In many multilingual communities around the world, speakers need to choose, often at an unconscious level, which language to use in their interactions with other members of the community. One of the choices that bilingual speakers often make is to code switch; that is, speakers switch back and forth between languages (or varieties of the same language), even within the same utterance. This article reviews the major theoretical approaches that have been proposed to answer the question of why bilingual speakers choose to code switch.

This exploratory study aimed to investigate how private tourist accommodation owners on Gotland perceive, value and act upon sustainability. The overall aim of the research was to examine their actions in the context of circular economy, to see if they share municipalities visions of becoming a sustainable society. A qualitative method, with semi-structured interviews and a online content research based on their accommodation offers was conducted. Challenges and value conflicts of owners were identified. This research concludes that awareness of entrepreneurial practices, knowledge and collaboration are needed to overcome challenges that these owners encounter and help foster sustainable development. This study offers ideas for future research.

La surveillance et l'amélioration des modes de fonctionnement des systèmes propulsifs des lanceurs représentent des défis majeurs de l'industrie aérospatiale. En effet, une défaillance ou un dysfonctionnement du système propulsif peut avoir un impact significatif pour les clients institutionnels ou privés et entraîner des catastrophes environnementales ou humaines. Des systèmes de gestion de la santé (HMS) pour les moteurs fusée à ergols liquides (LPREs), ont été mis au point pour tenir compte des défis actuels en abordant les questions de sureté et de fiabilité. Leur objectif initial est de détecter les pannes ou dysfonctionnements, de les localiser et de prendre une décision à l’aide de Redlines et de systèmes experts. Cependant, ces méthodes peuvent induire de fausses alarmes ou des non-détections de pannes pouvant être critiques pour la sécurité et la fiabilité des opérations. Ainsi, les travaux actuels visent à éliminer certaines pannes critiques, mais aussi diminuer les arrêts intempestifs. Les données disponibles étant limitées, des méthodes à base de modèles sont essentiellement utilisées. La première tâche consiste à détecter les défaillances de composants et/ou d'instruments à l'aide de méthodes de détection et de localisation de fautes (FDI). Si la faute est considérée comme mineure, des actions de « non-arrêt » sont définies pour maintenir les performances de l'ensemble du système à un niveau proche de celles souhaitées et préserver les conditions de stabilité. Il est donc nécessaire d’effectuer une reconfiguration robuste (incertitudes, perturbations inconnues) du moteur. Les saturations en entrée doivent également être prises en compte dans la conception de la loi de commande, les signaux de commande étant limités en raison des caractéristiques ou performances des actionneurs physiques. Les trois objectifs de cette thèse sont donc : la modélisation des différents sous-systèmes principaux d’un LPRE, le développement d’algorithmes de FDI sur la base des modèles établis et la définition d’un système de reconfiguration du moteur en temps réel pour compenser certains types de pannes. Le système de FDI et Reconfiguration (FDIR) développé sur la base de ces trois objectifs a ensuite été validé à l’aide de simulations avec CARINS (CNES) et du banc d’essai MASCOTTE (CNES/ONERA). / Monitoring and improving the operating modes of launcher propulsion systems are major challenges in the aerospace industry. A failure or malfunction of the propulsion system can have a significant impact for institutional or private customers and results in environmental or human catastrophes. Health Management Systems (HMS) for liquid propellant rocket engines (LPREs), have been developed to take into account the current challenges by addressing safety and reliability issues. Their objective was initially to detect failures or malfunctions, isolate them and take a decision using Redlines and Expert Systems. However, those methods can induce false alarms or undetected failures that can be critical for the operation safety and reliability. Hence, current works aim at eliminating some catastrophic failures but also to mitigate benign shutdowns to non-shutdown actions. Since databases are not always sufficient to use efficiently data-based analysis methods, model-based methods are essentially used. The first task is to detect component and / or instrument failures with Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) approaches. If the failure is minor, non-shutdown actions must be defined to maintain the overall system current performances close to the desirable ones and preserve stability conditions. For this reason, it is required to perform a robust (uncertainties, unknown disturbances) reconfiguration of the engine. Input saturation should also be considered in the control law design since unlimited control signals are not available due to physical actuators characteristics or performances. The three objectives of this thesis are therefore: the modeling of the different main subsystems of a LPRE, the development of FDI algorithms from the previously developed models and the definition of a real-time engine reconfiguration system to compensate for certain types of failures. The developed FDI and Reconfiguration (FDIR) scheme based on those three objectives has then been validated with the help of simulations with CARINS (CNES) and the MASCOTTE test bench (CNES/ONERA).

The subject of diploma thesis is the design of a hotel in the cadastral area of Kozlovice u Přerova. The building is designed for short term accommodation. The building has three floors and with partial basement. The hotel has the wellness zone in basement and the restaurant on the first floor. On the second and thirt floor there are rooms for guests. Before the hotel is a parking. From the construction point of wiev the building is designed as an object made of clay brick with reinforced concrete floor. The building has warm flat roof. The hotel is insulated with mineral wool. The building has ventilated facade.

This diploma thesis elaborates project documentation for the construction of building. The object is located in the mountain area in Pec pod Sněžkou. The acommoation house is designed as a building for fooding and lodging. The building has three stories. Ground floor is nonresidental and partly on slop. There are garages, bicycle storage and staffroom. On the first floor there is a small restaurant and rooms for accommodation. From those rooms you can go on the ground or terrace. The second floor is entirely residential. The total accommodation capacity of the hotel is 46 people.

The aim of this study is to investigate how heads of schools perceive multilingualism as a resource for learning and to what extent the process of writing and implementing language policies has provided a support for developing a multilingual view on languages in schools. This is done in accordance with the multilingual turn, which states that although a multilingual view on languages has spread in the global North in recent decades due to globalization and migration, a monolinguistic hegemony still persists in countries such as Sweden. Qualitative interviews were carried out with three heads of schools in Sweden and the findings of the study are discussed in relation to theories on school development and a framework for critical reflection on multilingualism. The results show that although the interviewed heads of schools express a positive understanding of and attitude towards multilingualism and language policies, traces of a deficit discourse can be found in their answers and their teachers struggle to make multilingualism a natural part of their everyday school practice. Multilingualism and multilingual children and pupils are at times seen as problems rather than resources. Furthermore, the monolingual norm is still visible in the interviews and teachers seem stuck in the assimilation stage and heads of schools unable to overbridge the gap between ostensive and performative aspects of school development. Implications of the findings are that heads of schools as well as teachers need to further develop a multilingual and diversified view on languages as a resource for learning in order to facilitate learning for multilingual children and pupils.

The diploma thesis is the proposal of the pilgrimage church with the addition of the second functional unit as the pilgrimage area near to the stream „Svatá voda – Kaménka“. The proposal claims to raise former pilgrimage area and natural element, and also to provide spiritual and psychological support to pilgrims/visitors. For that reason, there are provided residential programs in the area. The building program corresponds to demanding enter and capacity. Capacity of the church is up to 250 people, in the main liturgical space on the ground floor. The growth is possible on the gallery on the second and third floor. Areal also including restaurant, lecture hall and spiritual centre. That works on a spiritual stay program for singles or couples. There is also a meditation garden and parking lot aloof.

The diploma project handles the design of the synagogue and buildings of the Jewish community in Opava. The project is formed as an architectural study. Apart from the synagogue, the design also includes a mixed-use building under the administration of the Jewish community. This building combines several departments – a kosher restaurant, which is adapted to prepare meals according to Jewish eating habits, workshop rooms, administration of the Jewish community and community library. These departments are supplemented by temporary accommodation and starter flats for students and by two commercial units. The entire complex is complemented by underground parking and the necessary technical facilities. There was an original synagogue in the area, which was burned down by the Nazis and the only remnant here is the building of the former rabbinic house, now serving as the seat of the Christian Association. The basis of the concept is the legible urbanism of the design, which connects the polyfunctional building to the block type design of the surrounding buildings, allowing the synagogue itself to stand out as a solitary object. Its orientation creates a public space with the entrances to the synagogue and the outside seating of kosher restaurant. An architectural language of simple lines was chosen for both objects. The contrast and emphasis on the importance of the synagogue over the other object is achieved by the used materials. The monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton was chosen as the construction principle, the layout is different according to the departments of the individual parts of the design.

According to the Swedish library law from 2013 it is the duty of the library to prioritize diverse groups. These minorities include people who speak other first languages than Swedish, the Swedish national minorities, children and adolescents and people with disabilities. People with disabilities is the focus of this study. A big difficulty with the formulation in the library law is that there are many kinds of disabilities that all have varying forms. Regarding the language, there exist different terms for this priority group. This study uses semi structured interviews with four public–librarians from different libraries in the Stockholm region. Based on critical theory with Foucaults theory of power (which focuses on structural relations in society) as a core and conceptual history for analysis, we aim to analyze and discuss the collected material. We want to get an idea of how public librarians are working to make the library accessible for everyone and how their everyday language and the words they are using affects how they view the group of people with disabilities. The pattern that accurses based on both the answers from the interviews and scientific studies shows that larger forms of accessibility have to be in the building plan from the start, since it is difficult to do later. Smaller forms of accessibility such as noise dampening fabrics or earmuffs can serve well for many library visitors and that outreaching work and activities for people with disability often is performed by one person in particular in the workforce. Colleagues are perceived as perverse and nervous and seems to think that the group of disabled people are more difficult to handle than other visitors and are scared to do something wrong.     The conclusion is that availability happens in both the physical room and in the personal treatment and that outreaching to people with disabilities is key to make more people come to the library. The term usage is decided more by the single librarian than the work-team, which can result in misunderstandings. Education to get more personnel to be more comfortable in meeting people with different grades of functionality could be important to bring into future librarian education since several of the librarians we have spoken to can look back on their education and see that it was missing this particular question. We believe that more studies about accessibility and disability would bring more perspectives and a more scientific base to develop work towards the group in question would be important to the research-field Library- and Information Science. / Enligt svensk bibliotekslag från år 2013 är det bibliotekens uppgift att prioritera olika grupper. Dessa minoritetsgrupper innefattar de nationella minoritetsspråken, svenska som andraspråk, barn och unga samt personer med funktionsnedsättning. Funktionsnedsatta är den grupp denna uppsats fokuserar på. En stor svårighet med formuleringen i bibliotekslagen är att det finns många olika funktionsnedsättningar som alla har varierande form. Även språkligt finns det olika termer att använda för sagda målgrupp. Studien utgår från semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra bibliotekarier från olika bibliotek inom region Stockholm. Med hjälp av kritisk teori där Foucaults maktteori (som fokuserar på strukturella förhållanden i samhället) är kärnan och med begreppshistoria som analysmetod ämnar vi analysera och diskutera vårt insamlade material. Vi vill få en uppfattning om hur folkbibliotekarier arbetar för att göra biblioteket till en plats som är tillgänglig för alla, samt att se hur deras dagliga språk och vilka ord de använder påverkar hur de ser på målgruppen personer med funktionsnedsättning. Mönster som kommer igen från informanternas svar samt vetenskapliga texter innefattar hur större anpassningar i lokaler bör finnas med från att lokalen byggs då det är svårt att få igenom senare, att mindre åtgärder som ljuddämpande tyger eller hörselkåpor kan hjälpa många besökare, samt att uppsökande verksamhet och aktiviteter för personer med funktionsnedsättning ofta hamnar på en specifik person i personalstyrkan. Kollegor uppfattas motsträviga och nervösa och bilden finns att det skulle vara svårare att bemöta denna grupp än andra och att de är rädda att göra fel.    Slutsatsen av studien visar att tillgänglighet sker både i fysiska rummet och i det personliga bemötandet där uppsökande verksamhet är en nyckel för att få personer med funktionsnedsättningar att komma till biblioteket. Term-användning beslutas mer av den enskilda bibliotekarien än av arbetslagen, vilket kan leda till missförstånd i kommunikationen. Utbildning för att få personal att bli mer bekväma med att möta personer av olika grader av funktionalitet kan vara viktigt att ta in i framtida bibliotekarieutbildningar då flera av informanterna kan se tillbaka på sina utbildningar och sakna det. Vidare studier inom detta område för att lyfta fler perspektiv och ge en mer vetenskaplig grund att utveckla verksamhet mot gruppen i fråga skulle forskningsfältet Bibliotek- och Informationsvetenskap tjäna på.

It is well known that international project teams and collaboration partners are operating in complex cultural settings influenced by factors such as postcolonial power dynamics, communication differences and dissynergies in motivation. Such discrepancies may have impeding effects on end-results, according to some scholars of intercultural communication. This paper aims to explore similarities and differences in communication and collaboration perspectives through the lens of Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) and Face Negotiation Theory (FNT). It does so by analysing qualitative data collected through in depth interviews with project team members from the NGO sector and the government in Cambodia. The project serving as an example case for this study is “An Inclusive Labour Market in Cambodia - Support to People with Disabilities 2021-2023”. The project is a collaboration between a Swedish government agency, five Cambodian NGOs, and a Finnish NGO as well as a number of international organisations operating in Cambodia. The Cambodian government, in particular National Employment Agency, (NEA), are also involved to anchor project results on a systematic level and create sustainability after the end of the project implementation period. The study agrees with postcolonial perspectives of international development and puts the Cambodian project partners’ perspective at the core of the analysis. In doing so, the aim is to outline and analyse differences and similarities found among representatives from different Cambodian stakeholders. In short, the key findings focus on how to strengthen communication and collaboration for more sustainable outcomes. In doing so, the study hopes to make a valuable contribution towards disability inclusion on the Cambodian labour market.