18 (85.7%) had previous treatment for TB; 20 (95.2%) underwent the treatment of MDR-TB in the form Directly Observed, performed in the Basic Health Care Unit 19: (95.0%); 16 (76.2%) walked to the location for the Directly Observed Treatment; and 17 (80.9%) took 30 minutes for the displacement; 16 (76.1%) underwent treatment for 18 to 20 months; 7 (33.6%) had diseases other than MDR-TB; 4 (40.0%) were tobacco smokers and no subject was using alcohol during treatment. It was found that, as a product of how the work is done and life, there are a variety of issues that ultimately mediate the adherence process to the treatment, which are determined by relations of interdependence and subordination. Fundamentally, the treatment adherence for MDR-TB was due to the desire to live, given the inevitability of death; physical support, emotional/psychological and financial; and how the health service offers care and is organized for medical treatment. Conclusion: Adherence to medication treatment of MDR-TB is not limited to a strictly individual act of will, but it depends on how one lives life in society and their access to health services. The need to understand these processes to support the care practice of health professionals, involved in the treatment of people with MDR-TB, needs to be emphasized, particularly in nursing, in order to strengthen the membership and support the strategies for the control of MDR-TB.

A família sofreu, no século passado, séc. XX diversas mudanças. As próprias relações mudaram: industrialização e urbanização aceleradas, emancipação da mulher, duas Guerras Mundiais que alavancaram o tema dos direitos humanos, com evidente repercussão nos direitos da personalidade. Tudo isso alterou o perfil da família e das relações que ocorrem em seu seio. Na verdade, estabeleceu-se uma perspectiva limitadora do poder em geral, da ascendência sobre outrem, inclusive no âmbito do pátrio poder, hoje poder familiar. Sem embargo disso, passada a euforia inicial, é hora de buscar caminhos para a plena efetivação desses direitos. Isso dependerá, em grande medida, da própria interpretação judicial, já que na decisão jurisdicional o ordenamento convertido numa fórmula específica para a solução daquela lide atinge o seu ápice. Se a afetividade e a grita por justiça e ética nas relações familiares é inafastável, mais do que isso, é louvável, porque consagra a dignidade da pessoa humana, por outro lado, a ideologia e a patrulha moral em temas existenciais devem ser evitadas. Ativismo judicial não se confunde com invasividade. A intrujice do Estado na família pela função legislativa, executiva ou judiciária deve incentivar um repensar das próprias expectativas que os operadores do Direito, sobretudo do Direito de Família, possuem a respeito do potencial transformativo de seus saberes. Assim, sempre buscando o justo termo, a dissertação examina as hipóteses de intervenção judicial no exercício abusivo do poder familiar, tanto na dimensão patrimonial quanto na dimensão existencial. Na primeira, analisa-se a administração dos bens dos filhos, o usufruto que, por lei, lhe é correlato e sua interpretação à luz do princípio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente. Na segunda, o objeto da investigação é o ponto ótimo de equilíbrio entre a intervenção que concretiza os direitos e a intervenção invasiva, errônea. Surgem ponderações sobre a ideologia e sua influência na exegese judicial, em temas como alienação parental e abandono afetivo que habitam o novo léxico deste Direito de Família sequioso de substância o qual, entretanto, não pode abdicar de uma postura autocrítica sob pena de manietar as próprias possibilidades de realização pessoal que alega defender. / Family underwent several changes in the last century, the twentieth century. The very relationships did change: accelerated (rapid) industrialization and urbanization, women´s emancipation, two World Wars, levered the human rights subject, with obvious repercussion on the rights of personality. All of that has modified family profile and the relationships that occur within its core. Actually, in general, a limiting perspective of power was established on the ascendancy over the other, inclusively in the extent of parental power, currently said family, or parental authority. With no embargo of this, after leaving behind the initial euphoria, now is the moment to look for ways towards the thorough accomplishment of these rights. This will depend, largely, on the judicial interpretation, for in the jurisdictional decision converted into a specific formula aimed at the solution of that dispute, it reaches its climax. If, on one hand, affectivity and the outcry for justice and ethics within family relationships cannot be set apart, and, more than that, they are praiseworthy - for they consecrate dignity of the individual - on the other hand, when it comes to existential matters, ideology and moral patrolling ought to be avoided. Judicial activism does not confound with invasiveness. State intrusion on family through legislative, or executive, or judiciary activity, should encourage a review of the very expectations that Law operating professionals have particularly those in the Family Law field regarding the transformational potential of their knowledge. Therefore, looking always for the right boundary, the dissertation investigates the hypotheses for judicial intervening in abusive family authority, considering not only property dimension, but also the existential. On the first we analyze the administration of assets of sons, the usufruct that by force of law correlates to it, and its interpretation in the light of best interest for child and adolescent. On the second, the object of our investigation is the optimal balance point between intervention that makes rights concrete, and the invasive, erroneous interference. We ponder over ideology and its influence on the judicial exegesis, in subjects such as parental alienation and affective abandonment, which dwell in this Family Law new lexicon, avid for substance, but which, however, cannot waive from a self-criticism posture, under penalty of handcuffing the very own possibilities of personal fulfillment it alleges to defend.

Die weltweite Bevölkerungszunahme, sich ändernde Ernährungsgewohnheiten, und die Nachfrage nach Bioenergie erfordern eine Erhöhung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion. Die Intensivierung bestehender landwirtschaftlicher Flächen ist hierbei eine mögliche Option. Allerdings verstehen wir nur wenig von den räumlichen Mustern der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungsintensität, da adäquate Datensätze fehlen. Europa ist eine beispielhafte Region, in der eine Intensivierung als auch ein Rückgang der Landnutzung stattfindet. Ziel dieser Dissertation war es Methoden zu entwickeln, die MODIS NDVI Zeitreihen und statistische Daten kombinieren und eine europaweite Kartierung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungsintensität ermöglichen. Für eine Einschätzung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungsintensität wurden eine Reihe von Intensitätsindikatoren entwickelt und kartiert. Die resultierenden Karten zeigen eine hohe Landnutzungsintensität in West- und Zentraleuropa und dem Mittelmeerraum, gekennzeichnet durch Mehrfachernten und langen Anbauzeiten. Gebiete mit niedriger Intensität lagen in Osteuropa, in Gebirgsregionen sowie in der Extremadura in Spanien, wo Brachland und die Aufgabe von Agrarflächen häufig sind. Die Aufgabe von Agrarflächen ist ein aktueller Prozess der Landnutzungsveränderung in Osteuropa, während die gleichzeitige Rekultivierung ehemaliger Agrarflächen ebenfalls umfassend ist. Diese räumlichen Muster lassen sich mit unterschiedlichen Agrarumweltbedingungen begründen aber auch mit sozioökonomischen Veränderungen wie die Restrukturierung des osteuropäischen Agrarsektors nach 1989 oder die Marginalisierung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen insbesondere in Gebirgsregionen. Die entstandenen Karten belegen das Potential von MODIS NDVI Zeitreihen, komplexe Phänomene landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungsintensität zu erfassen. Diese könnten genutzt werden um Umweltfolgen der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion zu bewerten oder Zielregionen für eine nachhaltige Intensivierung zu identifizieren. / Global population growth, changing diets, and the demand of bioenergy require an increase in agricultural production. Intensifying agricultural production is one pathway to meet increasing demands. However, our understanding of spatial patterns of agricultural land use remains weak since adequate data sets are lacking. Europe is as a prime example for a region that is undergoing both, intensification as well as decreasing agricultural land use. The goal of this doctoral thesis was to develop methodologies that combine MODIS NDVI time series and agricultural statistics to map spatial patterns of land-use intensity across Europe. To assess land-use intensity, a wide range of intensity indicators were mapped. The resulting maps revealed high-intensity areas in Western and Central Europe and the Mediterranean region, characterized by multi-harvests and long crop duration. Low-intensity areas are mostly located in Eastern Europe, in mountain regions and the Extremadura in Spain, where fallow and abandonment land are widespread. Agricultural abandonment is an ongoing land-use change process in Eastern Europe. At the same time, recultivation of formerly abandoned land is widespread as well. These spatial patterns are the result of agro-environmental conditions but also of changes in socio-economic conditions such as the restructuring of the agricultural sector in eastern European countries after 1989, or the marginalization of farmland especially in mountain regions. The resulting maps show the potential of MODIS time series to assess the complex phenomenon of land-use intensity. They may form a basis to assess the environmental outcomes of agricultural production and to identify target regions for sustainable intensification.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisandra Felix Vieira.pdf: 1657483 bytes, checksum: eb7fd84e293cdad229033a4de94385d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to grasp the senses and meanings that outlying public school teachers constitute for the difficulties and challenges they faced in their profession as well as how, according to them, these problems affect their ways of thinking, feeling and acting. Nowadays, teachers work is affected by proletarization, precarization and intensification of work, since they act in organizations with low budgets, doing a variety of functions that are not directly related to their profession, with rare opportunities of continuing professional development and, moreover, having to double or triple their daily schedule in order to make a paltry salary. Given this situation, we found it necessary to understand how these hardships affect teaching, more specifically that of Cristina, a teacher within the public school network of the municipality of São Paulo, in a Unified Educational Centre (CEU). From her narrative, as well as those of six other educators, it was possible to identify different indicators of subjective senses in these educational situations. Through articulation of the speeches, significations were identified that were gleaned as part of a dialectically determined society by means of social mediation, forming a picture that is, as the actual literature frequently points out, probably shared by the teaching professionals. The data obtained was analyzed according to the procedure suggested by Aguiar e Ozella (2006, 2013) and named Nuclei of Significations. In light of theoretical and analytical assumptions of sociocultural psychology and its main categories of analysis (historicity, mediation, thought, speech, senses and meanings), the results revealed that the distance between what is expected of the teachers and the little that they are offered in terms of resources and training has created feelings of abandonment and the desire to abscond from their professional responsibilities, as well as indifference and depersonalization, resulting from institutional problems which oppress them, producing an incapability to theorize beyond what they experienced and to understand the historical, political and economic determinations that impoverish the teaching career. Restricted by a precarious initial and continuous professional formation and by the limits of time and economic resources, the teachers need to be satisfied to teach at a level that is hardly related to pedagogical scientific knowledge / O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender quais são os sentidos e significados que professores atuando em escolas de periferia constituem para as dificuldades e desafios encontrados em sua profissão e a maneira como, segundo eles, tais percalços afetam sua forma de pensar, sentir e agir. O trabalho docente na atualidade, em termos de processo, é afetado pela proletarização, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, uma vez que os docentes não estão isentos de trabalhar em estruturas organizacionais com baixos recursos, exercendo uma multiplicidade de funções alheias a sua formação, com escassas oportunidades de desenvolvimento profissional e, no mais das vezes, tendo que duplicar ou triplicar sua jornada de trabalho para fazer jus a um salário menos que razoável. Inseridos nesta lógica precária, achamos oportuno entender como esses percalços afetam o trabalho docente, especificamente o de uma professora da rede pública de São Paulo, que exerce sua profissão em um Centro Educacional Unificado (CEU). De seu relato, bem como do de outros seis educadores, foi possível identificar diferentes indicadores de sentidos subjetivos configurados nessas situações educacionais. A articulação das falas revela significações que são apreendidas como parte dialeticamente determinada da totalidade via mediações sociais, formando um retrato que é, possivelmente, compartilhado pelo coletivo profissional do magistério, como aponta, com frequência, a literatura atual. Os dados obtidos foram analisados de acordo com o procedimento de análise e interpretação proposto por Aguiar e Ozella (2006; 2013), núcleos de significações. À luz dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, e subsidiados pelas principais categorias de análise que sustentam o referencial adotado (historicidade, mediação, pensamento e linguagem, sentidos e significados), os resultados obtidos desta pesquisa revelaram que a distância entre o que se espera dos docentes e o pouco que lhes é oferecido em termos de recursos e formações têm produzido neles sentimentos de abandono e fuga frente às responsabilidades profissionais que lhes competem, além de indiferença e despersonalização, fruto das mazelas institucionais que os oprimem, produzem a incapacidade de sair do empírico e compreender as determinações históricas, políticas e econômicas que empobrecem a carreira do magistério. Restritos por uma formação inicial precária e pelas limitações de tempo e de recursos financeiros, os docentes precisam satisfazer-se em desempenhar uma docência pouco articulada ao conhecimento científico pedagógico