在語言學文獻上，對於音段在連併音節上的研究已非常眾多且詳細。而目前也有不少學者開始處理音節連併的超音段(聲調)部分，但是大多數研究是從音韻學的觀點。本文試圖從聲學語音學的角度，檢驗連併音節的產生與說話者的速度、說話者對內容熟悉度之間的關係；及分析連併音節的基頻與其音節長度。實驗統計結果證實說話者的速度與內容熟悉度的確與連併音節成正相關。三名以台灣地區的國語為母語的受試者，被要求分別錄製五段短文，各短文裡分別有數十個可能產生雙音節連併的詞組。在連併音節的基頻分析結果顯示，呈現出些微降調及升調兩種調型。我們並且發現，連併前的聲調起始值(onset)為產生連併聲調的最佳基本單位，我們也歸納出兩條規則來加以解釋。另外，在連併音節的長度分析結果顯示，連併音節所需的時間單位比起一般音節更短。綜合以上結果，我們暸解除了可經由規則推論出連併音節的調型之外，在語音的面向上，這些連併聲調皆呈現出較窄的調域、居中的調值和較短時間等的特徵。因此從本研究的結果顯示，我們較傾向支持連併音節是類似於輕重音表現的說法，而不再局限於本身的調值的衍算與否。另外，對於在我們分析過程所發現伴隨著連併音節的鼻音現象，證明了一般認為在快速語流中，共同發音所產生的自然現象，也給予了認為鼻音是另屬一個自主音段的說法更進一步的實證支持。 / Segment deletion or merger in contracted syllables has been well understood in the literature. Several researchers have also been investigating the tones in contracted syllables. However, most of their researches are based on phonology. The present study analyzes the tones in disyllabic contraction by examining its relationship with speech rate and familiarity. It also analyzes the fundamental frequency (F0) and duration of the contracted tones. An experiment was conducted to explore the idea that familiarity with the test materials and the rate of speech correlate positively with the occurrences of tone contraction. Three native speakers of Mandarin Chinese (in Taiwan region) recorded five paragraphs, each of which contains dozens of possible disyllabic contractions. Analysis of F0 reveals that there are basically two types of tonal shapes of contracted syllables—slightly falling and rising; and the onsets of the original syllable tonal units are the most adequate portions of forming a contracted tone. Two governing rules were generalized from various the findings of the experiments. Results of duration indicate less time is taken by a contracted syllable than an uncontracted one. The findings of this study provide support for the view that the contours of the contracted tones are predicted by rules. They also show that much of the variability of F0 contours in contracted syllables exhibits a fixed tonal pattern (narrower pith range, more middle tonal height, and shorter length) and that contracted tones has an accentual character in essence. In addition, the nasality accompanying contracted syllables in this study provides testimony to the natural co-occurrence of nasal and oral features in fast speech and at the same time also give support to the hypothesis that nasality acts on a separate autosegmental tier.

In the light of the Theory of Variation and Change and Generative Phonology, in this study, aims to investigate the performance of a segment /R/ in the community of Porto da Rua (in the northern coast of Alagoas). The phonetic environment in which this realization occurs was determined, as well as the influence of extralinguistic factors analysed. The corpus for this research consisted of 48 informants among men and women born in the community. The categorization of data and statistical analysis were done using the package VARBRUL. Data were coded according to linguistic and social groups of factors (GF). The results indicated that the variant under study may be undergoing a process of linguistic change, since those responsible for spreading the informants are not in school and age over 50 years. Data collection was done through recordings with spontaneous narratives. The objective is thus to study the correlation between linguistic phenomena and stratified external variables (gender, age and education). / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / À luz da Teoria da Variação e Mudança e da Fonologia gerativa, pretendeu-se, neste estudo, investigar a realização de um segmento /R/ na comunidade de Porto da Rua (litoral norte de Alagoas). Determinamos o ambiente fonético em que essa realização ocorre e verificamos a influência de fatores extralinguísticos. O corpus para a pesquisa constituiu-se de dados de fala, gravados em áudio, de textos espontâneos produzidos por 48 informantes, homens e mulheres nascidos (e que viveram sempre) na comunidade. A categorização dos dados e a análise estatística foram feitas com a utilização do pacote VARBRUL. Os dados foram codificados de acordo com grupos de fatores (GF) linguísticos e sociais. Objetivou-se, dessa forma, estudar a correlação entre fenômenos linguísticos e variáveis externas estratificadas (sexo, faixa etária e escolarização). Os resultados indicaram que a variante em estudo pode estar passando por um processo de mudança linguística, uma vez que os responsáveis pela sua realização são os informantes não escolarizados e a faixa etária com mais de 50 anos.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un travail descriptif en phonétique acoustique, avec comme objet d'étude les productions des voyelles du luxembourgeois dans la parole native et non native. L'intérêt est de concilier la variation du luxembourgeois, une langue principalement parlée, composée de nombreuses variétés régionales, évoluant dans un contexte multilingue, et son apprentissage dans le cadre de l'enseignement des langues étrangères au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Comme nous partons du fait que l'apprentissage d'une langue implique la connaissance des traits contrastifs des sons, nous nous intéressons aux productions de locuteurs dont la langue maternelle possède des traits différents de ceux du luxembourgeois, comme le français, afin de voir si ces traits sont reproduits dans la parole non native. Les productions vocaliques de locuteurs francophones sont étudiées en comparaison aux productions de locuteurs natifs de la région située autour de la capitale du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, dont la variété sert de référence à l'enseignement du luxembourgeois en tant que langue étrangère. Le but de l'analyse est :- d'étendre les descriptions sur les propriétés acoustiques des voyelles produites dans une variété régionale du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg,- de relever les difficultés de productions de locuteurs francophones qui apprennent le luxembourgeois,- d'interpréter les résultats dans le cadre de l'enseignement du luxembourgeois en tant que langue étrangère. Une partie importante du travail empirique a été consacrée à la collecte des données et la création d'un corpus obtenu à travers des enregistrements de 10 locuteurs luxembourgophones et de 10 locuteurs francophones. Le corpus de compose de 12h30 de parole lue et spontanée, incluant de la parole native et non native du luxembourgeois, ainsi que de la parole native du français. Ce corpus constitue un premier corpus sur la parole native et non native du luxembourgeois et permet de faire divers analyses comparatives. Dans notre étude, nous avons fait des analyses acoustiques sur les données de la parole lue. La méthodologie utilisée a permis d'effectuer des comparaisons entre les données de la parole native et non native du luxembourgeois ainsi qu'entre les données de la L1 et la L2 des francophones. Les résultats ont apporté des informations tant sur les productions natives que sur les productions non natives des voyelles. Ils ont montré que, d'un côté, les productions vocaliques varient en fonction des locuteurs, même si ceux-ci parlent la même variété régionale et, d'un autre côté, les locuteurs francophones apprenant le luxembourgeois en niveau B1/B2 ont des difficultés à produire les contrastes en luxembourgeois, à savoir :- la durée des voyelles longues [i:], [e:], [a:], [o:], [u:] et brèves [i], [e], [ɑ], [ɔ], [u],- le timbre de la voyelle longue [a:] et des voyelles brèves [æ] et [ɑ],- le timbre du début des diphtongues [æi], [æu], [ɑi], [ɑu].Ces résultats, ainsi que les descriptions approfondies sur les voyelles dans la parole native, enrichissent non seulement les connaissances sur le luxembourgeois, mais aussi sur la variété servant de référence au luxembourgeois en tant que langue étrangère. En outre, ils ouvrent des perspectives d'étude sur le luxembourgeois en problématisant l'instauration de règles pour ce type d'enseignement, malgré l'absence d'un enseignement suivi de la langue dans les écoles et l'évolution des variétés régionales sur un territoire géographique concentré. / This thesis is part of a descriptive work in acoustic phonetics, with the aim of studying the productions of Luxembourgish vowels in native and non-native speech. Its objective is to conciliate the variation of Luxembourgish, mainly a spoken language, composed of many regional varieties, evolving in a multilingual context, and the learning of Luxembourgish as a foreign language in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. As we assume the fact that language learning implies knowledge of sound contrast in speech, we investigate the productions of speakers whose mother tongues have different features than Luxembourgish, such as French, to see whether if the contrast are reproduced in non-native speech. Productions of French speakers are compared to those of native speakers from the region around the capital city of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, whose variety serves as a reference to the teaching of Luxembourgish as a foreign language. The purpose of the study is the following :- to extend the descriptions on the acoustic properties of vowels produced in a regional variety of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg,- to highlight the specific difficulties of productions by French learners of Luxembourgish,- to interpret the results regarding the teaching of Luxembourgish as a foreign language.Fieldwork and the creation of a corpus through recordings of 10 Luxembourg speakers and 10 French speakers are an important part of the empirical work. We obtained a corpus of 12 hours and a half of spoken and spontaneous speech, including native speech and not native of Luxembourgish and also native speech of French. This corpus represents a first corpus containing native and non-native speech of Luxembourgish and enables to conduct different comparative studies. In our thesis, we did comparative analyses of the data in read speech. The methodology we used made it possible to compare data of native and non-native speech and also data of the L1 and L2 of French speakers.The results gave information about native and non-native productions of vowels. They showed that, on the one hand, vowel productions vary among speakers, even if these speak the same regional variety and, on the other hand, French speakers who learn Luxembourgish at B1/B2 level have difficulties producing contrasts in Luxembourgish. This concerns :- the quantity of the long vowels [i:], [e:], [a:], [o:], [u:] and short vowels [i], [e], [ɑ], [ɔ], [u],- the quality of the long vowel [a:] and the two short vowels [æ] et [ɑ],- the quality of the beginning of the diphthongs [æi], [æu], [ɑi], [ɑu].These results as well as thorough descriptions of the vowels in native speech, extend knowledge not only of Luxembourgish, but also of the variety which serves as the reference for Luxembourgish as a foreign language. In addition, they open up prospects for studying Luxembourgish by problematizing the introduction of rules for this type of education, despite the absence of language instruction in schools and the evolution of regional varieties in a concentrated geographical area.

Orientador: Tânia Maria Alkmim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:14:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_CandidaMaraBritto_D.pdf: 3260900 bytes, checksum: 16c8b0a012edca7528784965aaa360a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho, desenvolvido no âmbito da Sociolingüística, é resultado de uma pesquisa que buscou investigar a variação e as atitudes relacionadas a um segmento lingüístico do falar campineiro: o /R/ em posição de coda silábica. A hipótese que norteou a pesquisa é que o rótico está em um estado mais avançado, se comparado a outras cidades do interior paulista, no que se refere ao enfraquecimento desse segmento, tendendo à vocalização ou ao apagamento. Esse enfraquecimento seria o responsável pela impressão, de oitiva, dos informantes que julgam pronunciar uma variante de /R/ avaliada como "intermediária" e indicada como característica do falar campineiro. A partir dessa proposição, busca-se analisar o processo de variação lingüística do /R/ em posição de coda silábica medial e final que parece ocorrer em Campinas e investigar as atitudes lingüísticas, nos termos de Schlieben-Lange (1993), procurando descrever os estereótipos e as atitudes relacionados à variável lingüística em questão. Para tanto, o corpus selecionado é composto por dados de doze informantes naturais de Campinas. Esses dados foram coletados mediante entrevista semi-diretiva e através da leitura de palavras e sentenças. Foram realizadas análises auditivas e acústicas do rótico com o intuito de verificar quais as variantes que concorrem em posição de coda silábica. Essas análises poderiam fornecer informações para que se possa compreender os depoimentos dos informantes campineiros. Os resultados alcançados nesta pesquisa mostram que há variação lingüística do rótico e que a variante mais freqüente é o /R/ caipira. Esse resultado contraria a alegada existência de um /R/ característico do falar campineiro / Abstract: This sociolinguistic work investigates the variation and social attitudes related to a linguistic segment of Campinas native accent: /R/ in syllabic coda position. The hypothesis that guided this research is that the rhotic is in a more advanced state than in other cities in the countryside of São Paulo as regards its attenuation, which causes it to be either vocalized or erased. This attenuation would be the responsible for the hearsay impression of the informants who believe to utter a variant of /R/ assessed as "intermediate" and seen as proper to Campinas native accent. We depart from this assumption in order to analyze the process of linguistic variation of /R/ in final and medial syllable coda position that appears to occur in Campinas, and to investigate linguistic attitudes (Schlieben-Lange, 1993). Our attempt is to describe the stereotype and attitudes related to the linguistic variety at stake. The corpus comprises data collected from twelve native inhabitants of Campinas. The informants were interviewed and had to read words and sentences. We undertook auditoryand acoustic analyses of the rhotic so as to verify which varieties co-occur in syllable coda position. Theses analyses could provide useful information to understand the accounts of the informants. The results evidence that there is linguistic variation of the rhotic and that the most frequent variety is caipira /R/. This finding contradicts the alleged existence of a typical Campinas /R/ / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'Angelis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T13:41:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_Marian_D.pdf: 2357927 bytes, checksum: e6e2cc48738a33d8b8686c96d51a9edd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nesta tese, apresenta-se um estudo fonético acústico das vogais orais, produzidas por pessoas com síndrome de Down, naturais de Vitória da Conquista - BA. Na pesquisa, conduzida com base nos pressupostos teóricos da teoria de produção da fala ou Teoria Fonte-Filtro, de Fant (1960), foi analisado um corpus de dados de fala de 08 sujeitos daquela localidade, sendo que 04 deles, 02 homens e 02 mulheres são pessoas com síndrome de Down e os outros 04, 02 homens e 02 mulheres, sem síndrome. Os dados, resultantes da leitura e/ou nomeação de 174 sintagmas nominais e/ou figuras projetadas em slides foram transcritos foneticamente. Posteriormente, foram codificadas 3.960 vogais das quais seriam extraídos, em script via Praat, os três primeiros formantes que totalizaram 11.880 dados, que foram submetidos a testes estatísticos. A análise partiu da hipótese de que as dificuldades de fala apresentadas por pessoas com síndrome de Down (SD) são ocasionadas pela hipotonia da musculatura orofacial e pela macroglossia ou cavidade oral pequena e que tais modificações no trato vocal desses sujeitos interferem no sinal acústico quando da produção dos sons vocálicos orais. Na análise que fizemos, utilizamos alguns parâmetros estatísticos que nos auxiliaram a discutir com maior precisão os resultados que obtivemos e também garantiram maior robustez aos dados, testes como Desvio Padrão (DP) que mede o quanto os valores de um conjunto de dados estão dispersos em relação à média, ao passo que a análise do Coeficiente de Variação CV nos permite verificar se as particularidades articulatórias dos sujeitos com Down acarreta maior ou menor variabilidade de produção das vogais orais se comparada com as dos sujeitos sem Down. Nossa hipótese é que a hipotonia acarreta menor controle articulatório o que traz como conseqüência maior variação na realização das vogais. Além desses, foi utilizado também o teste estatístico de comparação de médias usado foi o teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis (ou teste H, com post-test Dunn), através do qual avaliamos se as médias das freqüências formânticas das vogais eram significativamente diferentes nos diversos tipos silábicos pretônicos, tônico e postônicos, bem como avaliamos se as freqüências médias obtidas para as vogais produzidas por sujeito com Down nos diversos tipos silábicos eram significativamente diferentes daquelas produzidas por sujeito sem Down. Todos os testes estatísticos usados na pesquisa foram executados por meio do programa BioEst, 5.0. Os resultados nos permitem confirmar a hipótese geral dessa tese de que as alterações do trato vocal dos sujeitos com SD acarretariam em alteração da qualidade das vogais produzidas por esses sujeitos. Pela análise, percebemos como constante a ausência de relação entre padrão formântico e grau de tonicidade silábica encontrada para todas as vogais produzidas pelos indivíduos com a síndrome, isto é, aparentemente, os sujeitos com Down não distinguem a vogal pela sua tonicidade / Abstract: This thesis presents an acoustic-phonetic study of the oral vowels produced by people with Down syndrome, natives of Vitoria of Conquista (Bahia, BR). The survey, based on theoretical assumptions of the Source-Filter theory of speech production theory (Fant, 1960), was produced by making use of a corpus of speech data of 8 individuals from that locality, 4 of them with Down Syndrome (2 male and 2 female) and 4 without the syndrome (2 male and 2 female). The data resulting from the reading and/or enunciation of 174 noun phrases and/or figures projected on slides were transcribed phonetically. After that, 3960 vowels were identified, from these ones, the first three formants were extracted (in script via Praat) totaling 11.880 data, which were submitted to statistical analysis. The analysis was considered from the hypothesis that the speech difficulties of the people with Down syndrome (DS) are originated by the orofacial muscle hypotonia and macroglossia (small oral cavity); such modifications on the oral tract of these people interfere in the acoustic signal when oral vocalic sounds are produced. In the analysis we did, we used some statistical parameters which helped us to discuss more precisely the results obtained by us and guaranteed more robust data. Some statistical parameters used on the analysis were the Standard Deviation (SD), which measures how much the values of a set of data are disperse in relation to the average, and Coefficient of Variation (CV), which allow us to verify if the articulatory particularities of the people with Down syndrome result in higher or lower variability of production of the oral vowels in comparison to the people without Down syndrome. Our hypothesis is that hypotonia causes a minor articulatory control, which brings as a result greater variation in the realization of the vowels. We also made use of the statistical test of comparison of means; the method adopted was the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (or H-test, with Dunn post-test), through which we assessed whether the averages of the frequencies of the vocalic formants were significantly different in the distinct positions in the syllables with respect to stress (pretonic, tonic, and postonic position); in the same way we assessed whether the averages of the frequencies obtained for the vowels (in the distinct positions of stress) produced by people with DS were considerably different from those ones produced by people without DS. All the statistical tests used in this survey were run through the program BioEst, 5.0. The results allow us to confirm the general hypothesis of this thesis that changes in the vocal tract of individuals with Down syndrome would cause changes in the quality of vowels produced by these people. For the analysis, we see the constant relationship between formant pattern and degree of stress found for all syllabic vowels produced by individuals with the syndrome, that is, apparently, the subjects with Down syndrome do not distinguish the vowel by its tone / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Augusto de Souza Fontes.pdf: 4762004 bytes, checksum: c7ff5cc05505a43e5e72d43d7e407eb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / This thesis examines the vocal and visual links involved in emotion expression by developing a perceptual and acoustic experiment whose main objective is investigating the functions of the gestural prosody (vocal and visual) in the appraisal of seven basic emotions (Anger, Distaste, Fear, Happiness, Joy, Sadness and Shame) and valence (positive, neutral and negative). Its specific objectives are twofold: investigating the role of the vocal and visual gestures in identifying the basic emotions and discussing the interaction between the visual, vocal and semantic dimensions in the evaluation of the utterances constituting the research corpus so as to explore the links between gestural prosody and emotive expression. The research hypothesis is that there will be differences in the interpretation if visual or vocal cues are considered in isolation or together and that depending on the nature of the emotion or the semantic load of the utterance the visual or the vocal aspects will have a stronger influence on perceptual judgments. The relations between gestural prosody and emotional expression are investigated with the following analytical procedures and methods: acoustic analysis by means of measures extracted by the ExpressionEvaluator Script developed by Barbosa (2009); perceptual evaluation tests applied to a group of 34 judges using the Gtrace developed by MCKeownetal (2011) to identify valence (positiveness or negativeness) and a set of 7 basic emotions (joy, happiness, anger, shame, fear, sadness and distress); visual gestural description based on a visual profile which takes into account facial movements and their directionality; description of the voice quality settings by means of the application of the VPAS developed by Laver and Mackenzie (2007) as adapted to Portuguese by Camargo and Madureira (2008). The correlation among the variables was made by non-parametric tests applying the FAMD, MCA, PCA,HCPC and MFA methods. The results indicate that the VPAS variables Raised Larynx and High Pitch and the acoustic measures mednf0 and quan995f0 had a stronger influence in the correlations between the vocal gestures and the emotional expression. As evidences of the variables which emerged with wider significance and showed their strength in the formation of utterance clusters, vocal gestuality was interpreted in terms of metaphors of the emotions expressed in speech. The analysis of the role of the vocal and visual gestures in the identification of valence and emotions showed that VPAS variables and the Expression Evaluator measures were quite influential. VPAS had a weight to represent the vector space of the variables under study. Our hypothesis related to the integration between the semantic and vocal and visual dimensions were confirmed. Both visual and vocal prosody interact with the semantic domain, emphasizing or changing the semantic load of the utterances. The differences concerning the interpretation of visual or vocal cues taken in isolation or together were pointed out. It was also found that the identification of emotions and valence varied depending on the emotion category or on the specificity attributed to valence. As a conclusion the contributions of this work to evaluate the communicative relevance of the voice qualities in the expression of emotions in speech and the utterances better representing the analyzed emotions were discussed and the path taken in building up the work was traced / Esta tese aborda relações entre os gestos vocal e visual e a expressão emotiva por meio do desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa de natureza experimental que tem como objetivo geral investigar, com base na interpretação de resultados de testes de avaliação perceptiva e caracterização de propriedades fonético-acústicas e visuais, as funções da prosódia gestual (vocal e visual) na avaliação de sete emoções básicas (Alegria, Desgosto, Felicidade, Medo, Raiva, Tristeza, Vergonha) e da valência (positiva, negativa e neutra). Como objetivos específicos temos: investigar o papel do gestos vocal e visual na identificação das emoções básicas, refletir sobre a interação dos planos visual, vocal e semântico na avaliação das produções dos enunciados que constituem o corpus de pesquisa e as correlações entre a prosódia gestual e a expressão emotiva. Como hipóteses de pesquisa, postulamos que serão encontradas diferenças de interpretação se consideradas pistas visuais ou vocais isoladamente ou em conjunto e que, dependendo da natureza da emoção ou da carga semântica do enunciado, os aspectos visuais ou vocais poderão adquirir maior peso nos julgamentos. As correlações entre prosódia gestual e expressão emotiva são investigadas com base nos seguintes procedimentos e métodos analíticos: análise fonético-acústica por meio da aplicação do ExpressionEvaluator, script desenvolvido por Barbosa (2009); testes de avaliação perceptiva da valência e das sete emoções básicas realizados com o auxílio do ambiente GTrace, desenvolvido por McKeown et al (2012), e realizados por 34 juízes; descrição dos gestos visuais por meio de consideração das variáveis concernidas em termos de movimentação e direcionalidade em roteiro para avaliação de gestos faciais; descrição dos ajustes de qualidades de voz por meio do VPAS, desenvolvido por Laver et al (2007), com adaptação para o português por Camargo e Madureira (2008), o VPAS-PB. A correlação entre as variáveis é realizada por meio de testes não paramétricos com a utilização dos métodos de FAMD, MCA, PCA, HCPC e MFA. Os resultados revelam que as variáveis laringe elevada e pitch elevado avaliadas pelo VPAS e as medidas acústicas, mednf0 e quan995f0 apresentaram maior peso no estabelecimento das correlações entre a gestualidade vocal e a expressão de emoções na fala. Como evidências das variáveis que emergiram com maior significância e exerceram sua força na formação de clusters de enunciados, interpretamos a gestualidade vocal em termos de metáforas das emoções expressas na fala. A análise do papel dos gestos vocal e visual na identificação da valência e das emoções mostrou que as variáveis do VPAS e do ExpressionEvaluator foram muito influentes. O VPAS revelou-se com a maior força de representação do espaço vetorial das variáveis estudadas. Confirmamos nossas hipóteses de pesquisa em relação à interação do plano semântico e da prosódia visual e vocal. Tanto a prosódia visual quanto a vocal interagiram com o plano semântico, intensificando ou alterando a carga semântica dos enunciados. Foram encontradas diferenças de interpretação se consideradas pistas visuais ou vocais isoladamente ou em conjunto. Verificou-se que, para a identificação de emoções e para a aferição da positividade ou negatividade, a maior ou menor influência dos aspectos visuais ou vocais variou, dependendo da natureza da emoção e da especificidade da valência. Como conclusão, consideramos as contribuições deste trabalho para avaliar a relevância comunicativa da qualidade de voz na expressão de emoções na fala, apresentamos os enunciados que melhor representaram as emoções analisadas e avaliamos o percurso trilhado na construção da tese

Ce travail se focalise sur le parler du tarifit de la province de Nador, afin d’étudier la gémination dans cette variante du berbère, parlée au Maroc. Il s’agit d’une investigation articulatoire cinéradiographique et acoustique. Un aperçu général du système phonologique du tarifit est proposé. Dans la revue critique de l’état de la question, nous avons tenté, d’abord, de montrer les différents arguments relatifs à la représentation des géminées en un seul segment ou en une suite de deux segments. Nous avons ensuite évoqué les débats contradictoires sur les notions de tension et de gémination. Notre recherche est conduite dans le cadre du paradigme de la perturbation et des réajustements, en variant la vitesse d’élocution. Les résultats principaux dans le domaine acoustique montrent, pour toutes les consonnes, simples et géminées, produites en vitesse d'élocution normale ou rapide, que la durée de la tenue consonantique est l’indice principal qui permet de les distinguer. Au niveau articulatoire, l’étude du timing des paramètres articulatoires indique, entre autres, que c’est le contact apical, vélaire et uvulaire, plus long pour la géminée, qui est le paramètre préférentiel de la distinction phonologique simple vs. géminée. L’analyse des vues de profil donne les résultats suivants en ce qui concerne l’étendue de contact (mm) : a) l’étendue de contact des occlusives est systématiquement plus importante pour les géminées que pour les simples ; b) l’étendue de contact augmente de la consonne apical, au vélaire (réalisée plutôt palatale), puis à l’uvulaire. Les résultats sont discutés en termes de relations articulatori - acoustiques. / This work focuses on tarifit of the provinces of Nador, in order to study gemination in this variant of Berber spoken in Morocco. This is an acoustic and articulatory X-ray investigation. A general overview of the tarifit phonological system is proposed. In a critical review of the literature, we tried, first, to show the different arguments concerning representation of geminates as one or as a sequence of two segments. We then discussed the contradictory debates on the concepts of tension and gemination. Our research is carried out within the perturbation and readjustments paradigm, by varying speech rates. Main results in the acoustic domain show for all consonants, singletons and geminates, produced in normal or fast speech, that consonantal closure is the main cue that allows distinguishing them. On the articulatory level, the study of the timing of articulatory parameters indicates, among other things, that it is the apical, velar and uvular contact, longer for geminates, which is the preferred parameter of the singleton vs. geminate phonological distinction. Analysis of profile views gives the following results regarding contact extent (mm) : a) contact extent for plosives are systematically larger for geminates than for singletons ; b) contact extent increases as one goes from the apical consonant to the velar (rather palatal) consonant, then to the uvular consonant. Results are discussed in terms of articulatory - acoustic relations.

For this study, two groups of native Icelandic speakers were compared in terms of the acoustic properties of their English pronunciation of two phonetic phenomena, plosives and pre-aspiration. In English, plosives with the same manner and place of articulation are distinguished by means of a voicing contrast, whereas in Icelandic, plosives are distinguished by means of an aspiration contrast. This study examines whether participants exhibit interlanguage features in their plosive contrasts in English, substituting unaspirated voiceless plosives for voiced counterparts. Furthermore, this study looks at pre-aspiration, a phonetic feature of Icelandic, characterized by glottal friction following a short vowel preceding a fortis plosive (VhC). Pre-aspiration is not a feature of standard English varieties such as general American (GA) or received pronunciation (RP), and as such this study examines whether participants retain pre-aspiration in their English pronunciation or not. Participants numbered 16 in total, and were all L1 speakers of Icelandic, with eight in each group, four male and four female. The groups were divided by means of age differences, with the first group consisting of participants aged 20-26, and the second group of participants aged 44-50. Participants were asked to partake in a short informal interview, to read a short written passage, and to read a word list. The interview and readings were recorded and analysed using spectrograms and waveforms, and subsequently compared with English and Icelandic reference values for voice onset time (VOT), which vary between the two languages, and pre-aspiration duration in Icelandic. The two groups were also compared to determine whether there were any lingering differences between them. The conclusions drawn are that VOT in English and Icelandic may be more similar than assumed, and that participants shorten pre-aspiration duration or neutralize pre-aspiration when speaking English. However, the English production of the features are more similar to Icelandic than English. Furthermore, the results do not indicate any differences between the two age groups in terms of English pronunciation.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Passetti_RenataRegina_M.pdf: 2198292 bytes, checksum: 75f3471d8eeffbfb0346d7705e4ea136 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta dissertação avalia os efeitos causados ao sinal da fala pela transmissão telefônica de linhas móveis e, com isso, busca determinar o grau de modificação fonético-acústica intralocutor causado pelo filtro de banda do canal telefônico à voz habitual e os efeitos que a transmissão telefônica exerce sobre as vogais orais do português brasileiro, pelo estudo de parâmetros acústicos que são afetados por esse tipo de transmissão. As análises investigaram quais características acústicas eram modificadas e quais permaneciam inalteradas na fala de indivíduos diante da utilização de telefones celulares quando comparadas a gravações diretas. O corpus constitui-se de gravações de 10 locutores do sexo masculino, realizadas de forma simultânea nas condições via celular e direta, pelo posicionamento de um microfone em frente aos sujeitos enquanto falavam ao celular. As vogais orais do português brasileiro foram transcritas e segmentadas e, posteriormente, foi utilizado o script ForensicDataTrecking para extração automática das seguintes classes de parâmetros: frequência dos três primeiros formantes (F1, F2 e F3), frequência fundamental (F0), ênfase espectral, frequência de base da fundamental (baseline) e duração interpicos de F0 presentes no discurso. Foram conduzidas análises acústicas com o objetivo investigar os efeitos da transmissão telefônica sobre as vogais orais do português brasileiro, sobre os locutores e no espaço vocálico dos locutores. As análises foram validadas estatisticamente. Para a análise do efeito da transmissão telefônica sobre as vogais orais do português brasileiro, os resultados revelam alterações nas frequências do primeiro e o terceiro formante de, aproximadamente, 14%, na condição telefônica. Em relação às frequências do segundo formante, os resultados da análise de dispersão mostraram que a transmissão telefônica agiu de forma a aumentar artificialmente as frequências de vogais com baixos valores de F2 e a diminuir as frequências de vogais com altos valores de F2. Dos parâmetros acústicos investigados na análise dos efeitos da transmissão telefônica sobre os locutores, apenas a baseline e a duração interpicos de F0 não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as duas condições de gravação, indicando robustez aos efeitos da transmissão telefônica e podendo ser considerados como parâmetros eficazes na análise forense. Esta análise revelou, também, que a transmissão telefônica agia de maneira distinta nos sujeitos, o que permitiu que fossem agrupados a depender do parâmetro investigado. A análise do efeito telefônico no espaço vocálico dos sujeitos complementou os resultados das análises anteriores. De modo geral, observou-se um abaixamento global do espaço vocálico na gravação telefônica, influenciado pelo aumento nas frequências de F1. A diminuição dos valores de F2 para as vogais anteriores e o aumento nos valores deste formante para vogais posteriores comprimiu o espaço vocálico da maioria dos sujeitos. As modificações nas disposições das vogais têm implicações perceptuais, uma vez que o abaixamento e redução do espaço vocálico fizeram com que as vogais se situassem proximamente a regiões centrais, podendo soar como mais abertas no telefone celular / Abstract: This dissertation evaluates the effects to speech signal due to telephone transmission of mobile phones and seeks to determine the degree of intra-speaker acoustic-phonetic modification caused by the mobile phone band-pass filter to the speech signal and the telephone transmission effects over the Brazilian Portuguese oral vowels by the study of the acoustic parameters affected by this kind of transmission. The analysis investigated which are the acoustic cues which are modified and which cues remain undifferentiated in the speaker's speech by the use of a mobile phone in comparison to direct recordings. The corpus used consists of simultaneous recordings of 10 male speakers in two conditions: via mobile phone and face-to-face, by placing a microphone directly in front of the subjects. The Brazilian Portuguese oral vowels were segmented and transcribed and the ForensicDataEvaluator script was used to automatically extract the following acoustic parameters: three first formants frequencies (F1, F2 and F3), median of fundamental frequency (F0), spectral emphasis, fundamental frequency baseline and F0 inter-peaks duration. The acoustic analyses aimed at investigating the telephone transmission effects over the Brazilian Portuguese oral vowels, over the speakers and at the speakers¿ vowel space. The analyses were supported statistically. The analysis of the telephone transmission effect over the Brazilian Portuguese oral vowels showed variations of 14% in the frequencies of the first and the third formants. The analysis of the scatter plot of F2 values showed that the mobile phone band-pass filtering has an effect of shifting upwards vowels with low values of F2 and shifting downwards vowels with high values of F2. For the analysis of the telephone transmission effects over the speaker only the acoustic parameters "fundamental frequency baseline" and "F0 inter-peaks duration" did not show any difference statistically significant between the two recording conditions, demonstrating robustness to the telephone transmission effects, which make them able to be considered as powerful parameters for forensic analysis. This analysis also revealed that the telephone transmission affects the speakers in different ways, which set them into different groups of speakers depending on the parameter analyzed. The analysis of the telephone effect in the speakers¿ vowel space shed some light on the previous analyses. In general, the increase of the F1 values in the mobile phone situation caused a global downward displacement of the vowel space. The decrease of the F2 values for the front vowels and the increase of the values of this formant for back vowels reduced the area of the vowel space for the most of the subjects. The vowels rearrangement at the vowel space in the telephone situation has some perceptual implications, since the lowering and reduction of the vowel space made the vowels be placed at its center, which could result in hearing these vowels as more open over the mobile phone / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística