Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T16:29:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Yrlania de Lira Guerra.pdf: 709734 bytes, checksum: 3d0f17731c8fae1c2730d371c8128560 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T16:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yrlania de Lira Guerra.pdf: 709734 bytes, checksum: 3d0f17731c8fae1c2730d371c8128560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Brazil is a major producer of world agricultural production is limited by pests and diseases. Among the diseases Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a fungus that causes major losses in agriculture by presenting more than 500 hosts and is present in all tropical regions. The effect of essential oils in control of wilt sclerotia, culture as having reference to the peanut crop, with subsequent recommendation in agricultural management, with a segment phytopathological. Using four different isolates of S. rolfsii was conducted mycelial growth rate, followed by the pathogenicity test in the peanut plants (cultivar BR 1), the SR5 was isolated which had the highest growth rate and more aggressive. The seven essential oils were selected for bioassay of inhibition at concentrations previously established, with the reference dosage of 1000 ppm. Being selected again at low concentrations, from 500 ppm, Palmarosa oil which was showed the highest inhibition rate of formation of sclerotia, the lowest dose tested that was 300 ppm. In the test of suppression of diffusion of oxalic acid was performed with the more aggressive isolated (SR5) with palmarosa oil at 400 ppm, which reduced the rate of mycelial growth by 55%. The bioassay establishment of the pathogen in the substrate and pathogenicity in peanut genotypes in a greenhouse with two genotypes, BR 1 and Senegal. The assay was performed with substrate Baseplant being added 40 g de P2O5 + 15 g KCl + 200 g de humus/kg substrate fertilized. BR Genotype 1 was more susceptible than Senegal, isolated SR5 was more aggressive, leading to higher rates of disease when grown only in substrate. In the validation assay of the oil against S. rolfsii in the greenhouse, was held with seven treatments and at the end of the cycle there was a weight gain of 54% of the pods, 57% in the number of pods/plant and harvest index of 40%. / O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores agrícolas mundiais do amendoim e sua produção é limitada por pragas e doenças. Dentre as doenças, destaca-se a murcha de esclerócio que causa grandes perdas na agricultura por apresentar mais de 500 hospedeiros e estar presente em todas as regiões tropicais. Avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos essenciais no controle da murcha de esclerócio tendo como cultura de referência ao amendoim. Foram testados quatro isolados de Sclerotium rolfsii avaliando-se a sua taxa de crescimento micelial em BDA (batata, dextrose e ágar) e patogenicidade no amendoim (cv. BR 1). O isolado SR5 foi o que apresentou a maior taxa de crescimento e o mais agressivo. Os sete óleos essenciais foram selecionados pela realização do bioensaio de inibição, com concentrações previamente estabelecidas, tendo como dosagem referencial 1000 ppm. Sendo novamente selecionados a baixas concentrações, a partir de 500 ppm. O óleo de Palmarosa foi o que apresentou a maior taxa de inibição de formação de esclerócios, na menor dose testada (300 ppm). O teste de supressão da difusão do ácido oxálico, foi realizado com o isolado mais agressivo (SR5), com o óleo de Palmarosa a 400 ppm, o qual reduziu a taxa de crescimento micelial em 55%. Para o teste de estabelecimento do patógeno no substrato Baseplant e de patogenicidade nos genótipos de amendoim em casa de vegetação utilizou-se dois genótipos, BR 1 e Senegal. O ensaio realizado com substrato recebeu adição de 40 g de P2O5 + 15 g KCl + 200 g de húmus/Kg como adubação básica. O genótipo BR 1, foi mais suscetível que Senegal, o isolado SR5 mostrou-se mais agressivo, provocando maior índice de doença quando cultivado apenas em substrato. O ensaio de validação do óleo contra S. rolfsii em casa de vegetação, foi realizado com sete tratamentos e ao final do ciclo da cultura observou-se um ganho de 54% no peso das vagens, 57% no número de vagens/planta e 40% no índice de colheita.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T17:02:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Míriam de Almeida Marques - 2011.pdf: 1500273 bytes, checksum: d34aa41a75621b87445ae291524bb2e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T17:02:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Míriam de Almeida Marques - 2011.pdf: 1500273 bytes, checksum: d34aa41a75621b87445ae291524bb2e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-07T17:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Míriam de Almeida Marques - 2011.pdf: 1500273 bytes, checksum: d34aa41a75621b87445ae291524bb2e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-01 / As an alternative to synthetic insecticides, mineral oils and vegetable oils have been shown to be promising in controlling Bemisia tabaci biotype B. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral and vegetable oils on eggs, nymphs and adults of B. tabaci biotype B, in the transmission of the bean golden mosaic virus and on dry production. The experiments were conducted at screenhouse at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás. The following oils in the concentration of 1% were used: Assist® mineral oil, Neem Max® neem oil, Veget'oil® vegetable oil, Citrole® orange oil, Castor Oil®, Sesame Oil®. The two last oils were emulsified with detergent Zupp® at 2%. Thiamethoxam at 200 g pc/ha (GD - dispersible granule) was used as a standard for comparison of chemical insecticide and distilled water as control. In all experiments, the experimental unit consisted of a polyethylene pot (34 cm diameter x 12 cm) containing two seedlings of common bean cv. Pearl. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications / treatment. In the first experiment was evaluated the effect of oils on the mortality of eggs of B. tabaci. The second experiment was conducted to verify that the treatment of eggs with the oils would affect first instar nymphs. In the third experiment was evaluated the mortality of nymphs of the second to fourth instar after spraying of oil on the second instar nymphs. In these experiments, seedlings of bean cv. Pearl infested with eggs or nymphs of the whitefly were sprayed with 250 μL of each treatment on the abaxial surface of leaves. In the fourth experiment, four seedlings infested with adults and distributed in one m2 were sprayed with 30 ml of treatment. In the fifth experiment the effect of oils on adult mortality, the incidence of bean golden mosaic virus and crop production were evaluated by spraying only vegetable oils before the infestation of the seedlings with adults. All treatments caused mortality of eggs lesser or equal to 9.5%. Vegetable oils, when applied to eggs, caused mortality of newly-hatched nymphs lesser or equal to 22.3%. All treatments caused significant mortality of second instar nymphs, ranging from 46.5% for thiamethoxan to 81.6% for to castor oil. The treatments also affected the development of the nymphs until the fourth instar. Mortalities of nymphs greater than 80% were observed with castor, neem, sesame and orange oils. Only castor, sesame and mineral oils caused significant adult mortalities of 41.2%, 25.7% and 38.0%, respectively, one day after spraying. The orange, castor, neem and sesame oils, when sprayed prior to insect infestation of beans seedlings, caused mortality of whitefly adults ranging from 32.1% to 53.6%, one day after application. The castor and orange oils reduced the incidence of golden mosaic virus in bean. Castor oil favored greater pod yield, while the lowest pod yield was observed on sesame oil. The total number of seeds, mean number of seeds per pod and seed weight was not increased with the use of vegetable oils. The use vegetable and mineral oils have the potential to control B. tabaci biotype B. / Como alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos, óleos vegetais e óleos minerais têm se revelado promissores no controle da Bemisia tabaci biótipo B. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de óleos vegetais e mineral sobre ovos, ninfas e adultos da B. tabaci biótipo B e sobre a transmissão do vírus do mosaico dourado no feijoeiro e na sua produtividade. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa telada na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás. Utilizaram-se os seguintes óleos na concentração de 1%: óleo mineral Assist®, óleo de nim Max Neem®, óleo vegetal Veget’oil®, óleo de laranja Citrole®, óleo de Mamona®, óleo de Gergelim®, sendo os dois últimos emulsificados com detergente neutro Zupp® a 2%. Como padrão de comparação de inseticida químico utilizou-se o thiamethoxam a 200 g p.c./ha (granulado dispersível-GD) e como testemunha água destilada. Em todos os experimentos, a unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso de polietileno (34 cm de diâmetro x 12 cm de altura) contendo duas plântulas do feijoeiro comum cv. Pérola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições/tratamento. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado o efeito dos óleos sobre a mortalidade dos ovos da B. tabaci. O segundo experimento foi instalado para verificar se o tratamento de ovos com os óleos afetaria as ninfas de primeiro ínstar da mosca-branca. No terceiro experimento foi avaliada a mortalidade de ninfas do segundo ao quarto ínstar após a pulverização dos óleos sobre ninfas do segundo ínstar. Nestes experimentos, plântulas de feijão cv. Pérola infestadas com ovos ou ninfas da mosca-branca foram pulverizadas com 250 μL de cada tratamento na face abaxial das folhas. No quarto experimento, quatro plântulas infestadas com adultos e distribuídas em um m2 foram pulverizadas com 30 ml dos tratamentos. No quinto experimento avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos na mortalidade dos adultos, na incidência do vírus do mosaico dourado do feijoeiro e na produtividade dessa cultura, pulverizando-se apenas os óleos vegetais antes da infestação dos adultos nas plântulas. Todos os tratamentos causaram mortalidade de ovos menor ou igual a 9,5%. Os óleos vegetais quando aplicados sobre os ovos, apresentaram efeito residual, causando mortalidade de ninfas recém-eclodidas menor ou igual a 22,3%. Todos os tratamentos causaram mortalidades significativas de ninfas do segundo ínstar, variando de 46,5% para o thiamethoxan até 81,6% para o óleo de mamona. Os tratamentos também afetaram o desenvolvimento das ninfas até o quarto ínstar. Foram observadas mortalidades de ninfas maiores que 80% com o óleo de mamona, nim, gergelim e laranja. Somente os óleos de mamona, gergelim e mineral causaram mortalidades significativas de adultos de 41,2%, 25,7% e 38%, respectivamente, um dia após a pulverização. Os óleos vegetais de laranja, mamona, nim e gergelim, quando pulverizados antes da infestação do inseto em plântulas de feijão, causaram mortalidade de adultos da mosca-branca variando de 32,1% a 53,6%, um dia após aplicação. Os óleos de mamona e laranja reduziram a incidência do vírus do mosaico dourado no feijoeiro. O óleo de mamona favoreceu maior produção de vagens, enquanto que o gergelim proporcionou menores valores de produção. O número total de grãos, número de grãos por vagem e massa de grãos, não foi incrementado com o uso de óleos vegetais. O uso de óleos vegetal e mineral apresenta potencial no controle da B. tabaci biótipo B.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianoReisVenturoso.pdf: 1400716 bytes, checksum: 35c49966542d63ed3dca16e2e3d2ef8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It was evaluated the viability of using plant extracts in the control of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and in relation to the treatment and storage of soybean seeds. The experimental trials were conducted at the Federal University of Grande Dourados. First, the antifungal potential of ten extracts of plants was evaluated, in the concentration of 20%, testing them for the fungi, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani and Phomopsis sp. Subsequently, we used aqueous extracts of garlic, clove and cinnamon with different methods of sterilization and concentration, to examine their efficiency on the inhibition of growth of pathogens. These extracts were also used in the treatment of seeds (400 ml/100 kg), more the fungicide Carbendazin + Thiram (200 ml/100 kg) and the control without treatment. The analysis to evaluate the control of fungi associated with seeds were carried out in five storage periods, 0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 days. Were observed that culture medium containing the extracts of clove, cinnamon and garlic showed greater antifungal activity on plant pathogens, when compared to other extracts used. The aqueous extract of clove may be an efficient alternative to in vitro studies, because it completely inhibited the development of all fungi studied, with the advantage of no change in its effect, when submitted to different methodologies of sterilization. However, the extracts of garlic and cinnamon, had its efficiency reduced by different sterilization methodologies. For different concentrations, it was found that the effect of plant extracts on the development of the plant pathogens was dependent on the concentrations used. There was no control of fungi associated with soybean seeds with the use of plant extracts, however, the physiological quality was maintaining by both the chemical and the plant extracts treatments during the seed storage / O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar extratos vegetais no controle in vitro de fungos fitopatogênicos e em relação ao tratamento e armazenamento de sementes de soja. Os ensaios experimentais foram conduzidos na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Os experimentos para avaliar o controle in vitro, foram realizados inicialmente, por meio do potencial antifúngico de dez extratos vegetais, obtidos na concentração de 20%, sobre os fungos, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani e Phomopsis sp. Posteriormente, foram utilizados extratos aquosos de alho, cravo-da-índia e canela, sob diferentes, metodologias de esterilização e concentrações, para analisar sua eficiência sobre a inibição do crescimento de fitopatógenos. Estes extratos foram utilizados ainda, no tratamento de sementes (400 ml/100 kg), mais o fungicida Carbendazin + Thiram (200 ml/100 kg) e a testemunha. As análises para avaliação do controle dos fungos associados às sementes foram realizadas em cinco períodos de armazenamento, 0, 35, 70, 105 e 140 dias. Foram observados que os meios de cultura contendo os extratos de cravo-da-índia, alho e canela apresentaram maior atividade antifúngica sobre os fitopatógenos, quando comparados aos demais extratos utilizados. O extrato aquoso de cravo-da-índia pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para estudos in vitro, pois o mesmo inibiu completamente o desenvolvimento de todos os fungos fitopatogênicos estudados, com a vantagem de não sofrer alterações de seus princípios ativos, quando submetido a diferentes metodologias de esterilização. Ao contrário dos extratos de alho e canela, que tiveram sua eficiência influenciada pelas diferentes metodologias utilizadas. Em relação às diferentes concentrações, verificou-se que o efeito dos extratos vegetais sobre o desenvolvimento dos fitopatógenos foi dependente das concentrações utilizadas. O controle dos fungos associados às sementes de soja, com a utilização dos extratos vegetais, não ocorreu sobre toda a micoflora encontrada, no entanto, em relação à qualidade fisiológica tanto o produto químico como os extratos vegetais foram eficientes na manutenção da qualidade das sementes quando armazenadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianoReisVenturoso.pdf: 1400716 bytes, checksum: 35c49966542d63ed3dca16e2e3d2ef8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It was evaluated the viability of using plant extracts in the control of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and in relation to the treatment and storage of soybean seeds. The experimental trials were conducted at the Federal University of Grande Dourados. First, the antifungal potential of ten extracts of plants was evaluated, in the concentration of 20%, testing them for the fungi, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani and Phomopsis sp. Subsequently, we used aqueous extracts of garlic, clove and cinnamon with different methods of sterilization and concentration, to examine their efficiency on the inhibition of growth of pathogens. These extracts were also used in the treatment of seeds (400 ml/100 kg), more the fungicide Carbendazin + Thiram (200 ml/100 kg) and the control without treatment. The analysis to evaluate the control of fungi associated with seeds were carried out in five storage periods, 0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 days. Were observed that culture medium containing the extracts of clove, cinnamon and garlic showed greater antifungal activity on plant pathogens, when compared to other extracts used. The aqueous extract of clove may be an efficient alternative to in vitro studies, because it completely inhibited the development of all fungi studied, with the advantage of no change in its effect, when submitted to different methodologies of sterilization. However, the extracts of garlic and cinnamon, had its efficiency reduced by different sterilization methodologies. For different concentrations, it was found that the effect of plant extracts on the development of the plant pathogens was dependent on the concentrations used. There was no control of fungi associated with soybean seeds with the use of plant extracts, however, the physiological quality was maintaining by both the chemical and the plant extracts treatments during the seed storage / O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar extratos vegetais no controle in vitro de fungos fitopatogênicos e em relação ao tratamento e armazenamento de sementes de soja. Os ensaios experimentais foram conduzidos na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Os experimentos para avaliar o controle in vitro, foram realizados inicialmente, por meio do potencial antifúngico de dez extratos vegetais, obtidos na concentração de 20%, sobre os fungos, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani e Phomopsis sp. Posteriormente, foram utilizados extratos aquosos de alho, cravo-da-índia e canela, sob diferentes, metodologias de esterilização e concentrações, para analisar sua eficiência sobre a inibição do crescimento de fitopatógenos. Estes extratos foram utilizados ainda, no tratamento de sementes (400 ml/100 kg), mais o fungicida Carbendazin + Thiram (200 ml/100 kg) e a testemunha. As análises para avaliação do controle dos fungos associados às sementes foram realizadas em cinco períodos de armazenamento, 0, 35, 70, 105 e 140 dias. Foram observados que os meios de cultura contendo os extratos de cravo-da-índia, alho e canela apresentaram maior atividade antifúngica sobre os fitopatógenos, quando comparados aos demais extratos utilizados. O extrato aquoso de cravo-da-índia pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para estudos in vitro, pois o mesmo inibiu completamente o desenvolvimento de todos os fungos fitopatogênicos estudados, com a vantagem de não sofrer alterações de seus princípios ativos, quando submetido a diferentes metodologias de esterilização. Ao contrário dos extratos de alho e canela, que tiveram sua eficiência influenciada pelas diferentes metodologias utilizadas. Em relação às diferentes concentrações, verificou-se que o efeito dos extratos vegetais sobre o desenvolvimento dos fitopatógenos foi dependente das concentrações utilizadas. O controle dos fungos associados às sementes de soja, com a utilização dos extratos vegetais, não ocorreu sobre toda a micoflora encontrada, no entanto, em relação à qualidade fisiológica tanto o produto químico como os extratos vegetais foram eficientes na manutenção da qualidade das sementes quando armazenadas.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-28T13:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Mayara_Silva_2018.pdf: 701671 bytes, checksum: a7eb1cb0ed47b21bf1e3990cb4f2bd09 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T13:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Mayara_Silva_2018.pdf: 701671 bytes, checksum: a7eb1cb0ed47b21bf1e3990cb4f2bd09 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The cultivation of soybeans occupies a large area of land in Brazil, but pest attack, despite all the technology already developed, especially in relation to chemical insecticides, remains a determining factor for the success of the crop, since such substances, when bad used as a single tactic, become inefficient and pose a danger to the environment and health. In this context, the objective of this work was to verify the use of a compound of mineral origin in the control of E. heros, the main pest of the soybean crop, as an alternative to the conventional method. To this end, suspensions of 0, 4, 8 and 16% of the FertP® product in aqueous suspension were prepared along with 0.01% Tween, which were sprayed onto E. heros eggs up to 24 hours old. The incubation period and number of hatched insects were evaluated. First-instar nymphs, recently hatched, were also submitted to spraying, evaluating the mortality and duration of the instar. To verify the longevity and reproductive capacity of adults, couples with up to 48h of ecdise were immersed in suspensions and transferred to cages, being evaluated daily for 32 days regarding longevity, number of eggs and eggs viability. After compiling and analyzing the collected data, it was concluded that the product under study did not present any significant effect on any of the biological parameters of the soya-brown bug / O cultivo da soja ocupa grande extensão de terra no Brasil, porém, o ataque de pragas, apesar de toda tecnologia já desenvolvida, principalmente em relação aos inseticidas químicos, continua sendo fator determinante do sucesso da lavoura, uma vez que tais substâncias, quando mal utilizadas e como tática única, se tornam ineficientes e um perigo ao ambiente e a saúde. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o emprego de um composto de origem mineral no controle de E. heros, principal praga da cultura da soja, como um método alternativo ao convencional. Para isso, foram preparadas suspensões de 0, 4, 8 e 16% do produto FertP® em suspensão aquosa, juntamente a 0,01% de Tween, as quais foram pulverizadas sobre ovos de E. heros com até 24 horas de idade. Avaliaram-se o período de incubação e número de insetos eclodidos. Ninfas de 1º instar, recém-eclodidas, também foram submetidas à pulverização, sendo avaliada a mortalidade e duração do instar. Para verificação da longevidade e capacidade reprodutiva de adultos, casais com até 48h de ecdise, foram imersos nas suspensões e transferidos para gaiolas, sendo avaliados diariamente, durante 32 dias, quanto à longevidade, número de ovos ovipositados e viabilidade dos ovos. Após compilação e analise dos dados coletados concluiu-se que o produto em estudo não apresentou efeito significativo sobre nenhum dos parâmetros biológicos do percevejo-marrom-da-soja aqui avaliados.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia_Vargas_Toledo.pdf: 2320476 bytes, checksum: fa2e581fb848ad3e111c7de37ce1fdde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current agricultural model is based on the use of xenobiotics, with consequences that must be counted, among them are the genetic erosion, pollution by the abusive use of pesticides and fertilizers, food contamination, increase of pests, diseases and weeds. Researchers have turned to the development of more sustainable technologies, which cause less environmental impact, such as the alternative control of pest insects and plant pathogens. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the country, it is subjected to the attack of many pests and diseases and because of this, one of the most contaminated by pesticides, thus the study of alternative forms of control is an important area to be developed. The homeopathic is a science that can provide a more sustainable agriculture, it is of low cost and environmentally correct. The aim of this study was to cooperate to the development of alternative methods of diseases control and generate knowledge to contribute to the strengthening and consolidation of the homeopathic science. It was developed in three phases, the first chapter on the study of the fungitoxic action of the homeopathic medicines Sulphur, Ferrum sulphuricum and Propolis against Alternaria solani, causal agent of early blight in tomato; the second concerning the homeopathic action of Ferrum sulphuricum in controlling the powdery mildew disease caused by a biotrophic fungus, the Oidium neolycopersici, and also the response of two tomato genotypes regarding the genetic improvement intensity. On the third chapter physiological aspects of two hemibiotrophic pathogens interaction, A. solani and Stemphylium solani were studied in tomato treated with Sulphur, Ferrum sulphuricum and Propolis. Data showed that drugs have activity on tomato diseases control by direct action on the pathogen, and also on the host, by the resistance induction and the increase of growth variables. It was also found that species which have been more genetically improved respond less to homeopathy. The results confirm the homeopathy potential on the control of diseases as well as on the generation and maintenance of plants health / O atual modelo agrícola está baseado no uso de xenobióticos, com consequências que devem ser contabilizadas, dentre elas a erosão genética, poluição pelo uso abusivo de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes, contaminação de alimentos, aumento de pragas, doenças e plantas invasoras. Pesquisadores têm se voltado para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias mais sustentáveis, que causem menor impacto ambiental, como o controle alternativo de insetos pragas e fitopatógenos. O tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) é uma das hortaliças mais consumidas no país, está sujeito ao ataque de muitas pragas e doenças e por conta disto, uma das mais contaminadas por agrotóxicos, sendo assim, o estudo de formas alternativas de controle é uma importante área a ser desenvolvida. A homeopática é uma ciência capaz de atender uma agricultura mais sustentável, de baixo custo e ambientalmente correta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi colaborar com o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de controle de doenças e gerar conhecimento para contribuir com o fortalecimento e consolidação da ciência homeopática na agricultura. Foi desenvolvido em três fases, o primeiro capítulo refere-se ao estudo da ação fungitóxica dos medicamentos homeopáticos Sulphur, Ferrum sulphuricum e Propolis contra Alternaria solani, agente causal da doença pinta preta do tomateiro; o segundo no tocante a ação da homeopatia Ferrum sulphuricum no controle da doença oídio causada pelo fungo biotrófico, o Oidium neolycopersici, e também a resposta de dois genótipos de tomate quanto à intensidade de melhoramento genético. No terceiro capítulo foram estudados aspectos fisiológicos da interação de dois patógenos hemibiotróficos, A. solani e Stemphylium solani em tomateiro tratados com Sulphur, Ferrum sulphuricum e Propolis. Os dados mostraram que os medicamentos têm atuação no controle de doenças em tomateiro pela ação direta no patógeno, e também no hospedeiro, pela indução de resistência e incremento nas variáveis de crescimento. Foi verificado ainda que espécies que foram mais melhoradas geneticamente respondem menos a homeopatia. Os resultados confirmam o potencial da homeopatia no controle de doenças bem como na geração e manutenção da saúde das plantas

Existe uma crescente demanda por alternativas de controle de doenças para se reduzir o uso do controle químico, como por exemplo, o estudo da indução de resistência em plantas, através de fitotoxinas como a taxtomina A e outras substâncias. O vírus do mosaico do pepino (Cucumber mosaic virus - CMV) e o vírus do mosaico amarelo da abobrinha (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus - ZYMV) têm causado grandes prejuízos em culturas importantes, assim como o fungo Rhizopus stolonifer, que pode atacar diversos hospedeiros. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de se avaliar os efeitos do uso da taxtomina A como indutor de resistência em plantas. Como resultado preliminar a produção de taxtomina A pode ser aumentada utilizando-se como fonte de inóculo amostra de uma cultura liquida pré-estabelecida de Streptomyces scabies. Foram testados a aspersão de taxtomina A em plantas de abobrinha de moita, para se avaliar a proteção contras os vírus CMV e ZYMV. Também foi aspergida taxtomina A em bagas de uva \"Itália\" para se avaliar o desenvolvimento da podridão pós-colheita causada por R. stolonifer. As plantas de abobrinha de moita, mantidas em casa de vegetação, tratadas com taxtomina A não apresentaram sintomas de mosaico característico do CMV. O teste ELISA apresentou resultados negativos indicando a não presença de partículas virais em níveis detectáveis nas plantas. Com relação ao ZYMV, a taxtomina A não foi capaz de controlar o desenvolvimento da doença, pois apareceram sintomas em todas as plantas. A taxtomina A apresentou efeito in vitro sobre R. stolonifer retardando o crescimento do fungo principalmente nas duas maiores concentrações usadas. Porém, a aplicação de taxtomina A não foi capaz de proteger as bagas de uva contra o patógeno. Finalizando a taxtomina A foi capaz de controlar em 100% a incidência de CMV em abobrinha, porém não foi capaz de controlar o ZYMV em abobrinha e a podridão nas uvas causada por R. stolonifer. / There is an increasing demand for alternative control of diseases to reduce the use of chemical control, for example the induced resistance studies on plants with phytotoxins like thaxtomin A and other substances. The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) cause a lot of losses on important crops and also the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer that can cause disease in different hosts. This work was carried out to evaluate the use of thaxtomin A to induce resistance. Thus, as a preliminary result, the thaxtomin A production could be increased by using as inoculum an established Streptomyces scabies liquid culture. It was tested the spraying of thaxtomin A on zucchini plants to evaluate the protection against the viruses CMV e ZYMV. On the other hand, grape berries cv \"Italia\" were also sprayed with thaxtomin A to evaluate the development of the postharvest rot caused by R. stolonifer. The zucchini plants were maintained in the greenhouse and the treatment with thaxtomin A inhibited mosaic symptom development by the CMV. The ELISA test showed negative results indicating that there was no detectable virus particles inside the plants. The thaxtomin A was not able to control the ZYMV development since all plants exhibited symptoms. The thaxtomin A showed in vitro control of R. stolonifer as it reduced the fungal growing at the two highest concentrations used. However, the thaxtomin A was not able to control the postharvest rot in grapes. Finally, the thaxtomin A was able of controlling 100% of the incidence of CMV on zucchini plants, but was not able of controlling ZYMV in zucchini and the grape berrie rot caused by R. stolonifer.

A ocorrência de doenças em uvas de mesa gera perdas desde o cultivo até a comercialização, o que afeta diretamente o potencial de exportação do Brasil. A prevenção na realização de injúrias nos frutos é essencial para garantir a eficácia dos tratamentos aplicados tanto em pré- quanto em pós-colheita. Visando o emprego de produtos alternativos que auxiliem no manejo sustentável da cultura, o fosfito de potássio encontra-se como ferramenta útil. O efeito do fosfito no controle de doenças causadas por oomicetos já foi relatado, porém, como este ingrediente ativo atua sobre microrganismos do reino Fungi ainda é desconhecido. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o fosfito de potássio no controle das doenças podridão mole, mofo cinzento e podridão da uva madura, causadas por Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, respectivamente, em bagas de uva ´Itália´ e seus efeitos na qualidade físico-química dos frutos. Também objetivou-se estudar os mecanismos de ação envolvidos na inibição do desenvolvimento do micélio de R. stolonifer na presença do produto e na indução de respostas de defesa em bagas de uva. Foram realizados ensaios in vitro para avaliação do efeito do fosfito sobre o crescimento micelial, esporulação e germinação dos esporos para R. stolonifer, B. cinerea e C. gloeosporioides. Experimentos utilizando-se de bagas foram conduzidos, visando avaliar o efeito no uso do fosfito como fungicida produtor ou curativo para os três patógenos. Cachos foram utilizados para se determinar os efeitos da aspersão do fosfito sobre a qualidade físico-química dos frutos. Para avaliação dos mecanismos de ação do fosfito sobre o micélio de R. stolonifer, foram determinados os efeitos sobre a permeabilidade da membrana plasmática, a síntese de parede celular e a síntese de proteínas. A atividade de guaiacol peroxidase e de compostos fenólicos totais foi determinada em bagas de uva tratadas ou não com fosfito. Houve inibição do crescimento micelial, da esporulação e da germinação dos esporos dos patógenos desenvolvidos em diferentes concentrações de fosfito de potássio. O tratamento protetor e curativo das bagas evidenciou reduções significativas na área abaixo da curva de progresso das doenças estudadas. Não houve efeito do produto sobre a qualidade físico-química dos cachos de uva. Quanto aos mecanismos de ação, foram observados efeitos do fosfito sobre a permeabilidade de membrana, devido à elevada perda de eletrólitos do micélio. O fosfito proporcionou elevação na síntese de proteínas totais no micélio do patógeno e redução na atividade de ?-1,3- glucanase e quitinase, que são enzimas relacionadas à síntese de parede. A atividade de guaiacol peroxidase e a concentração de compostos fenólicos totais não aumentou com a aplicação do fosfito nas bagas. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o fosfito de potássio controlou a podridão mole, o mofo cinzento e a podridão da uva madura e não teve efeito sobre a qualidade físico-química dos frutos. Ainda, o fosfito atuou sobre a permeabilidade de membrana, síntese de proteínas e de parede celular do micélio de R. stolonifer e não proporcionou indução da atividade de guaiacol peroxidase e compostos fenólicos totais em bagas de uva. / The occurrence of table grape diseases causes losses from the field to the commercialization, which affects the Brazil potential to export. The prevention of injuries in fruits is essential to ensure the pre- and postharvest treatment efficiency. In order to use alternative products to support the crop sustainable management, phosphite may be a useful tool. The phosphite effect on control of diseases caused by oomycetes has been reported, however, how the active ingredient acts on microorganisms from the Fungi kingdom is unknown. Thus, the objective was to evaluate potassium phosphite on the control of soft rot, grey mold and ripe rot, caused by Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, respectively, in ´Itália´ grape berries and its effect on physico-chemical properties of the fruits. Moreover, the objective was to study the mode of action involved on the inhibition of R. stolonifer grown in the presence of phosphite and on the induction of defense responses in grape berries. In vitro assays were carried out to evaluate the effect of phosphite on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination in R. stolonifer, B. cinerea e C. gloeosporioides. Single berries were used in order to evaluate the effect of phosphite as a protective or curative fungicide against the three pathogens. Grape clusters were used to determine the effects of phosphite spraying on physico-chemical properties. To evaluate the mode of action of phosphite on R. stolonifer mycelium the plasma membrane permeability, the protein synthesis and the cell wall synthesis were monitored. The guaiacol peroxidase activity and phenolic compound concentration were evaluated in grape berries treated or not with phosphite. There were inhibition on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination on the three pathogens in different potassium phosphite concentrations. The protective and curative treatment in grape berries showed significant reductions on the area under disease progress curve of the studied diseases. There was no effect on physico-chemical properties of the grapes. Regarding the mode of action, the phosphite affected membrane permeability what was seen as high electrolyte leakage from the mycelium. Phosphite caused high protein synthesis in the mycelium and reduction on ?-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities, which are enzymes related to cell wall synthesis. The guaiacol peroxidase activity and phenolic compound concentration did not increase due the phosphite application. Thus, it may be concluded that potassium phosphite controlled soft rot, grey mold and ripe rot in grape berries and did not affect the physico-chemical properties of the fruits. Besides that, phosphite still acted on membrane permeability, protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis on the R. stolonifer mycelium and did not changes in guaiacol peroxidase activity and phenolic compound concentration in the grape berries.

A citricultura brasileira ocupa lugar de destaque no agronegócio nacional, sendo o país o maior produtor de laranja e suco de laranja do mundo. A faia (Fagus sylvatica) é uma das principais espécies das florestas na Europa, sendo usada como ornamental e por possui alto valor econômico devido à produção de madeira. Um dos principais entraves no cultivo dessas espécies é a ocorrência de doenças principalmente as causadas por espécies de Phytophthora que além de causar grandes prejuízos, os métodos de controle são difíceis e onerosos. Existem trabalhos na literatura que apontam os fosfitos como alternativa sustentável, eficaz e economicamente viável para o controle de doenças causadas por oomicetos. Entretanto, o Comitê de Ação a Resistência à Fungicidas (FRAC) classifica os fosfitos, como produtos com ingrediente ativo sem mecanismo de ação definido. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o produto comercial à base de fosfito de potássio, Phytogard® no controle das doenças causadas por Phytophthora nicotianae em citros e Phytophthora plurivora em faia, bem como avaliar através de análises bioquímicas se esse produto induz resistência em plântulas de citros. Além disso, foram realizados estudos in vitro para avaliar o efeito direto do Phytogard® sobre o desenvolvimento de P. nicotianae e P. plurivora e verificar os possíveis mecanismos de ação desse produto sobre esses patógenos. Foram utilizadas plântulas de citros e faia que foram aspergidas com diferentes concentrações de Phytogard® e, posteriormente, inoculadas com os patógenos. Foram avaliadas a incidência das doenças, o consumo de água e a quantidade de DNA dos patógenos nos tecidos das raízes dos hospedeiros. Ao final do experimento, foram realizadas análises bioquímicas dos tecidos das plântulas de citros. Nos experimentos in vitro, o micélio dos patógenos foi exposto a concentrações crescentes de Phytogard® sendo determinado o crescimento micelial, produção de massa fresca de micélio e de zoósporos. Avaliou-se a perda de eletrólitos, peroxidação de lipídios e a atividade da enzima β-1,3 glucanase do micélio exposto ao produto. Foi avaliada também a morfologia das hifas tratadas ou não com o Phytogard® através da técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que o Phytogard®, em todas as concentrações aplicadas controla de maneira preventiva as doenças causadas por P. nicotianae e P. plurivora em citros e faia, respectivamente. Em citros, o produto altera a atividade de algumas proteínas relacionadas à patogênese, mas não é possível concluir que o controle seja mediado por indução de resistência. O Phytogard® inibe o crescimento micelial e a produção de zoósporos de P. nicotianae e P. plurivora. Além disso, o produto modifica a morfologia das hifas, atua na permeabilidade de membrana e na síntese de parede celular do micélio dos patógenos. / The Brazilian citrus production is important to national agribusiness, and the country is the largest orange and orange juice world producer. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is one of the main forest species in Europe and is used as ornamental and also it has a high economic value due to the production of wood. One of the main problems in the cultivation of these species is the occurrence of diseases, mainly caused by Phytophthora species. Besides causing extensive damage control methods are difficult and costly. There are studies in the literature that show phosphites as a sustainable alternative, effective and economically viable for the control of diseases caused by oomycetes. However, the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC), classifies the phosphites as products with the active ingredient with no defined mode of action. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the commercial product based on potassium phosphite Phytogard® on the control of diseases caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in citrus plants and Phytophthora plurivora in beech plants and evaluate through biochemical assays whether this product induces resistance in citrus seedlings. In addition, in vitro studies were carried out to evaluate the direct effect of Phytogard® on the development of P. nicotianae and P. plurivora and to understand the possible mode of action of the product on these pathogens. Citrus seedlings were sprayed with different concentrations of Phytogard® and then inoculated with the pathogen. We evaluated the diseases incidence, water uptake and the amount of pathogens DNA in the host roots. At the end of the experiment, biochemical assays with citrus seedlings were made. In in vitro experiments, the pathogen mycelium was exposed to increasing concentrations of Phytogard® and mycelial growth, production of fresh mycelium and zoospores by these pathogens were determined. We also evaluated the electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and the β-1,3 glucanase activity in the mycelium exposed to the product. It was also evaluated the hyphae morphology from mycelium treated or not with Phytogard® by using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that in all concentrations of Phytogard® preventively controled diseases caused by P. nicotianae and P. plurivora in citrus and beech plants, respectively. In citrus, the product changed the activities of some pathogenesis-related proteins, but it is not possible to conclude that the control was mediated by resistance induction. The Phytogard® inhibited mycelial growth and zoospore production by P. nicotianae and P. plurivora. Furthermore, the product modified the hyphae morphology, changed membrane permeability and mycelium cell wall synthesis in the pathogens.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L, has been a persistent pest of humans. Conventional pyrethroid-formulation insecticides are known to be ineffective for controlling modern bed bug populations. This study evaluates alternative treatment methods such as whole-home heat, a biological control agent (Beauveria bassiana), and the fumigant sulfuryl fluoride for control of insecticide-resistant bed bugs. Three heat systems with different energy sources (propane, electric, and glycol) were evaluated to determine attributes contributing to heat treatment efficacy. The glycol system produced the most mortality of the three systems, killing all nymphs, eggs, and most adults. Heat treatment duration and achieving lethal temperatures in complex environments were found to be the most important factors for treatment efficacy. These factors were directly correlated with technician diligence, specifically regarding monitoring surface temperatures and repositioning equipment. A formulation of B. bassiana was evaluated in the laboratory to determine its ability to infect bed bugs under varying conditions of temperature (15°C, 21°C, and 32°C) and humidity (30%, 50%, and 70%). It was found that humidity conditions (30%-50%) at ≈21°C produced the greatest bed bug mortality and the shortest bed bug median survival time. The fumigant sulfuryl fluoride was evaluated for its ability to eliminate bed bugs from motor vehicles and cargo trailers filled to 85% capacity. This study was the first to document that sulfuryl fluoride fumigation at the 1.9X dosage factor can kill all pyrethroid-resistant bed bug life stages (including eggs) in motor vehicles as well as in chambers filled with personal items. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Since the world-wide bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) resurgence began in the late 1990s, populations of the common bed bug have been evaluated, but most have been found to be highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. This resistance has been particularly troublesome due to the fact that the 1996 US Food Quality Protection Act has eliminated the use of many existing chemistries from indoor use and has inadvertently limited the development of new active ingredients for indoor use due to the cost of the required animal testing to document the No Observable Effects Level (NOEL). Due to the lack of novel chemistry for addressing modern bed bug infestations, pest management professionals have had to identify new methods for applying existing products (chemical and non-chemical) for bed bug control. This study evaluated gaseous, mechanical, and biological control methods for bed bug elimination to determine which factors contribute the most to their efficacy, as well as how these methods might be applied in novel ways for control of bed bugs in homes, personal belongings, and even vehicles. At the turn of the 20th century heat treatments were used for controlling bed bug infestations in homes and other structures. Today, mechanical heating systems are again being used to control bed bug infestations in homes and apartments. This study investigated the utility of three commercial heating systems for their ability to control existing infestations in apartment units. The three heat systems utilized different energy sources, different types of delivery equipment, and required different set up and take down procedures in apartments of different cubic footage and clutter levels. Overall, the Assault glycol heating system was found to be the most effective in its ability to get (almost) all of our hidden (in hard to heat locations) temperature sensors up to bed bug lethal temperature. Interestingly, our statistical analysis determined that getting the hard to heat locations up to lethal temperature was directly correlated with heat technician activity. The more times that the technician entered the home to monitor the treatment and adjust the equipment positions, the greater the chance of getting the hidden sensors up to bed bug lethal temperature (and killing the bed bugs). However, it was also found that none of the heat systems tested killed all of the sentinel bed bugs in every replicate. Therefore, we learned heat treatments cannot be expected to eliminate each and every bed bug in a home, and that supplemental control products such as desiccants dusts should be applied after every heat treatment. When attempting to determine which heat system was the most effective for killing bed bugs, it was determined that regardless of which heat systems was being used, the attention and activity (monitoring temperatures and adjusting equipment) of the heat treatment technician was the most important factor contributing to bed bug mortality as well as the achievement of bed bug lethal temperatures in cracks and crevices for all three systems. Our second study examined the environmental factors that influenced fungal growth after bed bug exposure to the insecticidal product Aprehend® (active ingredient Beauveria bassiana). Over the last several decades, this fungus has been widely used to control multiple insect pests. Recently, it has been labelled for bed bug control in indoor environments. This second study was intended to determine the atmospheric conditions (temperature and humidity) under which Aprehend sporulation was most effective for killing bed bugs. It was found that humidity conditions of 30-50% combined with temperatures of ~21°C produced the highest frequency of fungal infection and the shortest median bed bug survival time. This result was surprising because it was originally hypothesized that the 70% humidity condition would be equally effective for promoting fungal growth. However, at all of the temperatures tested, bed bug fungal infection rates at 70% humidity were not as high as those observed when the humidity was within the 30-50% range. Therefore, this study was able to document that the temperatures and humidity combinations that would typically be found within human homes (21oC at 30-50% humidity) were the most effective for producing fungal infections when bed bugs were exposed to the Aprehend product. The final study addressing novel methods for controlling insecticide resistant bed bugs investigated the efficacy of using Vikane gas fumigant (sulfuryl fluoride) at the 1.9× dosage rate for eliminating bed bugs in two challenging infestation situations: personal vehicles, and confined spaces densely packed with personal belongings. The vehicles used in this study were large minivans with seating that folded into the floor. The confined spaces were cargo trailers filled to 85% capacity with books, furniture, and other household items. Each van and trailer was equipped with ~90 sentinel bed bugs consisting of three groups of 9-11 bed bug eggs, 10 nymphs, and 10 adults. The Vikane Fumiguide calculator was used to determine the target dosage (g-h/m3) to apply in each replicate (e.g., one van or trailer). Sulfuryl fluoride concentrations were measured throughout the fumigation process using a Spectros SF-ReportIR. Concentration readings were input into the Fumiguide to determine when the accumulated dosage (g-h/m3) was achieved, and when aeration should be initiated. After aeration was complete, the sentinel bed bugs were removed from the replicates and bed bug nymph and adult mortality was recorded. Bed bug eggs were monitored for 23 d to determine latent mortality. Fumigated bed bug mortality for each replication was 100% regardless of life stage. Latent mortality was observed in a single bed bug egg, where the nymph never fully hatched. This study determined that fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride at the 1.9× dosage factor is an effective method for eliminating insecticide resistant bed bugs from vehicles and personal belongings in densely packed situations. Overall, it was found that the Beauveria bassiana product was most effective when applied under atmospheric conditions that are typically found in indoor home environments. This discovery was very reassuring, because the Aprehend product is one of very few that actually have residual activity with regard to bed bug control. This study also found that whole home heat treatments require rigorous pest technician attention and monitoring to achieve the best results. It was also determined that heat treatments cannot be assumed to be 100% effective on their own, and that they should be supplemented with additional (residual) treatment applications. Not surprisingly, fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride was determined to be 100% effective for eliminating bed bugs in personal belongings that had been packed into treatment chambers. The fumigation process also proved to be 100% effective for eliminating bed bug infestations in transport vehicles which cannot not be adequately treated and are at risk for having electronic components damaged if treated with heat.