The incidences of obesity and type 2 diabetes are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. A cardinal feature of these conditions is resistance to the effects of the hormone insulin and a resulting hepatic overproduction of glucose. Insulin resistance is also implicated in a range of liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatitis C infection. Insulin is released after a meal and acts on liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to reduce blood glucose concentration. In the liver, insulin inhibits the production and release of glucose into the circulation and stimulates its storage as glycogen. Glucagon, on the other hand, is present in the fasting state and causes breakdown of hepatic glycogen along with production of new glucose. This glucose is released from hepatocytes into the circulation. For the studies in this thesis, functional assays to measure various aspects of hepatic glucose metabolism in vitro were developed. This included measuring glucose output into culture medium, hepatocyte uptake of radiolabelled glucose and incorporation into glycogen, and total cellular glycogen content. These assays were used to investigate glucose metabolism in primary rat hepatocytes and FaO rat hepatoma cells. Both cell types responded to physiological concentrations of insulin, showing decreased glucose output and increased glycogen synthesis. Glucagon increased glucose output and reduced glycogen synthesis in primary cells but had no effect on FaO cells. Factors that have been identified that may inhibit or potentiate insulin action were investigated. Increased body iron stores have been linked with insulin resistance. De-ironing patients improves insulin sensitivity, suggesting a causal relationship between iron and insulin resistance. Hepatocytes store the majority of the body’s excess iron. This project investigated the effects of increasing hepatocyte iron stores, through addition of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), or depleting iron stores by chelation with dipyridyl. Small increases or decreases of iron in primary cells had negative effects on cell viability, resulting in significantly reduced glucose output and glycogen synthesis. Dipyridyl treatment had similar effects on FaO cells as on primary cells but FAC treatment increased FaO glucose output, although significant iron loading was not achieved. With concentrations of FAC and dipyridyl low enough to not significantly influence cell viability, insulin sensitivity was not affected. Adiponectin is an insulin sensitiser and appears to exert this effect primarily through the liver. Adiponectin can also reduce hepatic glucose output (HGO) independent of insulin. It is believed adiponectin mediates its effects in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In muscle, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) has been implicated as a downstream component of adiponectin signalling. In this study, recombinant human adiponectin was produced and collected in culture medium which was then concentrated. Despite the presence of both high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) adiponectin multimers, the concentrated medium had no effect on HGO in the presence or absence of insulin. Concentrated adiponectin medium did not affect AMPK or p38 MAPK phosphorylation in hepatocytes or other cell types previously shown to respond to adiponectin. However, commercially-sourced purified recombinant adiponectin also failed to elicit any observable responses. AICAR and metformin are pharmacological activators of AMPK and were used to treat primary rat hepatocytes and FaO cells. These treatments reduced HGO independent of insulin in both cell types. In primary cells, these reductions were partially inhibited with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, suggesting that both AICAR and metformin action is at least partly AMPK dependent. In FaO cells, Compound C only inhibited the AICAR-mediated reduction of glucose output, indicating that metformin may act independently of AMPK in these cells. Compound C significantly inhibited AICAR and metformin-mediated increases in AMPK phosphorylation in primary hepatocytes and FaO cells. There was a trend towards inhibition of AICAR-mediated p38 MAPK phosphorylation with Compound C treatment, suggesting that p38 MAPK may lie downstream of AMPK in hepatocytes. Adenoviral expression of constitutively active (CA) and dominant negative (DN) AMPK in primary rat hepatocytes was used to further study the role of AMPK in hepatic glucose metabolism. Despite significant expression of CA AMPK, phosphorylation of downstream acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was not affected nor was HGO. CA AMPK did, however, increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. DN AMPK completely inhibited AICAR-mediated AMPK phosphorylation and partially inhibited phosphorylation of ACC. In addition, AICAR-mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was inhibited by DN AMPK. Taken together, these results suggest that p38 MAPK is downstream of AMPK in hepatocytes. The implication that p38 MAPK is involved in hepatic AMPK signalling is a novel finding. A greater understanding of this pathway in the liver may identify novel therapeutic targets, leading to improved treatment strategies for metabolic disorders linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientador: Suzana Erico Tanni Minamoto / Resumo: Introdução: Estudos recentes mostram que o tecido adiposo também contribui para a inflamação sistêmica em pacientes com DPOC. Entretanto, não há dados na literatura que avaliem a variação das adipocinas e suas associações com marcadores inflamatórios, exacerbações e mortalidade em um ano nos pacientes com DPOC. Objetivo: Avaliar as variações das adipocinas, citocinas inflamatórias e composição corporal em pacientes com DPOC no período de um ano. Pacientes e Métodos: Foram avaliados 57 pacientes com DPOC leve a muito grave, destes 6 pacientes morreram, 6 não foram contatados após a avaliação e 5 não quiseram participar da segunda fase estudo, logo realizamos análise de dois momentos dos 40 pacientes que completaram um ano de acompanhamento. No momento basal e após 1 ano foram realizados espirometria pré e pós-broncodilatador, gasometria arterial, exames laboratoriais, oximetria de pulso, dosagem plasmática sérica de interleucina (IL)-6, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), adiponectina e leptina e avaliação sérica laboratorial. Também foi realizado avaliação da composição do corpo, força muscular do quadríceps (FMQ) (MicroFet 2), sensação de dispneia, por meio do Índice de Dispneia Basal (BDI), Escala de Borg e Medical Research Council Modificado (mMRC), avaliação do estado geral de saúde, por meio do questionário de Qualidade de Vida na Doença Respiratória do Hospital Saint George (SGRQ) e Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD), calculado índice de BODE e Teste de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Recent studies show that adipose tissue also contributes to systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there are no data in the literature evaluating the evolution of level of adipokines and their associations with systemic inflammation, exacerbations and mortality in COPD patients. Objective: Evaluate the variations of adipokines and their association with systemic inflammation and and body composition in patients with COPD during one year. Patients and Methods: Fifty-seven patients with mild to very severe COPD were evaluated. During the follow up, six patients died, six lost the follow up and five refused to participate in the second assessment. At baseline and after one year we performed post-bronchodilator spirometry, arterial blood gas analysis, laboratory tests, pulse oximetry, serum plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin and leptin. We also assessed body composition, peripheral muscle strength (quadriceps), Basal Dyspnea Index (BDI), Borg Scale, and Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), general health status was evaluated by Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), BODE index and 6-minute walk test. Results: From the total of 40 patients, we analyzed the variation during one year and we observed a positive association between leptin and BMI (R:0.43; p=0.006), QMS L (R:0.42; p=0.008) and BODE index (R:0.39; p=0.024) an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) é uma patologia grave, crônica, associada à alta morbidade e caracterizada por alterações nos estados de humor (mania, hipomania e depressão). Possui comorbidade com diversas patologias clínicas, entre elas a obesidade. Tanto o TB quanto a obesidade possuem um componente imunológico e inflamatório importante. Essa comorbidade é bastante elevada e, quando presente, o paciente tem uma maior probabilidade de possuir déficits na memória declarativa, que está relacionada à disfunção do hipocampo, uma vez que é uma estrutura sensível à inflamação. As adipocinas (por exemplo, a leptina e a adiponectina) são biomarcadores inflamatórios produzidos pelo tecido adiposo que possuem receptores no hipocampo. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é estudar o impacto da obesidade, do tamanho do hipocampo e dos níveis de adipocinas (leptina e adiponectina) em pacientes com TB comparados a controles sem o transtorno. O tamanho do hipocampo foi adquirido com um scanner Philips Achieva de 1,5 Tesla. As dosagens das adipocinas (leptina e adiponectina) foram medidas utilizando kits ELISA-sanduíche. Para ambos os artigos foram selecionados pacientes eutímicos com TB e seus controles. No nosso estudo verificou-se que não há diferença no tamanho do hipocampo total entre pacientes com TB e controles (p = 0,123). Também não há correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o volume do hipocampo total e o IMC na amostra total (p = 0,153, rho = - 0,194), ou nos pacientes com TB (p = 0,084, rho = - 0,345), bem como nos controles (p = 0,823, rho = - 0,043), quando avaliados separadamente. Entretanto, nos pacientes com TB, foi encontrada uma significativa correlação negativa entre os volumes do hipocampo direito e níveis séricos de leptina (r = -0,472, p = 0,021), fato que não se observou entre os controles (r = -0,122, p = 0,563). Nossos resultados sugerem que apesar de não haver sido demonstrada uma associação entre o IMC e o volume do hipocampo, verificou-se que um aumento da leptina sérica nos pacientes com TB está associada com as alterações de volume do hipocampo direito, dados que podem ter tem implicações potencialmente significativas para a nossa compreensão da fisiopatologia do TB. Além disso, embora muito prevalente no TB, a obesidade é um fator de risco modificável, mas negligenciado nos esquemas de neuroprogressão da doença, o que sugere que as intervenções nutricionais são altamente desejáveis para se obter melhores resultados. / The Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a serious and chronic illness, associated with high morbidity and characterized by changes in mood states (mania, hypomania and depression). It has several comorbid medical conditions, including obesity. Both BD and obesity have an important immunological and inflammatory component. This comorbidity is quite high and, when present, the patient has an increased likelihood of having deficit in declarative memory, which is related to hippocampal dysfunction since it is a sensitive structure to inflammation. Adipokines (e.g., leptin and adiponectin) inflammatory biomarkers are produced by adipose tissue that have receptors in the hippocampus. The objective of this thesis is to study the impact of obesity, the hippocampus size and levels of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) in BD patients compared to controls without the disorder. The hippocampus size was acquired with a Philips Achieva 1.5 Tesla scanner. Dosages of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) were measured using ELISA-sandwich kits. For both articles were selected patients and controls. In our study we found that there was no difference in total hippocampus size between patients and controls (p=0.123). There was no correlation between total hippocampus size and BMI in the whole sample (p=0.153, rho=-0.194), or in BD (p=0.084, rho=-0.345) and controls (p=0.823, rho=-0.043) groups separatedIn patients with BD. However we found a significant negative correlation between the volumes of the right hippocampus and serum leptin levels (p = 0.021, rho = -0.472), a fact that was not observed among controls (p = 0.563, rho = -0.122). Our results suggest that the association between high BMI and increased serum leptin with hippocampal volume changes in patients with BD, has potentially significant implications for our understanding of BD pathophysiology. Furthermore, although very prevalent in BD, obesity is a modifiable risk factor, but neglected in neuroprogressão schemes of the disease, suggesting that the nutritional interventions are highly desirable to obtain best results.

Introdução: Adiponectina e leptina são produzidas no ambiente intrauterino, e estão envolvidas no crescimento fetal. Contudo, poucos estudos apresentaram dados de níveis de adiponectina e leptina comparando recém-nascidos (RN) pequenos e adequados para idade gestacional, prematuros de muito baixo peso e a termo. Objetivo: Comparar níveis de adiponectina e leptina em sangue de cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos prematuros muito baixo peso (MBP) e recém-nascidos a termo, e determinar sua relação com peso ao nascer (PN) e ser pequeno (PIG) ou adequado (AIG) para idade gestacional. Métodos: Estudo transversal com recém-nascidos prematuros de muito baixo peso (MBP), com idade gestacional <32 semanas e peso ao nascer <1500g, e recém-nascidos a termo com idade gestacional >37 semanas, nascidos em um hospital terciário, no período de Janeiro de 2010 à Maio de 2011. Critérios de exclusão: presença de malformações congênitas maiores, erros inatos do metabolismo, anomalias cromossômicas. Níveis de adiponectina e leptina em sangue de cordão umbilical foram determinados por enzimoimunoensaio com kit ELISA (R&D Systems). O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa da instituição sob número (09460). Empregados teste t de Student, Mann-Whitney e regressão linear, e aceito nível de significância p<0.05. Resultados: Ao todo foram estudados 127 recém-nascidos, 55 RNPTMBP e 72 a termo. Gênero, diabetes gestacional, infeção do trato urinário, idade e IMC maternos foram similares em ambos os grupos. Os níveis de adiponectina foram significativamente mais baixo nos recém-nascidos pré-termo do que nos recém-nascidos a termo: 1.57±0.74pg/mL versus 2.4±0.22pg/mL (p<0.001), respectivamente. Os níveis de leptina foram similares entre os grupos: 1.25±0.90pg/mL e 1.38±0.99pg/mL (p=0,481) nos recém-nascidos a termo e prematuros respectivamente. Independente de serem adequados ou pequenos para idade gestacional, RNPTMBP apresentaram níveis de adiponectina mais baixos (p<0,001). Os níveis de leptina e insulina foram similares em ambos os grupos, independentemente de serem AIG ou PIG. Na regressão linear com adiponectina como variável dependente, apenas prematuridade foi estatisticamente significativo. Conclusão: Prematuridade é o principal fator determinante para os baixos níveis de adiponectina em sangue de cordão umbilical em recém-nascidos. / Background: Adiponectin and leptin are produced in the intrauterine environment and are involved in fetal growth. However, few studies present data on adiponectin and leptin leves comparing adequate and small for gestational age very low birth weight preterm newborns. Aim: Compare the levels of adiponectin and leptin in cord blood of full term newborns and very low birth weight preterm, and determine its relation with birth weight and being small for gestational age. Methods: Cross sectional study with cord blood adipocytokines dosage in very low birth weight preterm (VLBW), with gestational age (GA) ≤32 weeks and birth weight ≤1500 grams, full term newborns, with GA ≥37 weeks, born at tertiary hospital between January 2010 and May 2011. Exclusion criteria were presence of major congenital malformation, metabolism innate errors, chromosomal anomalies. All includes newborn had a protocol filled with maternal and neonatal data. Adiponectin and leptin levels were determined by ELISA kits (R & D Systems). The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards and hospital’s ethics committee under the number 09-460. Applied student T test, Mann- Whitney and linear regression. Accepted p <0,05 as significant level. Results: Included 127 newborns, being 55 VLBW preterm and 72 full term. There were no statistic difference regarding gender, maternal gestational diabetes, urinary tract infection, age and BMI. Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in preterm than in full term newborns (1.57±0.74 pg/mL versus 2.4±0.22pg/mL (p<0,001), respectively. Leptin levels were similar in both groups: 1.25 ±0.90pg/mL in full term infants and e 1.38±0.99pg/mL in preterm (p=0,481). When we evaluate adequacy for gestational age inside groups, despite being adequate or small for gestational age, VLBW preterm showed lower levels of adiponectin (p<0,001) and again, there was no statistically significant difference for leptin levels. In the linear regression, prematurity was the only independent variable associated to the low levels of adiponectin (p <0,001). Conclusion: our data suggests that been born prematurely is the main determinant factor for adiponectin levels in umbilical cord of newborns. It’s important to know perinatal factors that may interfere in the secretion of adipocytokines so that it’s possible to develop preventive strategies of metabolic syndrome, not only in adulthood but also in early childhood.

O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) é uma patologia grave, crônica, associada à alta morbidade e caracterizada por alterações nos estados de humor (mania, hipomania e depressão). Possui comorbidade com diversas patologias clínicas, entre elas a obesidade. Tanto o TB quanto a obesidade possuem um componente imunológico e inflamatório importante. Essa comorbidade é bastante elevada e, quando presente, o paciente tem uma maior probabilidade de possuir déficits na memória declarativa, que está relacionada à disfunção do hipocampo, uma vez que é uma estrutura sensível à inflamação. As adipocinas (por exemplo, a leptina e a adiponectina) são biomarcadores inflamatórios produzidos pelo tecido adiposo que possuem receptores no hipocampo. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é estudar o impacto da obesidade, do tamanho do hipocampo e dos níveis de adipocinas (leptina e adiponectina) em pacientes com TB comparados a controles sem o transtorno. O tamanho do hipocampo foi adquirido com um scanner Philips Achieva de 1,5 Tesla. As dosagens das adipocinas (leptina e adiponectina) foram medidas utilizando kits ELISA-sanduíche. Para ambos os artigos foram selecionados pacientes eutímicos com TB e seus controles. No nosso estudo verificou-se que não há diferença no tamanho do hipocampo total entre pacientes com TB e controles (p = 0,123). Também não há correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o volume do hipocampo total e o IMC na amostra total (p = 0,153, rho = - 0,194), ou nos pacientes com TB (p = 0,084, rho = - 0,345), bem como nos controles (p = 0,823, rho = - 0,043), quando avaliados separadamente. Entretanto, nos pacientes com TB, foi encontrada uma significativa correlação negativa entre os volumes do hipocampo direito e níveis séricos de leptina (r = -0,472, p = 0,021), fato que não se observou entre os controles (r = -0,122, p = 0,563). Nossos resultados sugerem que apesar de não haver sido demonstrada uma associação entre o IMC e o volume do hipocampo, verificou-se que um aumento da leptina sérica nos pacientes com TB está associada com as alterações de volume do hipocampo direito, dados que podem ter tem implicações potencialmente significativas para a nossa compreensão da fisiopatologia do TB. Além disso, embora muito prevalente no TB, a obesidade é um fator de risco modificável, mas negligenciado nos esquemas de neuroprogressão da doença, o que sugere que as intervenções nutricionais são altamente desejáveis para se obter melhores resultados. / The Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a serious and chronic illness, associated with high morbidity and characterized by changes in mood states (mania, hypomania and depression). It has several comorbid medical conditions, including obesity. Both BD and obesity have an important immunological and inflammatory component. This comorbidity is quite high and, when present, the patient has an increased likelihood of having deficit in declarative memory, which is related to hippocampal dysfunction since it is a sensitive structure to inflammation. Adipokines (e.g., leptin and adiponectin) inflammatory biomarkers are produced by adipose tissue that have receptors in the hippocampus. The objective of this thesis is to study the impact of obesity, the hippocampus size and levels of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) in BD patients compared to controls without the disorder. The hippocampus size was acquired with a Philips Achieva 1.5 Tesla scanner. Dosages of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) were measured using ELISA-sandwich kits. For both articles were selected patients and controls. In our study we found that there was no difference in total hippocampus size between patients and controls (p=0.123). There was no correlation between total hippocampus size and BMI in the whole sample (p=0.153, rho=-0.194), or in BD (p=0.084, rho=-0.345) and controls (p=0.823, rho=-0.043) groups separatedIn patients with BD. However we found a significant negative correlation between the volumes of the right hippocampus and serum leptin levels (p = 0.021, rho = -0.472), a fact that was not observed among controls (p = 0.563, rho = -0.122). Our results suggest that the association between high BMI and increased serum leptin with hippocampal volume changes in patients with BD, has potentially significant implications for our understanding of BD pathophysiology. Furthermore, although very prevalent in BD, obesity is a modifiable risk factor, but neglected in neuroprogressão schemes of the disease, suggesting that the nutritional interventions are highly desirable to obtain best results.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Gaucher (DG) é um erro inato do metabolismo causado pela atividade deficiente da enzima glicocerebrosidase e subdivide-se em três tipos: tipo I (DG tipo I), que é o mais frequente e não apresenta comprometimento do sistema nervoso central; o II (DG tipo II), agudo e neuronopático; e o III (DG tipo III), subagudo e neuropático. Todos os tipos caracterizam-se pela heterogeneidade clínica, com manifestações de intensidade distintas, tais como: hepatoesplenomegalia, alterações hematológicas e dores ósseas. Alterações no metabolismo energético também são descritas. A terapia de escolha para a DG é a reposição enzimática (TRE). OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL: Avaliar o estado nutricional e a homeostase de energia em pacientes com DG em TRE. MÉTODOS: A presente tese contemplou 4 etapas: Etapa 1) Elaboração de revisão sistemática da literatura sobre aspectos nutricionais da DG tipo I. Etapa 2) Avaliação da coorte de pacientes acompanhados no Centro de Referência para DG do Rio Grande do Sul (CRDG/RS; n= 38; DG tipo I=35; DG tipo III= 3) quanto a dados relativos ao estado nutricional. Etapa 3) Avaliação do gasto energético basal por calorimetria indireta dos pacientes com DG tipo III do CRDG/RS. Etapa 4) Avaliação, por meio de estudo transversal controlado, dos níveis de grelina, leptina e adiponectina de pacientes com DG tipo I do CRDG/RS, com idade superior a 18 anos e em TRE há mais de 6 meses (n=15); os pacientes foram pareado por sexo, idade e IMC com controles hígidos. RESULTADOS: Etapa 1) Foram localizados 175 estudos, dos quais 28 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Etapa 2) Avaliação da coorte de pacientes acompanhados no Centro de Referência para DG do Rio Grande do Sul (CRDG/RS; n= 38; DG tipo I=35; DG tipo III= 3) quanto a dados relativos ao estado nutricional. Etapa 2) Os dados antropométricos dos pacientes adultos com DG tipo I (n=31) revelaram que quatorze apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade grau I e todos os pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos estavam com peso e estatura adequados. A idade dos pacientes apresentou alta correlação com o IMC e com o nível de ferritina. O IMC apresentou correlação com a ferritina e esta com o colesterol total e com o LDL-colesterol. O colesterol total apresentou correlação com o HDL, com o LDL e uma correlação negativa com a quitotriosidase. O subgrupo que iniciou o tratamento com idade superior a 18 anos (n=16) teve um aumento significativo de IMC após a TRE (p=0,001) e o que iniciou o tratamento antes de 16 anos (n=10) teve um aumento significativo no escore-z para estatura e IMC (p=0,004 e p= 0,032, respectivamente). Etapa 3) Os pacientes com DG tipo III apresentaram hipermetabolismo e dois deles estavam desnutridos. Etapa 4) A mediana dos níveis de grelina, leptina e adiponectina dos pacientes não diferiu da dos controles. Os níveis de grelina e adiponectina apresentaram correlação positiva entre si e com o HDL-colesterol; e inversa com o IMC, circunferência de cintura e triglicerídeos. Os níveis de leptina apresentaram correlação inversa com o LDL-colesterol e direta com o IMC, circunferência da cintura, dose de enzima, triglicerídeos, insulina e HOMA-IR. Oito pacientes preenchiam os critérios para síndrome metabólica, quatro dos quais estavam com resistência à insulina pelo índice HOMA-IR. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados da revisão sistemática indicaram que o tratamento com imiglucerase melhora os índices de crescimento de crianças e adolescentes com DG tipo I o que está em consonância com os dados encontrados nesta coorte. Em relação aos pacientes avaliados, o estado nutricional classificado pelo IMC mostrou que quase metade dos pacientes com DG tipo I estava com excesso de peso e que a TRE parece contribuir para esse achado. O hipermetabolismo em pacientes com DG tipo III parece constituir-se num biomarcador da gravidade da doença. A leptina apresentou alta associação com a insulina e com o índice HOMA-IR, podendo tornar-se um biomarcador para avaliar indícios precoces de resistência à insulina em pacientes com DG. Aumento de peso, síndrome metabólica e resistência à insulina parecem ser frequentes em pacientes com DG tipo I. Estudos adicionais são necessários para investigar as associações encontradas. / INTRODUCTION: Gaucher disease (GD) is an inborn error of metabolism, caused by the deficient activity of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme and is divided into three types: type I, which is the most frequent and does not present neurological compromise; type II, which is acute and neuronopathic; and type III, which is subacute and neuronopathic. All types are characterized by clinical heterogeneity and symptomatic manifestations of varied intensity, such as hepatosplenomegaly, hematologic dysfunction, bone pain; energy homeostasis dysfunction is also present. The choice therapy for GD is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). OBJECTIVE.To assess the nutritional status and the energy homeostasis in patients affected by Gaucher Disease under enzyme replacement therapy. METHODS.This present study is composed of 4 stages. Stage 1) Systematic literature review on GD type I nutritional aspects. Stage 2) Assessment of data revolving around nutritional status of the patients cohort followed at the GD Reference Center in Rio Grande do Sul(CRDG/RS; n= 38; GD type I=35; GD type III= 3. Stage 3) Assessment of basal energetic expenditure by indirect calorimetry in GD type III patients at CRDG/RS. Stage 4) Assessment, by means of controlled transversal study, of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin levels in GD- I patients, age over 18 yo and under ERT for at least 6 months (n=15); the patients were pair matched with healthy controls for sex, age and BMI. RESULTS: Stage 1) 175 studies were found, of which 28 met the inclusion criteria. These studies have shown ERT is associated to: growth normalization in children and teenagers with delayed development; partial correction of hypermetabolism and glycemic profile dysfunctions; and increase in weight as well as insulin resistance and development of Diabetes mellitus type 2 in adults. Stage 2) The anthropometric data of adult patients with GD type I (n=31) pointed out fourteen showed overweight or obesity level 1, and all patients aged under 18yo showed adequate weight and height. The patient’s age showed high correlation with BMI and ferritin levels. BMI presented correlation with ferritin and the latter with total cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol. Total cholesterol showed correlation with HDL, with LDL and negative correlation with chitotriosidase. The subgroup comprising those who were over 18 years of age (n=16) at the beginning of treatment had a significant increase in BMI after ERT (p=0,001) and those beginning treatment under the age of 16 showed (n=10) significant increase in the z-score for height and BMI (p=0,004 and p= 0,032, respectively). Stage 3) GD type III patients showed hypermetabolism and two of them (2/3) were malnourished. Stage 4) The median of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin levels of patients did not differ from that of the controls. The ghrelin and adiponectin levels presented positive correlation between themselves, with HDL-cholesterol, and inverse correlation with BMI, waist circumference, and triglycerides. The leptin levels presented inverse correlation with LDL-cholesterol and direct correlation with BMI, waist circumference, enzyme dose, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Eight patients (n=15) met the criteria for metabolic syndrome, four of which had insulin resistance, as measured by the HOMA-IR index. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Data from the systematic review showed the treatment with imiglucerase improves growth in children and adolescents with GD type I, this meets the findings in this cohort. In relation to the patients assessed, the nutritional status measured by BMI showed that almost half of the GD type I patients were overweight and that ERT seems to contribute to this finding. Hypermetabolism in GD type III patients seems to be a biomarker of the severity of this disease. Leptin presented high association with insulin and with the HOMA-IR index, and may eventually become a biomarker to evaluate early evidence of insulin resistance in GD patients. Weight increase, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance seem to be frequent in GD type I patients. Further research is necessary to investigate the findings herein researched.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Artigo 1: Plasma adiponectin levels and incident glucose intolerance in Japanese–Brazilians: A seven-year follow-up study (The objective of this study was to investigate whether decreased baseline adiponectin levels are an independent risk factor for development of glucose intolerance in a population-based study of Japanese–Brazilians, a group with one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes worldwide. We examined 210 Japanese–Brazilians (97 male and 113 female, aged 56.7 ± 10.1 years) with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Plasma adiponectin, insulin, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose and lipid profile were evaluated at baseline and also at 7-year follow-up. Plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in glucose intolerance progressors compared with subjects who remained NGT. By increasing tertiles of adiponectin, the frequencies of subjects who progressed to glucose intolerance were 40%, 33% and 27% and the frequencies of subjects who remained NGT were 13%, 35% and 52% (÷2 = 15.8, p = 0.001). Logistic regression analyses showed that adiponectin levels (OR for the highest versus lowest tertile: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.12–0.84, p = 0.021), male sex (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.21–5.65, p = 0.015), fasting plasma glucose (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.35–6.91, p = 0.008) and waist circumference (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00–1.08, p = 0.046) were independent risk factors for the progression to glucose intolerance. In conclusion, low plasma levels of adiponectin is one of several independent predictors of glucose intolerance in a Japanese–Brazilian population).Artigo 2: Association of genetic variants in the adiponectin encoding gene (ADIPOQ) with type 2 diabetes in Japanese-Brazilians (Aim: To assess the contribution of ADIPOQ variants to type 2 diabetes in Japanese-Brazilians. Methods: we genotyped 200 patients with diabetes mellitus (100 male and 100 female, aged 55.5 ± 10.8 years) and 200 control subjects with NGT (72 male and 128 female, aged 54.0 ± 13.4 years). Results: whereas each polymorphism studied (T45G, G276T and A349G) was not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the haplotype GGA was over-represented in our diabetic population (9.3% against 3.1% in NGT individuals, p = 0.0003). Also, this haplotype was associated with decreased levels of adiponectin. We also identified three mutations in exon 3: I164T, R221S and H241P but, owing the low frequencies of them, associations with type 2 diabetes could not be evaluated. The subjects carrying the R221S mutation had plasma adiponectin levels lower than those without the mutation (1.97 ± 0.80 ìg/ml vs 8.08 ± 6.27 ìg/ml, p= 0.015). Similarly, the I164T mutation carriers had mean plasma adiponectin levels lower than those non-carriers (3.73 ± 0.88 ìg/ml vs 8.08 ± 6.27 ìg/ml) but this difference was not significant (p= 0.23). Conclusions: we identified in the ADIPOQ gene a risk haplotype for type 2 diabetes that affects plasma adiponectin levels in the Japanese-Brazilian population).Artigo 3: A Novel Mutation in the Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) Gene is Associated with Hypoadiponectinemia in Japanese-Brazilians (Objective: Adiponectin, an important mediator of insulin sensitivity, is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene. Here we describe two Japanese-Brazilian families with hypoadiponectinemia due to a novel mutation on ADIPOQ gene. Design and Patients: In this study, we examined the entire translated regions of adiponectin in Japanese-Brazilians, a population with one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes worldwide. We screened 200 patients with type 2 diabetes and 240 age-matched subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Results: A novel heterozygous T deletion at position 186 in exon 2 of the ADIPOQ gene, causing a frameshift at codon 62 leading to a premature termination at codon 168 (p.Gly63ValfsX106) was found in two individuals with diabetes. This mutation was not found in 240 nondiabetic control subjects. In addition, we screened the mutation in an expanded set of 100 nondiabetic subjects from general Brazilian population, but we found no mutation. Six additional mutation carriers family members of probands were identified. Mutation-carrier individuals had markedly low plasma adiponectin concentrations compared with those without the mutation (DM: 1.01 ± 0.69 ìg/ml vs 6.49 ± 5.04 ìg/ml, p< 0.001; NGT: 1.10 ± 0.49 ìg/ml vs 10.36 ± 6.63 ìg/ml, p= 0.003). All individuals carrying the p.Gly63ValfsX106 mutation and older than 30 years were found to be diabetic. Conclusions: We describe for the first time a frameshift mutation in exon 2 of the ADIPOQ gene, which modulates adiponectin levels and may contribute to the genetic risk of late-onset diabetes in Japanese-Brazilians).. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / O treinamento físico associado à terapia interdisciplinar é uma importante ferramenta para o controle da obesidade. Entretanto, ainda não está claro se o tipo de exercício e periodização pode influenciar o controle desta doença. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a efetividade de três tipos de treinamento físico sobre o controle da obesidade em relação ao perfil antropométrico, metabólico e inflamatório de adolescentes obesos submetidos a uma terapia interdisciplinar de longo prazo. Quarenta e cinco adolescentes obesos pós-púberes (16.28 ± 1.34 anos) foram selecionados e pareados em três grupos de acordo com o tipo de treinamento físico: treinamento predominantemente aeróbio (AT=20), treinamento resistido associado ao treinamento aeróbio com periodização linear (LP=13) e com periodização ondulatória (DUP=12). A composição corporal foi avaliada pelo método de pletismografia por deslocamento de ar e as análises sangüíneas foram coletadas após jejum de 12h. Resultados: O principal resultado deste estudo foi que tanto o LP como o DUP melhoraram o colesterol total (LP=164.4±8.5 para 149.8±8.9; DUP= 167.8±5.9 para 149.7± 5.3), LDL-c (LP=105.1±7.3 para 91.7±6.8; DUP 108.5±6 para 90.3±5.6), HOMA-IR (LP=3.5±0.4 para 1.8±0.2; DUP=4.2±2.1 para 2.1±0.4), as concentrações de insulina (LP=15.7±1.6 para 8.5±1.1; DUP=19.5±2.1 para 10.5±1.7) e adiponectina (LP=10±1.7 para 12.5±1; DUP=8.6±2.7 para 12.4±1). A regressão linear mostrou uma associação negativa (β=-0.45) entre o delta (%) de adiponecitna e o delta (%) de insulina (p<0.05). Todos os grupos apresentaram uma diminuição significativa da massa corporal (AT= 99.7±3.8 para 90.6±3; LP=99.4±3.8 para 88.5±3.2; DUP=107.9±3.3 para 91.5±3.3), IMC (AT=35.1±0.9 para 31.8±1.1; LP=36.4±1.6 para 32.2±1.3; DUP= 38.2±1.3 para 32.1±1.5) e massa de gordura (Kg) (AT=40±1.7 para 32.5±2.1; LP=45.7±3.3 para 33.3±2.8; DUP=50.3±3.1 para 32.4±4.3) após intervenção de longo prazo. Foi encontrada uma correlação negativa entre o percentual de oxidação de proteína e a taxa metabólica de repouso (r=-75). Conclusão: O modelo de terapia interdisciplinar que inclui os treinamentos resistidos periodizados associados ao treinamento aeróbio, LP e DUP, foram mais efetivos para melhorar o perfil lipídico, a sensibilidade à insulina, como também o estado inflamatório pelo aumento da adiponectina. Em todos os grupos foram observados uma melhora no perfil antropométrico. / The physical training associated with interdisciplinary therapy is an important tool to obesity control. However, it‟s not clear if the type of exercise and its periodization can influence this pathology control. Therefore, the present study compared the effectiveness of three types of exercise training on obesity control related with anthropometric, metabolic and inflammatory profile in adolescents submitted to a long-term interdisciplinary therapy. Forty-five post-puberty obese adolescents (16.28 ± 1.34y) were randomized in three groups according to exercise training: predominantly aerobic training group (AT n=20), aerobic plus resistance training with linear periodization (LP n=13) and aerobic plus resistance training with daily undulating periodization (DUP n=12). The body composition was evaluated by air-displacement plethysmography and the serum analysis was collected after an overnight fast. Results: The most important finding of this study was that both LP and DUP groups improved total cholesterol (LP=164.4±8.5 to 149.8±8.9; DUP= 167.8±5.9 to 149.7± 5.3), LDL-c (LP=105.1±7.3 to 91.7±6.8; DUP 108.5±6 to 90.3±5.6), HOMA-IR (LP=3.5±0.4 to 1.8±0.2; DUP=4.2±2.1 to 2.1±0.4), insulin (LP=15.7±1.6 to 8.5±1.1; DUP=19.5±2.1 to 10.5±1.7) and adiponectin concentration (LP=10±1.7 to 12.5±1; DUP=8.6±2.7 to12.4±1). The linear regression showed a negative association (β=-0.45) between delta (%) adiponectin and delta (%) insulin (p<0.05). All exercise groups presented a significant reduction in body mass (AT= 99.7±3.8 to 90.6±3; LP=99.4±3.8 to 88.5±3.2; DUP=107.9±3.3 to 91.5±3.3), BMI (AT=35.1±0.9 to 31.8±1.1; LP=36.4±1.6 to 32.2±1.3; DUP= 38.2±1.3 to 32.1±1.5) fat mass (Kg) (AT=40±1.7 to 32.5±2.1; LP=45.7±3.3 to 33.3±2.8; DUP=50.3±3.1 to 32.4±4.3) after short and long-term intervention. There was a negative correlation between percentage of protein oxidation and RMR (r=-0.75) in all groups. Conclusion: The interdisciplinary therapy models that include aerobic plus resistance training was more effective than aerobic training to improve lipid profile and insulin sensitivity, as well as inflammatory state by increasing adiponectin. In all groups it was observed an improvement on anthropometric profile. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

A resistência à insulina está associada com o aumento do teor de gordura intramiocelular (GIMC) e com níveis séricos da adiponectina (ADP) diminuídos. A ADP por sua vez está envolvida na oxidação de gordura muscular. Entretanto, a relação entre ambas continua controversa. O objetivo deste estudo é explorar a relação entre a ADP e a GIMC em adultos não diabéticos, além de estudar o papel da rosiglitasona (RSG) sobre a distribuição da gordura entre os compartimentos musculares. Este estudo compreende duas fases: uma fase transversal (corte-transversal) e uma fase longitudinal, de intervenção terapêutica com uma droga, num desenho aberto. Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular (Biovasc) - UERJ. Material e métodos Na fase transversal, 24 pacientes obesos, não diabéticos, com síndrome metabólica (SM) e 9 controles magros e saudáveis foram estudados. Foi realizada a Espectroscopia de Prótons por Ressonância Nuclear Magnética (1H-ERNM) para quantificar a gordura extramiocelular (GEMC) e a GIMC. Estas, associadas à ADP e aos parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos, foram avaliadas e comparadas nos dois grupos. Durante a fase longitudinal, 15 destes pacientes foram reestudados, através da 1H-ERNM, após o tratamento com RSG por 6 meses. Da mesma forma, as variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas foram reavaliadas. Fase transversal: os pacientes com SM apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal (IMC), cintura abdominal, relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), e níveis de glicemia, insulina e triglicerídeos e menores níveis de HDL-c, quando comparados com o grupo controle. Da mesma forma o HOMA-RI [3.25 (2.58-4.13) vs 1.02 (0.73-1.29); p<0.0001] e a GIMC [266.1 (189.9-296.3) vs 72.85 (55.3-109.4) unidades arbitrárias-UA, p<0.0001] estavam aumentados enquanto o QUICKI [0.32 (0.31-0.33) vs 0.38 (0.37-0.40); p<0.0001] e a ADP [8.6 (4.05-15.95) vs 21.1 (12.9-24.4) &#956;g/ml; p=0.02) estavam diminuídos. O teor de GIMC associou-se diretamente com a glicose, insulina, triglicerídeos e HOMA-RI e inversamente com o HDL-c, QUICKI e, mais importantemente, com a ADP (r = -0.41; p<0.05). Fase longitudinal: após o tratamento com RSG, o peso corporal e a circunferência do quadril aumentaram, respectivamente [100.9 (91.12-138.7) vs 107,0 (79.6-142.8) kg e 118 (107-126) cm vs 122 (110-131) cm]; enquanto a RCQ diminuiu [0.93 (0.87-1.00) vs 0.89 (0.82-0.97); P<0.001 para todos]. Adicionalmente, a glicemia, a insulina e o HOMA-RI diminuíram significativamente, enquanto a ADP aumentou mais de 3 vezes [9.7 (3.7-17.7) vs 38.0 (19.3-42.4) &#956;g/ml]. Finalmente, a GIMC não se modificou [267.54 (213.94-297.94) vs 305.75 (230.80-424.75) UA], mas a GEMC aumentou de forma significativa [275.53 (210.39-436.66) vs 411.39 (279.92-556.59) UA; P<0.01] diminuindo a razão GIMC sobre GEMC [GIMC/GEMC; 1.07 (0.78-1.23) vs. 0.71 (0.53-0.96); p<0.01]. A ADP correlacionou-se inversamente com o teor da GIMC em adultos obesos não diabéticos com SM. Este achado tem possíveis implicações para o papel da ADP na oxidação da gordura muscular, na RI e na SM. O tratamento com RSG aumentou a massa corporal e a circunferência do quadril e diminuiu a RCQ. Além disso, diminuiu a razão GIMC/GEMC, por aumentar a GEMC sem alterar significativamente a GIMC. Isto sugere que este medicamento pode prevenir a deposição da gordura no compartimento intramiocelular ao aumentar os depósitos periféricos e o extramiocelular. / Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and low serum adiponectin (ADP) levels. ADP is also involved in muscle fat oxidation but the relationship between them is still controversial. We aimed to further explore the relationship between ADP and IMCL content in non-diabetic adults and the role of rosiglitazone (RSG) in muscle fat compartment distribution in an adult population of obese nondiabetic metabolic syndrome patients. This study comprises two phases: a cross-sectional and a longitudinal, open-label, drug-interventional one. Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (Biovasc) at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. During the cross-sectional phase, 24 obese, nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and 9 lean healthy controls were studied. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMRS) was performed to quantify IMCL, as well as extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) content. The latter plus serum ADP, anthropometrics and biochemical parameters were evaluated and compared in these two groups. During the longitudinal phase, fifteen of the MS patients were studied by means of 1HNMRS before and after treatment with 8mg/day of RSG for 6 months. Anthropometrical and metabolic variables were assessed. Measurements and main results cross-sectional phase: MS patients had higher body mass index (BMI), waist, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), glucose, insulin and triglycerides and lower HDL-c as compared to controls. HOMA-IR (3.25 [2.58-4.13] vs 1.02 [0.73-1.29]; p<0.0001) and IMCL content (266.1 [189.9-296.3] vs 72.85 [55.3-109.4) AU, p<0.0001] were higher, and QUICKI (0.32 [0.31-0.33] vs 0.38 [0.37-0.40]; p<0.0001) and ADP (8.6 [4.05-15.95] vs 21.1 [12.9-24.4] &#956;g/ml; p=0.02) lower in MS compared to controls. IMCL content was directly associated with glucose, insulin, triglycerides and HOMAxiii IR and inversely to HDLc, QUICKI and, more importantly, with ADP (r = -0.41; p<0.05). Longitudinal phase: After RSG treatment, body weight and hip circumference increased [100.9 (91.12-138.7) vs 107,0 (79.6-142.8) kg and 118 (107-126) cm vs 122 (110-131) cm] respectively, while WHR decreased [0.93 (0.87-1.00) vs 0.89 (0.82-0.97); P<0.001 for all]. Additionally, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR significantly decreased while adiponectin increased over 3 fold [9.7 (3.7-17.7) vs 38.0 (19.3-42.4) &#956;g/ml]. Finally, IMCL did not change [267.54 (213.94-297.94) vs 305.75 (230.80-424.75) arbitrary units (AU)] while EMCL increased [275.53 (210.39-436.66) vs 411.39 (279.92-556.59) AU; P<0.01] therefore decreasing IMCL to EMCL ratio (IMCL/EMCL) [1.07 (0.78-1.23) vs. 0.71 (0.53-0.96); p<0.01]. ADP is inversely related to IMCL content in non-diabetic adults. This finding has possible implications for the role of ADP in muscle fat oxidation, IR and MS. RSG treatment increased body weight and hip circumference decreasing WHR and decreased IMCL/EMCL ratio by increasing EMCL without any significant change on IMCL, thus suggesting that this drug may prevent IMCL fat deposition by increasing EMCL and peripheral deposits.