This dissertation comprises two parts: Part I, which discusses use of second person pronoun in contemporary American poetry; and Part II, The Museum of Coming Apart, which is a collection of poems. As confessional verse became a dominant mode in American poetry in the late 1950s and early 60s, so too did the use of the first-person pronoun. Due in part to the excesses of later confessionalism, however, many contemporary poets hesitate to use first person for fear that their work might be read as autobiography. The poetry of the 1990s and early 2000s has thus been characterized by distance, dissociation, and fracture as poets attempt to remove themselves from the overtly emotional and intimate style of the confessionals. However, other contemporary poets have sought to straddle the line between the earnestness and linearity of confessionalism and the intellectually playful yet emotionally detached poetry of the moment. One method for striking this balance is to employ the second person pronoun. Because "you" in English is ambiguous, it allows the poet to toy with the level of distance in a poem and create evolving relationships between the speaker and reader. Through the analysis of poems by C. Dale Young, Paul Guest, Richard Hugo, Nick Flynn, Carrie St. George Comer, and Moira Egan, this essay examines five common ways second person is employed in contemporary American poetry-the use of "you" in reference to a specific individual, the epistolary form, the direct address to the reader, the imperative voice, and the use of "you" as a substitute for "I"-and the ways that the second-person pronoun allows these poems to take the best of both the confessional and dissociative modes.

The aim of this thesis is to compare linguistic means of expressing politeness in Czech and in Danish. The term politeness covers both norms defining socially acceptable behaviour and strategies that speakers use to achieve their goals and avoid conflicts. After defining the term politeness, I briefly introduce the most influential theoretical approaches to politeness since the 1960s. The second chapter brings an overview of linguistic means of expressing politeness in Czech and in Danish. The last, most comprehensive part of the thesis is concerned with selected areas typically connected to politeness, i.e. greetings and forms of address, expressing thanks and reacting to them, orders, bans, and requests. In Czech, a polite request usually contains the particle prosím (please). This word has no equivalent in spoken Danish; however, Danish speakers can make use of other expressions, such as particles godt, nok, lige and vel, or the expression vil du være sød/venlig (would you be so kind). They can also use some of the conventional means of expressing a request indirectly. Many of those strategies are common to both languages, especially formulating the requests as a question, perhaps in a negative form. Polite requests in Czech are characterized by the use of conditional, Danish requests typically...

The presented thesis handles the theme of the addressing in European Portuguese. It is started with the critics of the existing terminology and in order to express the complexity of the current reality in the studied language more clearly, the author introduces the term of the allocution form which includes the addressing with pronouns (i.e. tu used with 2SG, você - 3SG, vós - 2PL and vocês - 3PL), as well as with the titles (e.g. o senhor / a senhora (Mr/Mrs) with variants combined with further titles and name/surname). It is worth to add that the work focuses on the indirect (or subjective) addressing (i.e. integrated into the phrase structure). The starting point of the own research is the theoretical basis comprising both external (Czech manuals, French vision by TEYSSIER 1989) and internal (based on Portuguese Grammars and studies) views of the issue. The research itself is inspired by author's personal language experience and the incertitude of the mother tongue speakers. The research method was realized by two questionnaires. The first of them (D1) gained 21 respondents coming from the academic ambient of Porto. The 2nd one (D2) covers a significantly larger amount of participants (202) as well as a wider socio-demographic and geographical structure (people of different professions from all...

Le nombre d’auteurs contemporains qui écrit pour les adultes et pour les enfants va croissant, à tel point que la critique anglophone a forgé le terme de crosswriters pour les désigner. Ce travail se propose d’observer ces va-et-vient entre L’école des loisirs et les Éditions de l’Olivier de 1991 à 2011. Ces circulations répondent à d’importants enjeux éditoriaux et témoignent du rôle crucial des éditeurs dans l’accompagnement des écrivains. Cette thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement à Christophe Honoré et Manuela Draeger (un des hétéronymes d’Antoine Volodine). Tous deux usent singulièrement du crosswriting puisque certains de leurs textes pour enfants et de leurs textes pour adultes se répondent au point qu’un inter-dit peut siéger dans le blanc qui sépare ces deux corpus. Ce phénomène d’intratextualité, adossé à un geste de polyadresse, remet en cause l’intransitivité supposée de la littérature car pour être décrypté, ce dit en suspens appelle un lecteur transgénérationnel. Cet inter-dit est le lieu où se jouent des transitions d’un âge vers un autre, des transmissions d’une génération à une autre... Mais c’est aussi le lieu de ce qui ne passe pas et vient trouer l’œuvre pour faire écho au trauma individuel ou collectif. Et si c’est toujours le texte pour adultes qui délègue au texte pour enfants ce qui ne peut être articulé dans une langue adultocentrée, ces transferts ne viennent jamais suturer la béance du dispositif intratextuel mais explorent en littérature jeunesse d’autres rapports à la langue et disent quelque chose de l’être de langage que nous sommes. / The number of contemporary authors who write both for adults and children keeps rising, so much so that anglophone criticism has coined the term crosswriters to label the phenomenon. This work proposes to observe back-and-forth crossings between L’école des loisirs and Éditions de l’Olivier between 1991 and 2011. What motivate these crossings are important editorial stakes that attest to the crucial role played by publishers in guiding their authors. This dissertation will look more specifically to Christophe Honoré and Manuela Draeger (one of Antoine Volodine’s heteronyms). Both writers resort to crosswriting in singular ways as some of their children’s books and books for adults respond to one another to such an extent that what I call an “inter-diction” lodges itself in the interstice that divides their respective corpuses. This phenomenon of intratextuality, supported by a gesture of polyaddress, calls into question literature’s supposed intransitivity given that, in order to be decrypted, this suspended diction calls for a transgenerational reader. This inter-diction is the stage where are performed transitions from one age to another and where occur transmissions from one generation to the next. But it is also the site of what does not pass, of what punctures the work in an echo to individual or collective trauma. And if it is always the texts written for an adult readership that devolve to those for children what cannot be articulated in an adultocentered language, these transfers never seek to suture the abyss opened by intratextuality but rather explore through children’s literature alternative relations to language, thereby teaching us something about the linguistic beings that we are.

[pt] O sistema de tratamento da língua portuguesa parece ser mais complexo do que o de outras línguas como, por exemplo, o inglês. Três pronomes podem ser usados como segunda pessoa: tu, você, o(a) Senhor(a). Esses pronomes associados a determinadas formas de tratamento criam um contexto de proximidade ou distanciamento nas relações interpessoais. Neste trabalho é feito um estudo sobre os pronomes tu e você e as formas de tratamento no português como segunda língua. Será apresentada a descrição que os alunos estrangeiros fazem do uso dos mesmos, mostrando os contextos (proximidade ou distanciamento) que estão propiciando-o. A partir dessa descrição, foi analisada a construção da identidade lingüística desses aprendizes americanos no uso da nossa língua, partindo de suas identidades culturais, em contexto universitário nos EUA e no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro). Para isso, foram analisadas entrevistas e atividades orais com alunos americanos imersos na cultura brasileira e nos Estados Unidos. Como resultado, foi encontrado um constante uso do pronome você, considerado como forma padrão. Este pronome foi associado a títulos como diretor, doutor, professor, entre outros, caracterizando uma tentativa de proximidade ou de distanciamento durante os contextos. A construção da identidade lingüística dos alunos americanos deu-se a partir de suas identidades culturais, influenciadas por fatores específicos. Estes fatores podem ser características pessoais, interação direta com nativos, choque entre culturas e línguas, transferência do espanhol e aprendizado em sala de aula. / [en] The general aim of this thesis is to describe the use of pronouns/forms of address in Portuguese as a Second Language. The specific aim is to identify the contexts which influence the choice of use by the learners, therefore to analise the construction of their linguistic identity. This thesis directs itself to the pronouns/forms of address TU vs VOCÊ and the building of a Portuguese- speaking identity: how do students of Portuguese acquire the skill in using these pronouns both in a Portuguese immersion situation, at PUC-Rio Portuguese courses and an English immersion situation, at Brown University`s Portuguese language courses? An ethnographic research was done with tape recording of Portuguese classes. The data were collected through interviews with some Professors and American students, oral activities, books, pedagogical materials and classroom observation. As result, we found a constant use of the pronoun você. This pronoun used with titles like diretor, doutor, professor can represent closeness or distance during the social relationship among American students, while they are speaking Portuguese. The linguistic identity is built on their cultural identities as well as other more as specific factors may be personal characteristics, interaction between foreign and Brazilian people among others.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cynara Teixeira Ribeiro.pdf: 506090 bytes, checksum: 6ff8a6ad1dc7e8fe80293fd77d650b3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universal and millenary is the human practice of consuming drugs. To understand the reasons of the fascination effect incited for these drugs in the human beings, a lot of learnings go in for studying their utilization. Among them, the psychoanalysis differentiates from the others for accosting the use of drugs as a possible answer of the fellow to unwell-being extant in the civilization. According to this perspective, the highest visibility of this use in the contemporariness is related to the advent of science and the profusion of the liberal ideology, which inaugurate a new way of that Lacan named of address: the address of capitalist characterizes for representing the imperative of an enjoyment self-centered, in opposition the establishment of the social links. In a sense, taking this form of address as guidance for acting at the present time, aims at going into how this way associates to the alarming use of drugs at contemporariness. However, furthermore, we also ask: how this address occurs on each single fellow and that influence has on the form as each one is related with the drugs? In this sense, which delimitate the difference between the morbid condition that has amply been named of drug addictions and the practice of simple use of drugs? To think suchlike questions, they will be analyzed two interviews with fellows that used drugs, interrogating if such uses may to shape according to what assign of drug addicts . With the results of this research, it aim at offering improvement in the treatment both of drug addicts and other users of drugs, as well as, making breakthrough in the psychoanalysis while field of knowing / Universal e milenar é a prática humana de consumir drogas. Tentando desvendar as razões do efeito de fascinação provocado por essas substâncias nos seres humanos, muitos saberes se dedicam a estudar a sua utilização. Dentre esses, a psicanálise se diferencia por abordar o uso de drogas como uma resposta possível do sujeito ao mal-estar existente na civilização. De acordo com tal perspectiva, a maior visibilidade desse uso na contemporaneidade está relacionada ao advento da ciência e à profusão da ideologia liberal, as quais inauguraram uma nova modalidade daquilo que Lacan denominou de discurso: o discurso do capitalista, que se caracteriza por representar o imperativo de um gozo auto-centrado, em contraposição ao estabelecimento dos laços sociais. Nesse sentido, tomando essa modalidade de discurso como orientadora do agir na atualidade, se pretende investigar como esta se relaciona ao alarmante uso de drogas na contemporaneidade. Porém, para mais além disso, nos perguntamos também: como esse discurso incide sobre cada sujeito singular e que influência tem sobre a forma como cada um se relaciona com as drogas? E, nesse sentido, o quê delimita a diferença entre a condição mórbida que tem sido largamente denominada de toxicomanias e a prática que se configura como o simples uso de drogas? Para pensar tais questões, serão analisadas duas entrevistas com sujeitos que fizeram uso de drogas, questionando se tais usos podem chegar a configurá-los como o que se designa de toxicômanos . Pretende-se que os achados proporcionados por essa pesquisa venham a propiciar uma melhoria no tratamento tanto dos chamados toxicômanos quanto dos demais usuários de drogas, bem como possam fazer avançar a psicanálise enquanto campo de saber

Continuing advances with VLSI have enabled engineers to build high performance computer systems to solve complex problems. The real-world problems and tasks like pattern recognition, speech recognition, etc. still remain elusive to the most advanced computer systems today. Many advances in the science of computer design and technology are coming together to enable the creation of the next-generation computing machines to solve real-world problems, which the human brain does with ease. One such engineering advance is the field of neuromorphic engineering, which tries to establish closer links to biology and help us investigate the problem of designing better computing machines. A chip built with the principles of neuromorphic engineering is called as neuromorphic chip. Neuromorphic chip aims to solve real-world problems. As the complexity of the problem increases, the computation capability of these chips can become a limitation. In order to improve the performance and accomplish a complex task in the real-world, many such chips need to be integrated into a system. Hence, efficiency of such a system depends on effective inter-chip communication. Here, the work presented aims at building a message-passing network (Digital Fabric) simulator, that integrates many such chips. Each chip represents a binary event-based unit called spiking analog cortical module. The inter-chip communication protocol employed here is called as Address Event Representation. Here, the Digital Fabric is built in three revisions, with different architectures being considered in each revision. The complexity is increased at each iteration stage. The experiments performed in each revision test the performance of such configuration systems and results proves to lay a foundation for further studies. In the future, building a high level simulation model will assist in scaling and evaluating various network topologies.

Le sujet de cette thèse est l’analyse comparative des débats parlementaires portugais, brésiliens et roumains, dans l’optique de l’organisation interactionnelle et de l’usage des formes d’adresse (Carreira 1997). Du point de vue théorique, notre étude s’appuie sur la linguistique interactionnelle (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1990), sur l’analyse du discours politique (Charaudeau 2005) et du discours parlementaire (Ilie 2006; Marques 2000). Après un préambule juridico-politique, qui présente le fonctionnement des parlements dans les trois pays choisis (Portugal, Brésil, Roumanie), nous analysons, dans la première partie de la thèse, les transcriptions officielles des réunions parlementaires en tant que corpus pour l’étude linguistique. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur les particularités de la structure séquentielle des débats – ouverture, corps, clôture –, la négociation du tour de parole et les stratégies d’éviter les réponses aux questions. La deuxième partie de la thèse se penche sur les usages de formes d’adresse dans la construction des auto-images et hétéro-images et dans la configuration de la distance interlocutive. Cette approche nous a permis de dégager quelques particularités de chaque sous-corpus: les débats portugais sont plus proches du protocole parlementaire (structure micro-séquentielle plus rigide, usage quasi exclusif des formes nominales d’adresse institutionnelles), alors que dans les débats brésiliens et roumains il y a plus de flexibilité dans la construction micro-séquentielle (les actes rituels sont plus fréquents) aussi bien que dans l’usage des formes d’adresse plus variées (relationnelles, académiques, professionnelles, génériques). / The subject of this thesis is the comparative analysis of Portuguese, Brazilian and Romanian parliamentary debates, from the point of view of interactional organization and address terms uses (Carreira 1997). Our theoretical framework is interactional linguistics (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1990), political discourse analysis (Charaudeau 2005) and parliamentary discourse analysis (Ilie 2006; Marques 2000). After a legal and political preamble that presents how parliaments in the three selected countries (Portugal, Brazil, Romania) work, we analyse, in the first part of the thesis, the official transcripts of parliamentary sittings as a corpus for linguistic studies. Then we focus on the characteristics of the sequential structure of the debates – opening, body, closing –, negotiation of turn taking and evasion strategies in answering questions. The second part of the thesis focuses on the uses of address terms in constructing images of the self and of the others and the configuration of interlocutive distance. This approach has allowed us to identify a few characteristics of each sub-corpus: Portuguese debates are closer to the parliamentary protocol (the micro-sequential structure is more rigid, nominal institutional address forms are used almost exclusively), while in Brazilian and Romanian debates there is more flexibility both in the micro-sequential construction (ritual acts are more frequent) and in the wider range of address forms used (relational, academic, professional, generic).

<p>In this dissertation, I examine the correspondence of an upper middle-class family from the early part of the nineteenth century. My aim is to answer questions about correspondence and letter-writing as an everyday event and as a social activity. My principal theoretical framework has been ethnograpy of communication. </p><p>My main source is the Eurén-Snellman manuscript collection at Uppsala University Library (UUB, G65). The central figure of this collection is Axel Eurén (1803−1879), who was a clergyman in Dalarna and also a member of the Swedish parliament. The material expands over three generations and includes Axel, his mother, his sister, his wife and Axel’s and his wife Sophie’s three children. In each generation the letter-writing is reciprocal in nearly all relations.</p><p>By creating a database of the 2,267 letters that remain from the family correspondence and by extracting meta-commentary about letter-writing I have studied how the family organized their correspondence. From the total collection I have chosen 293 letters during the period 1825−1858. These letters constitute a digitalized corpus that consists of approximately 160,000 words. With this corpus as my principal source, I have examined two different aspects of language use: a structural analysis of each writer’s total sum of letters and a study on address. </p><p>Certain findings confirm that letter-writing was based on routine. Traits of orality appear less often in the latter part of the material, a result that is in line with earlier investigations.The dimension of formal−informal language has been interesting to examine in relation to gender. Whereas the women’s writing at a lexico-grammatical level is more informal and natural in style, their need to portray themselves in a virtuous Christian manner seems at the same time to promote a certain kind of formality in expression. The opposite seems to be true for the men. </p>

In this dissertation, I examine the correspondence of an upper middle-class family from the early part of the nineteenth century. My aim is to answer questions about correspondence and letter-writing as an everyday event and as a social activity. My principal theoretical framework has been ethnograpy of communication. My main source is the Eurén-Snellman manuscript collection at Uppsala University Library (UUB, G65). The central figure of this collection is Axel Eurén (1803−1879), who was a clergyman in Dalarna and also a member of the Swedish parliament. The material expands over three generations and includes Axel, his mother, his sister, his wife and Axel’s and his wife Sophie’s three children. In each generation the letter-writing is reciprocal in nearly all relations. By creating a database of the 2,267 letters that remain from the family correspondence and by extracting meta-commentary about letter-writing I have studied how the family organized their correspondence. From the total collection I have chosen 293 letters during the period 1825−1858. These letters constitute a digitalized corpus that consists of approximately 160,000 words. With this corpus as my principal source, I have examined two different aspects of language use: a structural analysis of each writer’s total sum of letters and a study on address. Certain findings confirm that letter-writing was based on routine. Traits of orality appear less often in the latter part of the material, a result that is in line with earlier investigations.The dimension of formal−informal language has been interesting to examine in relation to gender. Whereas the women’s writing at a lexico-grammatical level is more informal and natural in style, their need to portray themselves in a virtuous Christian manner seems at the same time to promote a certain kind of formality in expression. The opposite seems to be true for the men.