The first aim of this work is to describe the issues of nominal syntagma as well as the absence of determinant that is connected to it. The other goal is to examine one type of this absence in a journalistic corpus L´Est Républicain. The analysis in this corpus will evaluate the frequency, the semantics and the syntactic functions of the chosen phenomenon in journalistic context. The work is divided into two parts: the theoretical and the practical one. In the first part, all the terms connected to the nominal syntagma will be defined. The nominal syntagma along with its nature and its parts will be described. At the same time, the cases of the absence of determinant in present-day French will be explained. The second part contains quantitative and qualitative analysis in the corpus L´Est Républicain. Subject of research are juxtaposed and coordinative enumerations in a different extent and in the different syntactic positions.

This thesis examines how secrecy and absence shape the representation of covert counter-terrorism in the public sphere. Contemporary covert practices, from missile strikes by unmanned aerial vehicles to special forces 'kill/capture' operations, have come to exemplify U.S. counter-terrorism in public debate. This is significant because these practices shift the ethical stakes of witnessing state warfare. Previous scholarship on war and news media has argued that public glimpses of state violence, alongside official declarations, can demonise or dehumanise the targets of such violence, and thus prompt witnesses to accept the state's rationalisation of these actions and the use of secrecy. News coverage of contemporary covert action, however, offers no such glimpses. Instead, coverage draws primarily upon residue: the rumours and debris left behind. By applying this concept of residue to drone strikes, the special forces raid that killed Osama bin Laden, and kidnap rescue efforts in the Sahara-Sahel, the thesis argues that it is all this speculation, rubble, and empty space, rather than the state itself, which signifies to newsreaders the possibility of state secrecy. That suspicion of secrecy then frames the absences in this residue, the conspicuous lack of certain bodies and objects. Secrecy makes those absences appear suggestive, in that the latter cannot publicly corroborate different aspects of these unseen events. This allows residue to intimate – to hint at unverifiable ideas about that which is absent, in a way which can undermine more explicit claims and justifications of what has taken place. To examine how this dynamic reframes the ethics of witnessing, the thesis develops an historical affiliation, a method of linking disparate practices of violence based on similar representational qualities, in order to examine whether witnessing is being shaped by these qualities in obscured or unspoken ways. This affiliation is made between representations of covert counter-terrorism and those of lynching in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Despite their differences, in both cases unseen violence and absent bodies are represented as significant in their being disconnected from wider society and difficult to comprehend, to understand how and why the violence takes place. This occurs in today's counter-terrorism through hints and allusions from absence, which represent these covert events as physically intangible. As with lynching, violence and its casualties are implicitly represented in their absence as reflecting the public's intellectual and moral distance from the practice. This takes covert counter-terrorism beyond a binary of fostering assent or dissent towards the state. Instead of prompting newsreaders' complicity with state narratives for its actions, residue intimates doubts and unspoken possibilities about these events that curtail their rationalisation. Insodoing, however, these representations marginalise the violence inflicted upon casualties from ethical consideration. They do so while obscuring how that marginalisation occurs, as newsreaders are prompted to see themselves as distanced from these events and to focus upon that distance, rather than on how absences are being given significance in the public sphere. Using the historical affiliation with lynching, the thesis concludes that an ethical witnessing of covert counter-terrorism through its residue cannot be based on an attempt to recognise and 'recover' lived experiences of suffering from rumours and debris. Rather, ethical witnessing would involve an awareness of how distance is constructed through that residue, and how this gives unspoken meaning to absence.

abstract: Saying, "if Mary had watered Sam's plant, it wouldn't have died," is an ordinary way to identify Mary not watering Sam's plant as the cause of its death. But there are problems with this statement. If we identify Mary's omitted action as the cause, we seemingly admit an inordinate number of omissions as causes. For any counterfactual statement containing the omitted action is true (e.g. if Hillary Clinton had watered Sam's plant, it wouldn't have died). The statement, moreover, is mysterious because it is not clear why one protasis is more salient than any alternatives such as "if Sam hadn't gone to Bismarck." In the burgeoning field of experimental metaphysics, some theorists have tried to account for these intuitions about omissive causes. By synthesizing this data and providing a few experiments, I will suggest that judgments - and maybe metaphysics - about omissive causes necessarily have a normative feature. This understanding of omissive causes may be able to adequately resolve the problems above. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Philosophy 2013

La thèse intitulée « La différance comme déconstruction de la violence : des jeux, des traces et des silences » nous révèle le jeu stérile, la trace fertile et l’ironie muette de la philosophie contemporaine.L’enquête sur la différance avec un « a », une singularité derridienne, est donc un jeu linguistique et, en même temps, un enjeu métaphysique entre la disparition et l’apparition. Jacques Derrida écrit : « En toute exposition elle (la différance) serait exposée à disparaître comme disparition. Elle risquerait d’apparaître : de disparaître». En 1968, il a prononcé sa fameuse conférence, « la différance », à la Société française de philosophie. La différance est lancée avec une disparition et avec une apparition. Le « e » a disparu mais le « a » est apparu. Il s’agit de cette « différance » avec ce jeu entre le « e » et le « a » et ce jeu est apparemment perturbant et violent. L’absence du « e » est violence et la présence du « a » est violence.La différance est violente envers la violence. Ce terme nouveau est à l’origine d’une déconstruction et d’un déplacement, d’un changement de sens de la « différence ». Derrida a mal orthographié v(i)olontairement la différence pour faire ressortir une dimension plus profonde de la présence et de l’absence dans la signification. Il rattache certaines catégories à la différance comme le jeu, le silence, l’évasion, la rupture, la violence, la rature, la négativité, le non-espace, le non-nom, etc. La différance est un concept du concept, du méta-concept et du non-concept – un concept de la différence, un concept hors de la différence, un concept de non-différence –. C’est une écriture sur l’écriture, une non-écriture, une violence sur la violence, une non-violence.Globalement, cette recherche sur la différance se situe donc dans une perspective de la violence de la présence à l’absence ; elle donne trois lectures à la violence de la différance : une lecture du jeu, une lecture de la trace et une lecture du silence.La première lecture est « jeu ». Elle présente les jeux de la différance. Derrida joue des jeux métaphysiques dans le champ de la différance comme à son habitude. La différance est un jeu parce qu’elle ne veut rien proposer. Et, ne rien proposer, c’est « jouer à jouir », jouer sans arrêt. La différance comme un jeu oblige ses lecteurs à faire une déconstruction de toutes les propositions. Elle nage parmi les Positions contradictoires. Derrida écrit : « Le concept de jeu se tient au-delà de cette opposition ».La deuxième lecture de la différance est la trace. Ne sommes-nous pas toujours déjà tracés ? Pourrions-nous être totalement libérés de la trace des autres ? Tout est dans le cercle de trace. Derrida écrit dans Glas : « C’est pourquoi il n’y a ici que des traces, des traces de traces sans tracé, ou si vous voulez des tracés qui ne traquent et ne retracent que d’autres textes, (…) » Derrida, même ouvertement, accepte d’être influencé par plusieurs pensées. Or, nous énumérons cinq traces importantes dans la différance – Rousseau, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger et Levinas – ; certainement, il y en aura beaucoup plus. La troisième lecture est le silence. Elle remarque une perte silencieuse dans la différance entre le « e » et le « a ». La différance est un projet politique, une politique textuelle contre la souveraineté de la parole pour que la parole réalise sa faiblesse et son absence. Ce qui nous intéresse dans cette politique est qu’une politique du silence se déploie dans la différance. Par sa différance, Derrida lance sa recherche envers une absence présente, envers un mutisme brillant et envers un vide existentiel. [...] / This thesis entitled "Difference as deconstruction of violence : plays, traces and silences" reveals the sterile play, the fertile trace and the ironical silence of postmodern thinking.The inquiry on differance with an "a", a derridien singularity, is a linguistic play and, at the same time, a metaphysical challenge between disappearing and appearing. Jacques Derrida writes : « En toute exposition elle (la différance) serait exposée à disparaître comme disparition. Elle risquerait d’apparaître : de disparaître » (Jacques Derrida. Marges de la Philosophie. Paris : Les Éditions de Minuit, 1972, p. 6.) In 1968, he delivered his famous lecture, "Differance", to the philosophical community. Differance is launched into philosophy with a disappearance and with an appearance. The "e" has disappeared but the "a" has appeared. This "differance" with it’s game between the "e" and the "a" is apparently disturbing and violent. The absence of "e" is violence and the presence of "a" is violence.In this particular thesis, Differance is violent towards violence. This new term originates from the deconstruction by its displacement and by its change of meaning. Derrida misspelled willingly “difference” in order to bring out a deeper dimension of presence and absence in the semantic economy. He attaches certain categories to differance such as play, silence, escape, rupture, violence, erasure, negativity, non-space, non-name, etc. Differance is a concept of concept, a meta-concept and a non-concept - a concept of difference, a concept out of difference, a concept of non-difference. It is a writing on writing, a non-writing, a violence on violence, a non-violence.Overall, this research on differance is therefore oriented in the perspective of “violence of presence to absence” ; It gives three readings to the violence of differance : a playful reading, a traced reading and a silent reading.The first reading is "play". It presents the plays of differance. As usual Derrida plays metaphysical games in the court of differance. Differance wants to remain playful because it does not want to propose anything ; and, to propose nothing is « jouer à jouir » (Jacques Derrida. Glas. Paris : Éditions Galilée, 1974, p. 77), play continuously (Cf. Sarah Kofman, Lectures de Derrida. Paris, Éditions Galilée, 1984, p. 39.). Differance as play obliges its readers to make a deconstruction of all propositions. It swims among and across the contradictory positions. Derrida writes : « Le concept de jeu se tient au-delà de cette opposition » (Derrida. Marges. op.cit. p. 4.).The second reading on differance is trace. Are we not already traced? Could we be totally free from the traces of others? Everything is in the circle of trace. Derrida writes in Glas : « C’est pourquoi il n’y a ici que des traces, des traces de traces sans tracé, ou si vous voulez des tracés qui ne traquent et ne retracent que d’autres textes, (…) » (Derrida. Glas. op.cit. pp. 92-93). Derrida, even openly accepts to have been influenced by several thinkers. (Cf. « La Déconstruction et l’Autre : entretien par Richard Kearney avec Derrida » in Les Temps Modernes : Derrida L’événement déconstruction, N°669 /670, 67° année juillet/octobre 2012, p. 10. Derrida says : « Ma formation philosophique doit beaucoup à la pensée de Hegel, Husserl et Heidegger. Heidegger est probablement l’influence la plus constante, en particulier son projet de ‘dépassement’ de la métaphysique grecque. ») Here, we point out just five important traces in differance - Rousseau, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger and Levinas -; Certainly, there are many more. The third reading is silence. This research indicates a silent loss in the differance between "e" and "a". Differance is a political project, a textual politic against the sovereignty of speech so that speech realizes its weakness and its absence. That which interests us in this politic is that there is a political silence is expressed in differance. Through his differance,[...]

The study focussed on the effectiveness of control measures for dealing with absenteeism of educators with specific reference to selected schools at Libode District in the Province of the Eastern Cape. It identified the policy framework including rules and regulations relating to the absenteeism of educators. It assessed the effectiveness of control measures which are currently at the disposal of the selected schools and it also investigated the challenges faced by school principals in addressing the challenge of absenteeism of educators in the selected schools. A qualitative research methodology was used in undertaking the study. Purposive sampling was used to select the schools and participants for the study. Participants were comprised of school principals and Education Development Officers. Data was collected through structured and semi-structured interviews. Literature study showed that the management of educator absenteeism is an important aspect of Human Resource Management in schools. Furthermore, the study found that control measures for dealing with absenteeism are not properly applied in many schools and there is no consistency in the manner in which they are utilised by school principals. The study also found that school principals are struggling to manage absenteeism to the extent that some of them are not sure how to deal with educators who abuse leave. The study recommends that school principals should be empowered on leave management through various forms of training which include workshops.

Fundamentally, this thesis explores emigration, exile and diaspora as central experiences of contemporary Cuban society and culture but, crucially, understands the processes of experience as lived mutually and simultaneously by both those who emigrate and those who do not. Through interviews conducted in Cuba, the biographical narratives of those who have not emigrated serve to interrogate some assumptions that characterise the study of Cuba and attempt to account for the complexity of the Cuban cultural encounter with emigration, exile and diaspora since 1959. A generational approach is employed to better understand how the absence of family members, friends, colleagues and compatriots has been experienced over several generations of Cubans living on the island. Intertwined discourses of migration mediate various iterations of national, family and interpersonal relationships through complex and often conflictive emotional and psychological processes of separation and absence over time. The manner in which the absences of those who have left are articulated in the imaginations of those who have stayed can cast a certain degree of illumination upon how exile and emigration have been lived in contemporary Cuba, not exclusively as political or economic experiences, but as nuanced social and cultural experiences of diaspora.

Sport clubs has identified that they having a high average age of their boards and has difficulties inrecruiting young people. Participation and influence is one of the sport’s purposes, but the concepts areambiguous when young people has a different meaning for the concepts than sport has. If young peopleare excluded from boards the sport clubs will not fulfill their most important purpose and developmenttend to decreases. This study has studied the motives of young people to engage in sport boards and whatperceptions chairman of the sports associations have about young organization leaders. By interviews withyoung organization leaders and chairmans of various sports clubs have problems with the lack of youngpeople in sports boards surveyed identified. The study aims to inform what motivate and what experiencesfrom board appointments young people have and find out what basic assumptions chairmans have ofyoung people. The results show that young people sitting in a sports board says that they have chosen toengage in the work of the board because of to be involved in the development of sport. They think it is funand good experience for future jobs. Lack of time was anything negative to board work generated in. Thechairmen believe that it is good if there are younger people in the board, but it is difficult to recruit youngpeople to the board. It is important to have diversity in a board to develop and improve the sports club.Because of that, it was found that young people feel they are a part of the board but there is an lack ofknowledge of young organization leaders and these claims are explained by generational difference.

This dissertation consists of three papers studying the relationship between paid leave policies and work and informal care outcomes among older workers. Paper one investigates whether different types of paid leave provided by employers are associated with the supply of elder care. Paper two examines the role of paid leave in determining labor market outcomes for older workers with a family member who experiences a health decline. Paper three analyzes the case in South Korea -- how leave policies influence labor market outcomes for older workers with a spouse who experiences a health decline.

No description available.

Father absence is the experience of children who grow up in households without their biological father. The African American population experiences the highest level of father absence of all demographic groups in the United States. Research shows that father absence influences school behavior. There is a lack of literature evaluating the extent to which father absence affects children, particularly African American boys, at different stages of development. This quantitative study was used to evaluate how father absence affected school behavior of African American boys, ages 13-15, in the middle school setting, in Houston, TX. Guided by attachment theory, the research question for this study asked how father absence impacts the school behavior of African American boys between the ages of 13 and 15 from mother-only homes when compared to school behavior of African American boys from intact families. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine overall and types of externalizing behavior of 60 purposive sampled participants identified from the Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher Report Scale subscales. Results indicated that African American boys from father absent homes displayed an overall higher rate of externalizing behavior than same- aged peers from intact families on all 3 dependent variables (Overall, Rule-Breaking, and Aggressive Behavior). This study is an important contribution to the existing literature and enhances social change initiatives by bringing increased focus on school behavior, adolescent behavior, middle school practices, and behavior interventions. Specifically, the results of this study can be used by educational stakeholders to develop early intervention and prevention programs to address behaviors associated with the absent father experience.