nÃo hà / Compreender a produÃÃo e a expansÃo da periferia da cidade à uma Ãrdua tarefa. O termo periferia surge nos estudos urbanos para dar conta de uma realidade que se impÃs devido ao crescimento das cidades. Essa dificuldade de compreensÃo reside no fato da expansÃo urbana acontecer cada vez mais rÃpida, redefinindo limites e usos do espaÃo chamado de periferia. A abertura de loteamentos foi um processo importante na expansÃo urbana e na formaÃÃo de periferia em muitas cidades do Brasil. Por meio do parcelamento de grandes glebas, o solo deixava seu uso rural para assumir funÃÃes socialmente urbanas. Ao mudar o uso, mudam-se tambÃm as formas de obtenÃÃo de lucros daqueles que detÃm a propriedade da terra. Nesse novo contexto, a terra passa a ter um valor que à produzido socialmente pelos diversos agentes produtores do espaÃo urbano. Todavia, esse valor à apropriado por uma minoria que possui a propriedade da terra. O alto valor da terra impede muitas pessoas de adquirir terra em um loteamento regular com infraestrutura urbana bÃsica. O loteamento ilegal (clandestino ou irregular) à uma das alternativas que essas pessoas tÃm para ter acesso à terra. Este trabalho se propÃe a analisar o processo de expansÃo urbana de Fortaleza, uma metrÃpole regional do Nordeste brasileiro, considerando os agentes produtores do espaÃo presentes nos loteamentos populares perifÃricos. Os procedimentos adotados na pesquisa foram: revisÃo bibliogrÃfica acerca da produÃÃo social do espaÃo urbano; pesquisa institucional, com leitura crÃtica das leis referentes ao parcelamento do solo e Planos Diretores Municipais de Fortaleza e Maracanaà e anÃlise do banco de dados de Cadastros de Loteamentos dos dois municÃpios; e estudo de caso realizado no loteamento Parque Alto Alegre, com a realizaÃÃo de entrevistas quanti-qualitativas. Localizado no municÃpio de Maracanaà e limÃtrofe com a periferia sudoeste de Fortaleza, esse loteamento apresenta muitas deficiÃncias em relaÃÃo Ãs infraestruturas, aos equipamentos e serviÃos urbanos e à mobilidade urbana. A discussÃo sobre a expansÃo dos loteamentos populares em Fortaleza e na RMF possibilitou algumas conclusÃes, tais como: os loteamentos populares nÃo constituem uma realidade apenas do municÃpio Fortaleza, tendo se tornado uma questÃo metropolitana desde a dÃcada de 1980; a autoconstruÃÃo à o principal processo de aquisiÃÃo da casa prÃpria do morador pobre. Todavia, a aquisiÃÃo da casa prÃpria nÃo soluciona seus problemas de moradia, visto que a deficiÃncia de saneamento ambiental e as dificuldades de mobilidade sÃo tambÃm caracterÃsticas do loteamento popular na periferia da metrÃpole. / Comprehending the production and the expansion on the periphery of the city is a hard task. The term periphery arises in urban studies to account for a reality that was imposed due to the growth of the cities. This difficulty of understanding lies in the fact that urban expansion happens faster and faster, redefining limits and uses of the space called periphery. The opening of urban allotments was an important process in the urban expansion and the formation of the periphery in many cities in Brazil. The soil has left its rural use to undertake social urban functions through the parceling of large fields. Since the soil use has been changed, the ways the owners of the lands obtain profit have changed as well. In this new context, the land has a new value which is produced socially by different producers of urban space. However, this value belongs to the minority who has the ownership of the land. The high value of the land prevents many people from purchasing land in a regular allotment with basic urban infrastructure. Illegal allotment (clandestine or irregular) is an alternative that these people have in order to have access to land. This study aims to analyze the process of urban expansion of Fortaleza, a regional metropolis in the Brazilian Northeast, considering the space producing agents present in popular peripherals subdivisions. The procedures adopted in the research were: literature review on the social production of urban space; institutional research, with critical reading of the laws pertaining to land subdivision and Municipal Master Plans of Fortaleza and Maracanaà and analysis of database Registers of Allotments in the two towns; and a case study in Parque Alto Alegre allotment, with quantitative and qualitative interviews. This allotment is located in Maracanaà and borders the southwestern outskirts of Fortaleza. It has many deficiencies in relation to infrastructure, equipment, urban services and urban mobility. The discussion on the expansion of popular allotments in Fortaleza and in Fortaleza Metropolitan Region enabled some conclusions, such as the popular allotments are not only a reality of Fortaleza, they have become a metropolitan issue since the 1980s. Building their houses has been the main process in which poor people have acquired their own habitation. However, home- ownership does not solve the housing problems, since deficiency of environmental sanitation and mobility difficulties are also characteristics of the allotments on the outskirts of metropolis.

We experimentally study the effects of allotment - the division of an item into homogeneous units - in independent private value auctions. We compare a single-item, first-price auction with two equivalent treatments with allotment: a two-unit discriminatory auction and two simultaneous single-unit first-price auctions. We find that allotment mitigates overbidding, with this effect being stronger in the discriminatory auction. In the allotment treatments, we observe large and persistent bid spreading. Across treatments, the discriminatory auction is the least efficient and generates the lowest revenue.

The thesis deals with the phenomenon of allotment gardens. Lots of them have been closed down currently and their functions have been questioned. The aim of the thesis is to find out a historical context of allotment gardens and a current state in a chosen one situated in Prague. The emphasis is put on social, economic and environmental aspects. These aspects are chosen because of the evaluation of the allotment garden in terms of the sustainable development and its environmental, economic, social institucional and social individual parts. The first part of the thesis provides general insight of the issues. It also deals with history of allotment gardens, reasons of their foundation and their development during the time. The second part of the thesis consists of the case study of two allotment gardens on Libeň Island in Prague. They physically adjoins each other and have a common historical development. People from both sites are connected with personal relationship. That is the reason why they could be considered as the one society. This part presents how it works inside these two allotment gardens as well as their importance for gardeners and for wider society with particular atention of environmental, economic and social aspects mentioned before. To illustrate the atmosphere of the place part of...

The thesis deals with the phenomenon of allotment gardening and allotment sites. These days, numerous sites have to face the threat of extinction, which may be caused by insufficient evaluation of their role in the city environment. The aim of the research of allotment sites is to point out their social, economic and particularly environmental benefits for the city. The first part of the thesis concerns the origin, development and current state of allotment gardening in Europe and Czech lands (particularly in cities). Allotment gardening is then examined in the context of sustainable development, with regard to its environmental, social, economic as well as legal and political aspects. The second part of the thesis describes the case study in Jenerálka, allotment site in Prague. The study investigates the development, current state of the site and its position within the city. In addition, it analyses the role of the site both in the lives of gardeners and for Prague.

Byggnaden är publik och programmet kretsar kring odling. Byggt på en stålstomme är de exteriöra material i fasaden är polykarbonat och glas och består av stora öppningsbara dörr- och fönsterpartier. Byggnaden består av tre klimatzoner där den första fungerar som vinterträdgård. Den andra klimatzonen definieras av en generös foaje som fungerar som fortsättning på den offentliga gången som går genom trädgårdslotterna utanför. Tredje klimatzonen är flera separata rum.  Likt skalet kan zonerna och rummen öppnas upp med skjutbara fönsterpartier mot varandra. På så sätt upphör skillnaderna mellan klimatzonerna och inom- och utomhus övergår i varandra. Byggnaden har ett fjärilsformat tak med syfte att ta tillvara på regnvatten som i sin tur kan ledas till det interna växthuset på bottenvåningen. Växthuset i kombination med vinterträdgården tillåter året-runt odling och därmed att verksamheten som sker utanför kan fortsätta under vinterhalvåret.  Genom att integrera odling och även ta in och återspegla det som sker på trädgårdslotterna runt i kring är förhoppningen att byggnaden ska upplevas i kontinuitet med sin omgivning och uppmuntra till deltagande. / The building is public and the program revolves around cultivation. Built on a steel frame, the exterior materials in the facade are polycarbonate and glass and consist of large openable door and window sections. The building consists of three climate zones, the first of which serves as a conservatory. The second climate zone is defined by a generous foyer that serves as a continuation of the public corridor that runs through the garden plots outside. The third climate zone is several separate rooms. Like the shell, the zones and rooms can be opened up with sliding window sections facing each other. In this way, the differences between the climate zones and indoors and outdoors merge into one another. The building has a butterfly-shaped roof with the purpose of utilizing rainwater, which in turn can be led to the internal greenhouse on the ground floor. The greenhouse in combination with the conservatory allows year-round cultivation. By integrating cultivation and also taking in and reflecting what is happening on the garden plots around, the hope is that the building will be experienced in continuity with its surroundings and encourage participation.

Official planning documents and strategies often look at cities from above neglecting people’s experiences and practices. Meanwhile cities as meaningful places are constructed though citizens’ practices, memories and ties with their surroundings. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to discover people’s bonds with their urban allotment gardens – dachas – in the Russian city of Kaliningrad and to explore the significance of these bonds for city development. The phenomenon of the dacha has a long history in Russia. Similar to urban allotment gardens in other countries, dachas are an essential part of the city landscape in many post-socialist countries but differ by their large scale. Recent decades have brought diversity into the urban dacha areas of Russia and express a shift away from their primary function of recreational horticulture towards a greater variety in usage, including housing. Due to multiple legal frameworks these areas have become special enclaves with haphazard development, inadequate levels of infrastructure and low quality of self-build houses. Urban dachas can be examined as an example of both post-socialist suburbanization and informal settlement. In this thesis the concept of place attachment, derived from the works of human geographers and environmental psychologists, is used as both the theoretical and methodological lens to look at people-place relations in urban dacha areas. The empirical evidence for this study was gathered through interviews and observations in Kaliningrad where urban dachas comprise 11% of the city’s territory. To capture the different aspects of place attachment in these areas the data was categorised according to common themes.The findings of this study show the complexity of the bonds between people and their urban allotment gardens. Despite all the hardships, these places provide their residents an opportunity for independence and self-realization. The respondents demonstrated an energy and aspiration to achieve increased well-being for themselves and their families, however the lack of resources and institutions hinders the development of place attachment in urban dacha areas. The identified features of people’s bonds with their dachas should not only be preconditions for urban planning but also an integral part of the planning and development process. This study also tests the application of the concept of place attachment for urban studies.

Through the re-programming of an old parking garage and disused central water heating facility in Kärrtorp, a southern suburb in Stockholm, Sweden. Långe Jan is a spatial design concept for a new type of indoor allotment garden, a space to socialize, eat, learn, experiment and develop conventional and hopefully unconventional types of indoor gardening. A place to connect people and spread wider knowledge about gardening and food production.  The concept is rooted in the historical context of allotment gardens, which have transformed from their 19th-century origins to meet modern needs for local food production and social interaction. Långe Jan transforms the building’s existing structure into a contemporary community hub, promoting social gatherings, sustainability and self-sufficiency.   The design process includes background research, a search for the hearth, investigations to understand the building and the area around it, the reprogramming of the house, a design proposal, documentation of the final exhibition and conclusions of the project.  The reprogrammed building features different floors dedicated to semi-public conservatories, professional farming areas, a restaurant and social spaces. Each floor combines conservation, demolition, and new additions according to its function.  I have produced this architectural proposal with a social and ecological foundation that hopefully can be used to develop the site, the city, and in the best of worlds somebody's life for the better in the future.

Den pågående urbaniseringen leder till att städer förtätas mer och mer. Samtidigt som det behövs nya bostäder är stadens invånare i behov av gröna miljöer för rekreation och produktion av ekosystemtjänster. En plats i staden som erbjuder bland annat rekreationsmöjligheter, ekosystemtjänster och biologisk mångfald är koloniområden. Odlingsintresset har ökat kraftigt de senaste åren vilket inte minst är märkbart genom de långa köerna till koloniträdgårdar i Stockholm. Även om koloniträdgårdar medför flertalet fördelar är koloniområden inte alltid inkluderande eller tillgängliga för alla stadens invånare. Detta arbete syftar därför till att undersöka koloniträdgårdens framtida plats i staden utifrån ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Koloniträdgårdens roll i staden utifrån tillgänglighet och inkludering undersöks liksom hur olika aktörer i staden ser på koloniträdgårdarnas värden och framtid i Stockholm. Genom att studera litteratur och tidigare forskning identifieras några av koloniträdgårdens funktioner och värden i staden. Dessutom genomförs en fallstudie om koloniträdgårdar i Stockholms stad vilken innefattar både en dokumentstudie och intervjuer med aktörer verksamma i Stockholmsregionen. Resultaten från fallstudien visar på att koloniträdgårdar i Stockholm kan tillskrivas många olika värden: bland annat biologisk mångfald, ekosystemtjänster, rekreationsytor, vackra promenadstråk och trygghet i staden. Flera av aktörerna framhäver vikten av öppna och tillgängliga områden för promenader, likaså vikten av att kolonistugor och arrenden hålls rimligt prissatta. Ingen av aktörerna tror att nya koloniområden med stuglotter kommer att anläggas men möjligtvis områden med mindre odlingslotter. Däremot är det troligt att befintliga områden finns kvar de närmaste 20 åren och att åtgärder som ökar tillgängligheten till stadens koloniområden kommer att genomföras. / The ongoing urbanization leads to more and more densified cities. While new housing is needed, the city's residents need green environments for recreation and production of ecosystem services. One place in the city that, among other things, offers recreational opportunities, ecosystem services and biodiversity are allotment gardens. The gardening interest has increased substantially in recent years, which is made apparent through the long queues for allotments in Stockholm. Even though allotments bring multiple benefits, allotment gardens are not always inclusive or accessible to all city residents. This work therefore aims to investigate the future space for the allotment in the city from a social sustainability perspective. The role of the allotment in the city based on accessibility and inclusion is examined, as well as how different actors in the city consider the values and future of the allotments in Stockholm. By studying literature and previous research, some of the allotments' functions and values in the city are identified. In addition, a case study on allotments in The City of Stockholm is carried out, which includes both a document study and interviews with actors who operate in the Stockholm region. The results from the case study show that allotments in Stockholm can be ascribed to many different values: biodiversity, ecosystem services, recreational areas, beautiful walking paths and safety in the city among others. Several of the actors emphasize the importance of open and accessible areas for walking, as well as the importance of keeping allotment cottages and rents reasonably priced. None of the actors believe that new allotment gardens with cottage plots will be built, but possibly areas with cultivation plots. On the other hand, it is likely that existing areas will remain for the next 20 years and that measures for increasing accessibility to the city's allotment gardens will be implemented.

Esta pesquisa traz evidências sobre a relação entre a oferta de sistemas de lazer e a violência urbana, envolvendo crianças e adolescentes, no município de Piracicaba, estado de São Paulo. Em uma primeira etapa, definiu-se uma área de estudo através de dados de procedência de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, e de jovens infratores em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas, dados esses obtidos a partir de duas fontes indicadas pela Promotoria de Justiça da Infância e Juventude da Comarca de Piracicaba (projeto "Acolhimento à criança e ao adolescente em situação de rua" e organização não-governamental Serviço de Apoio ao Menor de Piracicaba - SEAME). Posteriormente, nessa área de estudo, analisou-se a disponibilidade e a situação atual dos sistemas de lazer à população local, e como tal, o Conjunto Habitacional Bosques do Lenheiro foi apontado para a realização desta pesquisa, por ser aquele de maior procedência de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua - 34,5% do total analisado - e de jovens infratores em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas - 9,2% do total analisado. Este loteamento de interesse social caracterizou-se por ser o mais pobre da Região Norte do município, bastante populoso e com alta concentração de jovens, já que a faixa etária de 0 a 20 anos de idade representa quase 55% da população. Não há sistemas de lazer efetivamente implantados disponíveis aos moradores. Nenhuma das dez áreas públicas destinadas a esse fim recebeu algum tipo de tratamento pela Prefeitura, e estavam todas abandonadas. De maneira geral, a situação da arborização no loteamento mostrou-se crítica: além dos já referidos sistemas de lazer não implantados, as áreas de preservação permanente também não receberam a devida atenção e a arborização de ruas era praticamente inexistente. A revisão bibliográfica realizada neste estudo apontou para uma relação realmente consistente entre arborização, lazer e redução da violência, não só em países do Hemisfério Norte, como no Brasil. Embora a oferta de arborização e lazer representasse apenas uma pequena parcela das carências observadas na área de estudo, a implantação de sistemas de lazer poderia contribuir para que esta se tornasse, ambiental e socialmente, um local melhor para se viver. / This research brings evidence of the relationship between the availability of public open spaces and urban violence involving children and teenagers in the municipality of Piracicaba, São Paulo state. To start with, a study area was defined according to two data sources on violence made available by the public prosecutor of the judicial district of Piracicaba (project "Shelter for children and teenagers in street situation" and nongovernmental organization Service Support to the Underage of Piracicaba - SEAME) that showed where the neighborhoods children and teenagers in street situation and young offenders under alternative judicial sentence come from in the municipality. These findings analyzed the availability and actual situation of public open spaces for the population residing in that area. The "Conjunto Habitacional Bosques do Lenheiro" was identified in this research as the study area because this is the place most of the children and teenagers in street situation - 34,5% of the total analyzed - and young offenders under alternative judicial sentence - 9,2% of the total analyzed - came from. This social interest allotment was characterized as the poorest place in the North region in the municipality, very populated and its residents since the age between 0 to 20 years old represents almost 55% of the population. It was found that no public open spaces had been made available for the population. The ten areas that the local government was supposed to deal with, were abandoned. In addition, urban forestry in this allotment was very low: beyond those not implanted public open spaces, the planting along the permanent preservation areas had not been implemented and street trees were almost nonexistent. The literature reviewed in this research showed a consistent relationship between urban forestry, leisure and violence reduction in the Northern Hemisphere countries and also in Brazil. The lack of urban forestry and leisure represents a very small part of the privation observed in the study area, but the availability of public open spaces might turn it into an environmentally and socially a more supportive place to live.

Le tirage au sort, attesté dès les temps homériques, devint à l'époque classique une pratique emblématique de la démocratie athénienne. Les sources attestent l'utilisation de ces machines à tirer au sort du IVe au Ier siècle avant J.-C. dans différentes régions du monde grec. La fréquence des tirages au sort entraîna une technicisation des outils dont les klèrôtèria sont la forme la plus aboutie. Il s'agit de stèles à encadrement architectural dont le champ est percé de colonnes de rainures dans lesquelles on insérait les pinakia (petites plaquettes de bronze) marqués au nom des candidats. La documentation permet-elle de restituer le fonctionnement des klèrôtèria ? La forme des machines et de leurs accessoires varia-t-elle au fil du temps et en fonction des charges tirées au sort ? Des lieux spécifiques étaient-ils dévolus à l'usage des klèrôtèria ? L'étude conjointe des vestiges archéologiques (klèrôtèria et pinakia) et des sources textuelles autorise une restitution vraisemblable du fonctionnement des machines. En dépit du nombre considérable de charges tirées au sort au cours de l'année, la variété des machines utilisées semble moins importante qu'on ne le supposerait a priori : elle dépend davantage du corps au sein duquel s'opérait le tirage au sort que de la fonction elle-même. Parmi les klèrôtèria conservés, datés du IIe siècle avant J.-C., certains indiquent une utilisation superflue de ces machines auxquelles il semble que l'on ait attribué une fonction plus symbolique qu'utilitaire. Les vestiges archéologiques ne livrent pas d'informations sur les lieux dans lesquels on pratiquait le tirage au sort. On recourut probablement à des aménagements mobiles et provisoires dont la localisation sur l'agora peut être déduite de la nature et de la fréquence de chaque type de tirage au sort. Les klèrôtèria, que ne semble avoir abrités aucun édifice spécifique, apparaissent comme des machines politiques, monuments de la démocratie. / Allotment, as testified from Homeric times became, during the classical era, an emblematic practice of the Athenian democracy. The sources prove that allotment machines were in use from the 4th to the 1st century BC in various regions of the Greek world. The frequency of allotment led to continuous technical upgrading of which the klèrôtèria constitute its most completed form. These are steles with architectural frame, carved with vertical rows of slots, into which the pinakia, small bronze tokens carved with the names of the candidates, were inserted.Does the documentation give clues as to the functioning of the kleroteria ? Did the shape of the machines and its accessories vary in time and according to the various public functions that were subject to allotment? Were there specific places dedicated to the use of klèrôtèria?The study of both archeological vestiges (klerôteria et pinakia) and written sources allow for a plausible restitution of the functioning of the machines. In spite of the considerable number of public functions that were subject to allotment every year, the variety of machines that were used seems less wide that one would a priori suppose: it depends more on the body within which the allotment was conducted, than on the function itself. Among the preserved klèrôtèria, dated from the IInd century BC, some indicate a superfluous utilization of these machines to which a more symbolic than utilitary function was attributed. The archeological vestiges do not give information about the places in which allotment was carried out. Mobile and temporary set ups were probably used at locations in the Agora which can be deduced from the nature and the frequency of each type of allotment. The kleroteria, which seem not to have been sheltered in any specific sort of building, appear as political pools, as monuments of democracy.