Promover a segurança viária no entorno escolar é uma estratégia que contribui para que sejam construídas cidades seguras, saudáveis e sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, este estudo é dedicado a identificar a influência das características da estrutura urbana na frequência e na severidade dos acidentes no entorno de escolas de educação básica de Porto Alegre. A análise da frequência e da severidade de acidentes foi conduzida através da estimação de modelos econométricos: binomial negativo e logit ordenado, respectivamente. Para esses, foram calculados os efeitos marginais, permitindo a observação da magnitude dos impactos das variáveis explicativas sobre as variáveis dependentes. As variáveis dependentes frequência e severidade foram extraídas dos acidentes registrados em Porto Alegre entre 2012 e 2014. Foram incluídas, simultaneamente, variáveis da estrutura urbana, das escolas, socioeconômicas e dos acidentes (para a severidade). A partir do geoprocessamento dos dados existentes, os entornos escolares puderam ser caracterizados para três diferentes áreas circulares de análise (buffer ring) de raios de 100, 150 e 200 metros, permitindo a comparação do uso das diferentes áreas. O conjunto de estimativas indica que áreas menores produzem modelos de melhor desempenho para ambas as técnicas empregadas. No entanto, áreas maiores permitem a análise de maior quantidade de variáveis relativas à estrutura urbana. Essa relação sugere os benefícios da escolha a partir do trade-off entre ajuste do modelo e sua capacidade de propiciar análises de variáveis. Foi identificado que a frequência e a severidade de acidentes podem estar relacionadas a uma única variável explicativa de formas opostas – a partir de sinais contrários. Essa diferença de resultados para frequência e severidade de acidentes indica que há maiores benefícios em analisá-las em conjunto. Identificou-se ainda que existem benefícios para a segurança viária em áreas de estrutura urbana com quarteirões menores e maior quantidade de interseções de quatro vias, em frequência e severidade, respectivamente. Já as áreas mais arborizadas tendem a apresentar acidentes de menor severidade nos casos de usuários de modos ativos. / Fostering road safety nearby schools is a strategy that contributes to build safe, healthy and sustainable cities. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the built environment characteristics in the frequency and severity of accidents nearby elementary and secondary schools in Porto Alegre. The frequency and severity of the accidents were analyzed using econometric models: negative binomial and ordered logit, respectively. The evaluation of their marginal effects allowed the magnitude of the impact caused by the explanatory variable on the dependent variables to be observed. The measured variables frequency and severity were extracted from accidents registered in Porto Alegre from 2012 and 2014. Built environment, socioeconomic and school variables were also included, as well as accident data (for severity). Data geoprocessing allowed school surroundings to be characterized for three different buffer rings, measuring 100, 150 and 200 meters of radius. Thereby it was possible to compare the inclusion of different areas in the study. The estimations indicates that models based on smaller areas have better performances for both employed techniques, whereas larger areas allow the study of a bigger quantity of urban infrastructure variables. That indicates the benefits of choosing based on a trade-off between model adjustment and capacity to engender the analysis of variables. It was shown that frequency and severity of accidents could be related to a single explanatory variable in opposite ways – based on contrary signs. This difference in the results found for frequency and severity indicates that there are more benefits when analyzing them together. Moreover, there are benefits for road safety in areas where the city blocks are shorter and where there are more four-way intersections, in frequency and severity of accidents, respectively. Also, areas of more important afforestation tend to decrease the severity of accidents involving users of active modes.

Promover a segurança viária no entorno escolar é uma estratégia que contribui para que sejam construídas cidades seguras, saudáveis e sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, este estudo é dedicado a identificar a influência das características da estrutura urbana na frequência e na severidade dos acidentes no entorno de escolas de educação básica de Porto Alegre. A análise da frequência e da severidade de acidentes foi conduzida através da estimação de modelos econométricos: binomial negativo e logit ordenado, respectivamente. Para esses, foram calculados os efeitos marginais, permitindo a observação da magnitude dos impactos das variáveis explicativas sobre as variáveis dependentes. As variáveis dependentes frequência e severidade foram extraídas dos acidentes registrados em Porto Alegre entre 2012 e 2014. Foram incluídas, simultaneamente, variáveis da estrutura urbana, das escolas, socioeconômicas e dos acidentes (para a severidade). A partir do geoprocessamento dos dados existentes, os entornos escolares puderam ser caracterizados para três diferentes áreas circulares de análise (buffer ring) de raios de 100, 150 e 200 metros, permitindo a comparação do uso das diferentes áreas. O conjunto de estimativas indica que áreas menores produzem modelos de melhor desempenho para ambas as técnicas empregadas. No entanto, áreas maiores permitem a análise de maior quantidade de variáveis relativas à estrutura urbana. Essa relação sugere os benefícios da escolha a partir do trade-off entre ajuste do modelo e sua capacidade de propiciar análises de variáveis. Foi identificado que a frequência e a severidade de acidentes podem estar relacionadas a uma única variável explicativa de formas opostas – a partir de sinais contrários. Essa diferença de resultados para frequência e severidade de acidentes indica que há maiores benefícios em analisá-las em conjunto. Identificou-se ainda que existem benefícios para a segurança viária em áreas de estrutura urbana com quarteirões menores e maior quantidade de interseções de quatro vias, em frequência e severidade, respectivamente. Já as áreas mais arborizadas tendem a apresentar acidentes de menor severidade nos casos de usuários de modos ativos. / Fostering road safety nearby schools is a strategy that contributes to build safe, healthy and sustainable cities. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the built environment characteristics in the frequency and severity of accidents nearby elementary and secondary schools in Porto Alegre. The frequency and severity of the accidents were analyzed using econometric models: negative binomial and ordered logit, respectively. The evaluation of their marginal effects allowed the magnitude of the impact caused by the explanatory variable on the dependent variables to be observed. The measured variables frequency and severity were extracted from accidents registered in Porto Alegre from 2012 and 2014. Built environment, socioeconomic and school variables were also included, as well as accident data (for severity). Data geoprocessing allowed school surroundings to be characterized for three different buffer rings, measuring 100, 150 and 200 meters of radius. Thereby it was possible to compare the inclusion of different areas in the study. The estimations indicates that models based on smaller areas have better performances for both employed techniques, whereas larger areas allow the study of a bigger quantity of urban infrastructure variables. That indicates the benefits of choosing based on a trade-off between model adjustment and capacity to engender the analysis of variables. It was shown that frequency and severity of accidents could be related to a single explanatory variable in opposite ways – based on contrary signs. This difference in the results found for frequency and severity indicates that there are more benefits when analyzing them together. Moreover, there are benefits for road safety in areas where the city blocks are shorter and where there are more four-way intersections, in frequency and severity of accidents, respectively. Also, areas of more important afforestation tend to decrease the severity of accidents involving users of active modes.

Promover a segurança viária no entorno escolar é uma estratégia que contribui para que sejam construídas cidades seguras, saudáveis e sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, este estudo é dedicado a identificar a influência das características da estrutura urbana na frequência e na severidade dos acidentes no entorno de escolas de educação básica de Porto Alegre. A análise da frequência e da severidade de acidentes foi conduzida através da estimação de modelos econométricos: binomial negativo e logit ordenado, respectivamente. Para esses, foram calculados os efeitos marginais, permitindo a observação da magnitude dos impactos das variáveis explicativas sobre as variáveis dependentes. As variáveis dependentes frequência e severidade foram extraídas dos acidentes registrados em Porto Alegre entre 2012 e 2014. Foram incluídas, simultaneamente, variáveis da estrutura urbana, das escolas, socioeconômicas e dos acidentes (para a severidade). A partir do geoprocessamento dos dados existentes, os entornos escolares puderam ser caracterizados para três diferentes áreas circulares de análise (buffer ring) de raios de 100, 150 e 200 metros, permitindo a comparação do uso das diferentes áreas. O conjunto de estimativas indica que áreas menores produzem modelos de melhor desempenho para ambas as técnicas empregadas. No entanto, áreas maiores permitem a análise de maior quantidade de variáveis relativas à estrutura urbana. Essa relação sugere os benefícios da escolha a partir do trade-off entre ajuste do modelo e sua capacidade de propiciar análises de variáveis. Foi identificado que a frequência e a severidade de acidentes podem estar relacionadas a uma única variável explicativa de formas opostas – a partir de sinais contrários. Essa diferença de resultados para frequência e severidade de acidentes indica que há maiores benefícios em analisá-las em conjunto. Identificou-se ainda que existem benefícios para a segurança viária em áreas de estrutura urbana com quarteirões menores e maior quantidade de interseções de quatro vias, em frequência e severidade, respectivamente. Já as áreas mais arborizadas tendem a apresentar acidentes de menor severidade nos casos de usuários de modos ativos. / Fostering road safety nearby schools is a strategy that contributes to build safe, healthy and sustainable cities. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the built environment characteristics in the frequency and severity of accidents nearby elementary and secondary schools in Porto Alegre. The frequency and severity of the accidents were analyzed using econometric models: negative binomial and ordered logit, respectively. The evaluation of their marginal effects allowed the magnitude of the impact caused by the explanatory variable on the dependent variables to be observed. The measured variables frequency and severity were extracted from accidents registered in Porto Alegre from 2012 and 2014. Built environment, socioeconomic and school variables were also included, as well as accident data (for severity). Data geoprocessing allowed school surroundings to be characterized for three different buffer rings, measuring 100, 150 and 200 meters of radius. Thereby it was possible to compare the inclusion of different areas in the study. The estimations indicates that models based on smaller areas have better performances for both employed techniques, whereas larger areas allow the study of a bigger quantity of urban infrastructure variables. That indicates the benefits of choosing based on a trade-off between model adjustment and capacity to engender the analysis of variables. It was shown that frequency and severity of accidents could be related to a single explanatory variable in opposite ways – based on contrary signs. This difference in the results found for frequency and severity indicates that there are more benefits when analyzing them together. Moreover, there are benefits for road safety in areas where the city blocks are shorter and where there are more four-way intersections, in frequency and severity of accidents, respectively. Also, areas of more important afforestation tend to decrease the severity of accidents involving users of active modes.

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La pratique d’activité physique est aujourd’hui encouragée pour améliorer l’état de santé de la population. Le report modal de l’automobile vers les modes actifs constitue à ce titre un enjeu de santé publique, mais les connaissances restent encore limitées quant aux leviers d’action permettant d’atteindre cet objectif. Dans cette thèse, nous adoptons une approche transdisciplinaire s’appuyant sur des connaissances issues de la géographie et des sciences humaines et sociales pour proposer une charpente théorique permettant de comprendre les comportements de mobilité active au niveau individuel. Cette charpente, développée dans un but opérationnel a été testée et opérationnalisée à l’aide de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives pour être ensuite appliquée à l’analyse des déterminant des comportements de mobilité dans le département du Bas-Rhin (France). Ces analyses nous ont permis de relativiser l’influence des facteurs environnementaux sur la mobilité active. / Physical activity is now encouraged to improve the populations health status. The modal shift from automobile to active modes is therefore a public health issue. But knowledge is still limited concerning the way to achieve this goal. In this thesis, we adopt a transdisciplinary approach based on geography and human and social sciences to build a theoretical framework to understand active mobility behaviors for an operational purpose. This framework was tested and operationalized using qualitative and quantitative methods and then applied to analyze mobility behaviors in the Bas-Rhin department (France). Based on these results, we appraised the influence of environmental factors on active mobility.

Sustainable urban mobility is an established target of policy making and planning in Europe. It is associated with, among others, better air quality, less noise disturbance, increased safety and quality of public space. In this regard, one of the EU Commission’s main tools to reach sustainable urban mobility, Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP), require the explicit integration of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). Yet, European cities face common barriers when it comes to materialising M&E in practice. To avoid or overcome these barriers, this paper argues for integrating capacity building (CB). We draw this conclusion on the basis of experiences made during the M&E of the Horizon 2020 Project ‘Metamorphosis’. We report our experiences, rating different monitoring indicators used for the evaluation of measures transforming car-oriented neighbourhoods into children-friendly neighbourhoods in seven European cities. We then give advice on how to design and integrate CB for a feasible M&E scheme.

Les politiques de transport qui visent la promotion de la marche, du vélo, ou des transports en commun représentent un véritable enjeu stratégique pour un territoire. Cependant, c’est aussi un vrai défi en matière d’ingénierie de conception et d'innovation. Cette thèse a pour principal objectif d’identifier des pistes d’amélioration concernant le processus actuel de conception des politiques de transport. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la définition d’un modèle de conception centré sur l’usage, ouvert à l’interdisciplinarité capable de répondre aux enjeux afférents aux politiques de transport. Au travers de ce modèle, nous proposons de poser un regard critique sur le processus actuel de conception des politiques de transport / Transportation policies that promote walking, cycling, or public transports are a real strategic issue for an area. However, it's also a real challenge in design engineering. The main objective of this thesis is to identify ways for improvement concerning the current process of designing transport policies. We focused on defining a user-centered design model, open to interdisciplinarity, capable of responding to transportation policy issues. Through this model, we propose to take a critical look at the current process of designing transport policies

L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer l’influence des réductions de mobilité ostéo-articulaire passive et active sur la capacité posturo-cinétique. La réduction de mobilité passive est analysée à travers un mouvement d’élévation des membres supérieurs à vitesse maximale au cours duquel seront mesurés des indices électromyographiques (Tibial antérieur, Soléaire) et biomécaniques (plateforme de force, accéléromètre). La réduction de mobilité active est étudiée à partir d’un examen posturographique combiné à un mouvement de compression d’une barre dynamométrique et à l’enregistrement de la cinématique respiratoire. L’analyse de la composante passive révèle que, dès 50% de perte de mobilité au niveau de la région cervicale, la capacité posturo-cinétique (CPC) est perturbée. Le blocage passif des articulations des chevilles et du rachis cervical semble davantage réduire la CPC que celui des genoux ou du rachis lombaire. L’étude de la composante active montre que l'augmentation de la tension musculaire active le long du tronc est susceptible de perturber l'équilibre postural, mais uniquement lorsqu'elle dépasse un certain niveau. Ainsi les deux composantes, passive et active, de la mobilité ostéo-articulaire, paraissent chacune jouer un rôle dans la capacité à compenser les perturbations associées au maintien postural ou à l’exécution du mouvement. / The aim of this study was to determine the influence of passive and active components of osteoarticular mobility on the capacity posturo-kinetic. The passive component was analyzed through a paradigm of upper limb elevation at maximum velocity, during which electromyographic (Tibialis anterior, soleus) and biomechanical (force platform, accelerometer) parameters were measured. The active component was studied from an experimental paradigm associating a posturaphic examination with a bimanual compression of a dynamometric bar. Results analysis showed that the posturo-kinetic capacity (PKC) was reduced when the loss of mobility exceeded 50% at the neck level. Passively blocking the ankle joints and the cervical spine seemed more likely to reduce the PKC than blocking the knee or the lumbar spine. The study of the active component showed that the increase in active muscle tension along the trunk may impair body balance, but only when it exceeds a certain level. Thus the two components, passive and active, of the osteoarticular mobility, appeared as significant factors in the ability to compensate for the disturbances associated with postural maintenance or movement execution.

La banlieue présente plusieurs défis pour la marche en raison notamment de la ségrégation des fonctions qui la caractérise et de la distance qui les sépare. L’échelle y est pensée pour la voiture. On constate pourtant que plusieurs aînés vivant dans les banlieues marchent, ils le font toutefois surtout pour des motifs différents, dont les loisirs. Devant l’importance de la marche chez les personnes âgées pour des raisons de santé et d’inclusion, mais aussi devant les limites rencontrées par les municipalités de banlieue souhaitant améliorer la qualité de leurs environnements de marche, notre étude s’est intéressée au développement d’une stratégie d’intervention qui soit accessible pour les administrations municipales en matière de faisabilité, et permettant une amélioration réelle, rapide et évolutive des environnements de marche pour les personnes âgées. La recherche poursuit deux objectifs complémentaires. Un premier consiste à élaborer une stratégie d’intervention visant à améliorer la qualité des environnements de marche des banlieues pour les personnes âgées. Un second consiste à tester cette stratégie dans le cadre d’une étude de cas portant sur le secteur Pont-Viau-Laval-des-Rapides à Laval en banlieue de Montréal. Sur le plan méthodologique, le mémoire se décline en deux parties. Une première partie déductive propose, sur la base de la documentation scientifique récente, une approche d’intervention qui se veut adaptée à la banlieue. Une seconde partie, plus exploratoire, combine entrevues semi-dirigées, parcours commentés et groupes de discussion pour tester et apporter les modifications nécessaires à la stratégie développée en première partie. Dans une perspective d’intervention sur la banlieue les résultats suggèrent d’éliminer prioritairement les obstacles à la marche à l’échelle du quartier que représentent par exemple certains viaducs ou la faible qualité des infrastructures piétonnes de plusieurs intersections des artères commerciales suburbaines. La recherche permet de conclure de l’importance des critères associés au plaisir de marcher et à l’ambiance de marche dans l’appréciation des environnements de marche par les personnes âgées. On observe également la pertinence d’impliquer les personnes âgées en amont du processus d’intervention. / Enhancing walkability of public space for the elderly living in suburban areas often means intervening in environments that are of low density, where functions are highly segregated and where walking infrastructures are lacking in quality or simply don’t exist. While many studies have done the demonstration that high density, mix land use, and walking facilities tend to support the decision to walk among all ages, how can suburban public administrations plan fruitful interventions to support walking among the elderly? Based on available documentation, this study identifies the most relevant criteria to locate and shape interventions meant to enhance walkability of public spaces for the elderly living in existing suburbs. Based on these criteria, the study then proposes interventions for the specific suburban neighborhood of Cartier in Laval, Quebec, Canada. This second phase of the study involves mixed methods with semi-directed interviews, walking interviews and participatory workshops to validate and bring precision to the process and criteria identified in the previous stage of study. To enhance the walkability of public space for elderly living in suburban areas, the results of this study suggest that urban intervention should at first focus on removing obstacles to walking. They also suggest that accessibility to leisure destinations as well as attractiveness of the path are part of the most relevant criteria to consider. According to those findings, interventions planned to enhance walkability of suburbs towards the elderly should take into primary account preferences related to leisure and path attractiveness. In line with the results of several recent studies on the subject, the study also concludes to the importance of involving older people in intervention processes to increase the walkability of the suburbs.

[pt] A mobilidade urbana faz parte de um complexo sistema de infraestrutura, provocando problemas insustentáveis tais como congestionamento, poluição sonora, poluição atmosférica em áreas densamente urbanizadas, como centros urbanos, e resulta em prejuízos no conforto ambiental urbano. Na busca de uma sustentabilidade urbana, ações favoráveis são necessárias à mobilidade urbana e o conceito de mobilidade ativa surge a favor da priorização do deslocamento das pessoas através de meios de transportes não motorizados. Nesse contexto, leva ao objetivo da dissertação, que no atual cenário da mobilidade urbana nas vias do bairro de São José, na cidade do Recife, é identificar medidas para melhorar as condições de acessibilidade e de conforto ambiental urbano para o incentivo da mobilidade ativa. Tais vias pertencem ao Sítio Histórico da cidade, no conjunto de Zonas Especiais de Patrimônio Histórico-Cultural (ZEPH). Através do levantamento de campo, a metodologia aplicada tende a identificar as ameaças e oportunidades para incentivar a mobilidade ativa observando as condições de acessibilidade nos quesitos de rota acessível, as condições de conforto ambiental urbano referentes aos índices de ruídos, emissões de material particulado e conforto térmico, expondo os dados qualitativos e quantitativos obtidos. A pesquisa busca apresentar a mobilidade ativa como uma ação sustentável favorável à redução dos impactos socioeconômicos, ambientais e nas possíveis melhorias da acessibilidade para caminhabilidade nas vias históricas do bairro de São José, priorizando o pedestre e incentivando a mudança de comportamento do seu deslocamento diário, além de usufruir o bairro como ambiente patrimonial e cultural. / [en] Urban mobility is part of a complex infrastructure system, causing unsustainable problems such as congestion, noise pollution, air pollution in densely urbanized areas, such as urban centers, and results in damage to urban environmental comfort. In the search for urban sustainability, favorable actions are necessary for urban mobility and the concept of active mobility emerges in favor of prioritizing the displacement of people through non-motorized means of transport. In this context, it leads to the aim of the dissertation, which in the current scenario of urban mobility on the streets of the São José neighborhood, in the city of Recife, is to identify measures to improve accessibility conditions and urban environmental comfort to encourage active mobility. Such roads belong to the Historic Site of the city, in the set of Special Zones of Historical-Cultural Heritage (ZEPH). Through the field survey, the applied methodology tends to identify the threats and opportunities to encourage active mobility, observing the conditions of accessibility in terms of an accessible route, the conditions of urban environmental comfort related to noise rates, emissions of particulate matter and comfort thermal, exposing the qualitative and quantitative data obtained. The research seeks to present active mobility as a sustainable action that favors the reduction of socioeconomic and environmental impacts and possible improvements in accessibility for walkability in the historic streets of the São José neighborhood, prioritizing pedestrians and encouraging a change in their daily commute behavior, in addition to enjoying the neighborhood as a heritage and cultural environment.