Although Chinese and American cultures have been well-studied along dimensions such as collectivist versus individualist orientation, less is known about how culture influences individual economic decision-making. Here we examined cultural influences on decisions involving risk, characterized by unknown outcomes but known underlying probability distributions, versus ambiguity, in which both the outcome and distribution of possible outcomes are unknown. Based on previous research using self-reported survey data, we hypothesized that Chinese decision makers may be more ambiguity-averse than Americans. College students from mainland China (N = 27) and North America (N = 27) performed a standard economic decision-making task, choosing between a certain payoff and a gamble. Gambles varied in the magnitude of the payoff and in the degree of risk (13%, 25%, 38%, 50% or 75% probability of winning) or ambiguity (24%, 50% or 74% probability unknown). Using the proportion of risky and ambiguous gambles accepted, ambiguity and risk aversion coefficients were calculated separately for each participant. Following the main task, participants completed demographic surveys and personality measures including the Big Five Inventory and the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale. We found that variation in risk aversion was explained by personality factors of Neuroticism and Decisiveness, without respect to cultural group. In contrast, after controlling for differences in personality measures, for ambiguity aversion only the effect of cultural group was significant, with Chinese participants showing greater ambiguity aversion than Americans. By assessing individual decision behavior using experimental economic methods, our results provide a more complete picture of the role of culture in economic choices under risk versus ambiguity.

Atualmente, é comum que usuários levem em consideração a localização geográfica dos documentos, é dizer considerar o escopo geográfico que está sendo tratado no contexto do documento, nos processos de Recuperação de Informação. No entanto, os sistemas convencionais de extração de informação que estão baseados em palavras-chave não consideram que as palavras podem representar entidades geográficas espacialmente relacionadas com outras entidades nos documentos. Para resolver esse problema, é necessário viabilizar o georreferenciamento dos textos, ou seja, identificar as entidades geográficas presentes e associá-las com sua correta localização espacial. A identificação e desambiguação das entidades geográficas apresenta desafios importantes, principalmente do ponto de vista linguístico, já que um topônimo, pode possuir variados tipos de ambiguidade associados. Esse problema de ambiguidade causa ruido nos processos de recuperação de informação, já que o mesmo termo pode ter informação relevante ou irrelevante associada. Assim, a principal estratégia para superar os problemas de ambiguidade, compreende a identificação de evidências que auxiliem na identificação e desambiguação das localidades nos textos. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia que permite identificar e determinar a cobertura espacial dos documentos, denominada SpatialCIM. A metodologia SpatialCIM tem o objetivo de organizar os processos de resolução de topônimos. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e selecionar técnicas de desambiguação que permitam resolver a ambiguidade dos topônimos nos textos. Para isso, foram propostas e desenvolvidas as abordagens de (1)Desambiguação por Pontos e a (2)Desambiguação Textual e Estrutural. Essas abordagens, exploram duas técnicas diferentes de desambiguação de topônimos, as quais, geram e desambiguam os caminhos geográficos associados aos topônimos reconhecidos para cada documento. Assim, a hipótese desta pesquisa é que o uso das técnicas de desambiguação de topônimos viabilizam uma melhor localização espacial dos documentos. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, foi possível demonstrar que as técnicas de desambiguação melhoram a precisão e revocação na classificação espacial dos documentos. Demonstrou-se também o impacto positivo do uso de uma ferramenta linguística no processo de reconhecimento das entidades geográficas. Assim, foi demostrada a utilidade dos processos de desambiguação para a obtenção da cobertura espacial dos documentos / Currently, it is usual that users take into account the geographical localization of the documents in the Information Retrieval process. However, the conventional information retrieval systems based on key-word matching do not consider which words can represent geographical entities that are spatially related to other entities in the documents. To solve this problem, it is necessary to enable the geo-referencing of texts by identifying the geographical entities present in text and associate them with their correct spatial location. The identification and disambiguation of the geographical entities present major challenges mainly from the linguistic point of view, since one location can have different types of associated ambiguity. The ambiguity problem causes noise in the process of information retrieval, since the same term may have relevant or irrelevant information associated. Thus, the main strategy to overcome these problems, include the identification of evidence to assist in the identification and disambiguation of locations in the texts. This study proposes a methodology that allows the identification and spatial localization of the documents, denominated SpatialCIM. The SpatialCIM methodology has the objective to organize the Topônym Resolution process. Therefore the main objective of this study is to evaluate and select disambiguation techniques that allow solving the toponym ambiguity in texts. Therefore, we proposed and developed the approaches of (1) Disambiguation for Points and (2) Textual and Structural Disambiguation. These approaches exploit two different techniques of toponym disambiguation, which generate and desambiguate the associated paths with the recognized geographical toponym for each document. Therefore the hypothesis is, that the use of the toponyms disambiguation techniques enable a better spatial localization of documents. From the results it was possible to demonstrate that the disambiguation techniques improve the precision and recall for the spatial classification of documents. The positive effect of using a linguistic tool for the process of geographical entities recognition was also demonstrated. Thus, it was proved the usefulness of the disambiguation process for obtaining a spatial coverage of the document

Este trabalho é uma tentativa de análise da estrutura de Grande sertão: veredas, de João Guimarães Rosa, a partir do conceito de tragédia apresentado por Aristóteles em sua Poética. Nesse livro, Aristóteles diz que, na tragédia, a estrutura interna do texto - a "composição dos fatos", o mythos - aponta para a "peripécia", o desenlace, na qual acontece o "reconhecimento trágico": a passagem do ignorar ao saber, a partir dos sentimentos trágicos, "terror e piedade", gerados pela trama dos acontecimentos, das imagens poéticas. Em Grande sertão: veredas, a elaboração do tema da "matéria vertente", ligada à tentativa de "armar o ponto dum fato", dá à estrutura do livro uma caracterização trágica no sentido aristotélico. Riobaldo narrador conta a um interlocutor, o senhor, suas experiências de jagunçopersonagem, encontrando dificuldades de narrar ao esbarrar nos aspectos ambíguos, vertentes das coisas de que fala. A ambigüidade presente em todo o livro é a trama dos fatos de Grande sertão: veredas que representa a figura ambígua de Diadorim e que anuncia a reviravolta final, a morte dele e a descoberta de seu segredo: com o desenlace é que há o reconhecimento que a ambigüidade não é só tema, mas estrutura da obra, ou seja, Riobaldo tem sua maneira de narrar mergulhada em uma visão de mundo marcada pela experiência de dor e de prazer com Reinaldo-Diadorim. Assim, a ambigüidade, em Grande sertão: veredas, analisada sob o ponto de vista de estruturação trágica, é forma de construção que vincula estrutura e sentido interno do texto. / This work tries to analyze the structure of Guimarães Rosa's Grande sertão: veredas (GSV) based on Aristotle's Poetics concept of tragedy. In his book Aristotle argues that the internal structure of a tragic text - the "the arrangement of incidents", the mythos or plot - points to a "peripeteia", a reversal of the protagonist's fortune, in which there is a "tragic recognition": the passage from ignorance to knowledge by the tragic feelings of "terror and pity" generated by the structure of incidents, of poetic images. In GSV, the elaboration of the theme of the "pouring matter" (matéria vertente) related to the attempt to "set the point of a fact" gives the structure of the book a tragic character in the Aristotelian sense. Riobaldo-narrator tells an interlocutor, sir, his experiences as jagunço (ruffian or kind of hired-assassin) character, finding it difficult to tell the story because of the ambiguous aspects, "pouring" from the things he tells. The ambiguity present along the book is the structure of incidents of GSV that represents the ambiguous character of Diadorim and that announces the final reversal, his death and the revealing of his secret: the resolution brings along the recognition that the ambiguity is not only the theme, but the structure of the text, that is, Riobaldo has his way of telling embedded in a way of seeing the world marked by experiences of pain and pleasure with Reinaldo-Diadorim. This being so, the ambiguity in Guimarães Rosa's GSV, from the point of view of the tragic structuring, is a form of construction that links structure and internal meaning of the text.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho analisa de que modo o corpo e o verbo interferem nas relaÃÃes de afeto na obra Lavoura arcaica de Raduan Nassar. Para tanto, observamos o contexto afetivo familiar, abordando conceitos de temas fundamentais do romance, como o erotismo, o desejo, a metalinguagem e a ambigÃidade, que perpassa o comportamento dos personagens no livro em questÃo. Mostramos ainda que o corpo representa um mote de tensÃo, desde o inÃcio da histÃria humana, e como ele està presente na obra nassariana. Assim, arrolando determinados estudos teÃricos acerca do tÃpico, cotejamo-os dentro da esfera da construÃÃo dos afetos, inclusive circunscrevendo tais eixos temÃticos em relaÃÃo à divisÃo de gÃneros sexuais. Apresentamos consideraÃÃes sobre a famÃlia e o contexto familiar, no que concerne ao imaginÃrio afetivo. Estudamos como a dimensÃo do erotismo e do corpo contamina a linguagem de AndrÃ, atravÃs de uma postura que, para nÃs, prega a liberdade contra o autoritarismo e a palavra âfalsaâ do pai. Dentre vÃrias possibilidades de leitura, estabelecemos uma aproximaÃÃo entre a conceituaÃÃo do libertino, definida por vÃrios autores, para iniciar uma anÃlise que passarà pelas proposiÃÃes entre o discurso poÃtico e o prÃprio erotismo. Destacamos tambÃm a ambigÃidade como uma das caracterÃsticas mais marcante da reafirmaÃÃo do protagonista como sujeito. A dubiedade e o ceticismo de Andrà mostram-se como palcos onde o personagem apresenta e estabelece suas estratÃgias do uso do corpo, para tratar de um discurso libertÃrio contra a exclusÃo, a alienaÃÃo, a ordem e o autoritarismo. / This study examines how the body and the verb interfere in family relationships, in the book Lavoura arcaica of writer Raduan Nassar. Thus, we observed the context affective of family, addressing issues of fundamental concepts of the novel, such as eroticism, the desire, the metalanguage and ambiguity, running the behavior of characters in the book in question. Analizes also as the body is a topic of tension, since the beginning of human history, and how it is in the nassarian work. In consequence, some theoretical studies are listed on the topic liked within the sphere of construction of affection, such also in areas like sexual division of gender. We studied how the magnitude of eroticism and the body contaminated the language of AndrÃ, through a position that, for us, to fold freedom against authoritarianism and the word "false" the father. Among various possibilities for reading, we established a rapprochement between the conceptualization of the libertine, defined by several authors, to begin an analysis that will address the proposals between the poetic and own eroticism. Also emphasizes the ambiguity as one of the most striking features of reaffirmation of the protagonist as subject. The dubiety of Andrà skepticism show up as stage where the character sets and provides their strategies of using the body to deal with a speech libertarian against exclusion, alienation, the order and authoritarianism.

As atividades que envolvem jogos na sala de aula, além de propiciarem o prazer, o desafio e a curiosidade, podem proporcionar o engajamento do aluno no processo ensino-aprendizagem e na construção de conceitos matemáticos. Essa afirmação pode parecer trivial, mas não é tão simples assim. Por parte do professor, a reflexão sobre a inserção de jogos em sua prática contribui para uma tomada de consciência sobre sua função mediadora nos processos de aprendizagem e para uma progressiva segurança e autonomia na mediação dos mesmos. O objetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre a ambigüidade do conceito de jogo, e elaborar a consideração de que as crenças constituídas ao longo da história de vida e formação do professor determinam o seu conceito sobre o jogo na escola. Consideramos fundamental discutir o paradoxo do jogo educativo ao se pesquisar o jogo na escola e refletir a prática do professor. Caso contrário, propostas bem fundamentadas e interessantes não atingem o professor em sua prática e não são introduzidas na escola. O primeiro eixo da pesquisa irá centrar-se nos pressupostos teóricos sobre o fenômeno em questão, buscando elementos para discutir o que é o jogo na escola, quais suas finalidades e qual o papel do professor. O segundo eixo utiliza a história oral como metodologia de pesquisa e busca desvelar na fala de uma professora, com sua história de vida, contrapontos para a discussão do tema. No encontro desses dois eixos procuramos nos aproximar do conceito de jogo na escola e ponderar o papel do educador. / The activities involving games in the classroom, in addition to providing the pleasure, the challenge and curiosity, can provide the engagement of the student in the teaching-learning process and the construction of mathematical concepts. That may seem trivial, but it is not as simple case. For the teacher, the debate on the inclusion of games in their practice contributes to an awareness of their role on mediating in the processes of learning and a progressive security and autonomy in mediation of them. The objective of this study is to reflect on the ambiguity of the concept of the game, and prepare the consideration of the believes that formed during the life story of the teacher training and determine its concept on the game at the school. We discuss the fundamental \"paradox of the educational game\" when searching the game in school and reflect the practice of teaching. Otherwise, well reasoned and interesting proposals do not affect the teacher in their practice and are not made in school. The first axis of the research will focus on the theoretical assumptions about the phenomenon in question, seeking evidence to discuss what is the game at school, what their purpose and what the role of the teacher. The second uses the oral history and methodology of research and search unveiling the talk of a teacher, with its history of life, counterpoints to the discussion of the subject. At the meeting of these two axes trying to bring the concept of the game in school and consider the role of educator.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Keli Rosa.pdf: 5523223 bytes, checksum: f511a3670568eb57374cd64afcea343f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / The research presented here was focused on reflections and analyses involving the translation of lexical ambiguity between two languages of different modality: we refer to the Portuguese Language and Brazilian Sign Language Libras; more specifically our focus is on the word "state." In such a context, as well as in translations of which take part two oral auditory languages, the translation involving Portuguese and Libras requires the translator a judicious and careful analysis of their lexical choices at the moment often he is translating the source text message to the target text. In this task the t ambiguous lexical items that need to be properly understood in the source language for the translation to happen no meaning problems in the target language. Hence the interest in analyzing the strategies used for the translation of "state" can happen without causing any problems of meaning in the target language. For our analysis, we rely on a corpus consisting of 774 sentences, which were subjected to linguistic analysis and translation into Libras glosses by a professional listener in accordance with Decree 5.626/05. The basis for our discussion is in the main concepts underlying the translation process under the assumptions of authors such as Campos(1986), Quadros (2001, 2004), Oustinoff (2011), Rónai (1976) and Jakobson (1975), and authors who studied lexical ambiguity, as Ullmann (1964), Azeredo (2011) and Silva (2006) / A pesquisa ora apresentada focalizou-se em reflexões e análise envolvendo a tradução da ambiguidade lexical entre duas línguas de modalidade diferentes: referimo-nos à Língua Portuguesa e a Língua Brasileira de Sinais Libras; mais especificamente, trataremos aqui da palavra estado . Em tal contexto, assim como ocorre em traduções das quais tomam parte duas línguas orais auditivas, a tradução envolvendo o Português e a Libras exige do tradutor analisar criteriosa e cuidadosamente as suas escolhas lexicais no momento em que está remontando a mensagem do texto fonte para o texto alvo. Nessa tarefa os itens lexicais ambíguos precisam ser devidamente compreendidos pelo tradutor já na língua fonte para que a tradução possa acontecer sem provocar problemas de sentidos na língua alvo. Daí vem o interesse em analisar as estratégias utilizadas para que a tradução de estado possa acontecer sem provocar problemas de sentidos na língua alvo. Para nossas análises, contamos com um corpus formado por 774 sentenças, que foram submetidas a análises linguísticas e à tradução para glosa Libras por um profissional ouvinte capacitado conforme o Decreto 5.626/05. Como base para discussão, pautamo-nos nos principais conceitos que permeiam a tradução sob os pressupostos de autores como Campos (1986), Quadros (2001, 2004), Oustinoff (2011), Rónai (1976) e Jakobson (1975), e os que tratam da ambiguidade lexical, como Ullmann (1964), Azeredo (2011) e Silva (2006)

Modelos de escolha perante incertezas incorporando ambiguidade se tornaram uma tema importante de pesquisa após a apresentação do Paradoxo de Ellsberg. O intuito do presente trabalho é contribuir para essa área do conhecimento através de uma análise mais detalhada do modelo de preferências Bewley Variacional. Primeiro foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura, culminando no modelo em questão e finalmente sugerindo uma abordagem do axioma da independência / Models of choice with uncertainty that allows for ambiguity to be present have become an important subject of research after Ellsbergs Paradox. This work aims to contribute to this area of knowledge through a more detailed analysis of the model Variational Bewley Preferences. First we present a survey of the literature, then analyse and finally suggest a further understanding of Faros model with respect to the independence axiom

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T14:21:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joaoboscofernandes.pdf: 966343 bytes, checksum: 9218badfe9ee466da95cb9df60f99f60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:42:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joaoboscofernandes.pdf: 966343 bytes, checksum: 9218badfe9ee466da95cb9df60f99f60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:42:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joaoboscofernandes.pdf: 966343 bytes, checksum: 9218badfe9ee466da95cb9df60f99f60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / O objetivo da tese é investigar a presença dos elementos da religião cristã no romance de Guimarães Rosa, na obra: Grande Sertão: Veredas. A pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir da elaboração de inferências de temas de religiosidade presentes no romance a fim de identificar os elementos de uma concepção cristã de Deus nestes temas, ligando-os aos principais fundamentos do cristianismo, à crítica literária e, procurando ver neles uma articulação com o discurso ambíguo do narrador. Objetiva perceber como o narrador, com a sua “matéria vertente”, construiu uma história a partir de uma história vivida, com os elementos religiosos, sobretudo, os cristãos, implicados nessa tarefa de narrar. A investigação visa, ainda, reconhecer o papel da crítica literária, particularmente, àquela dedicada a apresentação dos elementos do cristianismo alinhada à crença das personagens e, também, àquela que, embora, desvincule as personagens do compromisso com um credo religioso, admita a presença de temas cristãos, tais como, o pecado, a salvação e a graça, na narrativa riobaldiana. / The aim of the thesis is to investigate the presence of elements of the Christian religion on the novel by Rosa at work: Grande Sertão: Veredas. The research grew out of drawing inferences on themes of religiousness in the novel in order to identify the elements of a Christian conception of God in these subjects by connecting them to the main foundations of Christianity, to literary criticism, and trying to see in them a conjunction with narrator’s ambiguous speech. It aims to understand how the narrator, with his matériavertente, a story built from a living history, with religious elements, mainly Christians, involved in the task of narrating. The research also intendeds to recognize the role of literary criticism, particularly, that devoted to a presentation of elements of Christian religiosity aligned to the belief of the characters, and that which,although unlinks the characters of commitment to a religious belief, admits the presence of Christian themes such as sin, salvation and grace, in the riobaldian narrative.

This PhD thesis was developed in the context of contemporary challenges within water policy and governance; specifically the issue of managing diffuse pollution risk in fresh water catchments. As highlighted in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) diffuse pollution poses a major risk in many European catchments where the sustainability of the ecosystems and water uses is compromised by intensive agriculture. The challenge for catchment management is the tricky nature of diffuse pollution. It is what you would term a ‘wicked problem’ or ‘Post Normal Science’ wherein the facts are uncertain, values are in dispute, stakes are high and decision-making is urgent (Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993; Patterson et al., 2013). In response to the WFD the UK Government have proposed the Catchment Based Approach (CaBA) which represents a paradigmatic shift in approaches to water management; from a ‘command and control’ approach (i.e. the historic practice of direct regulation) to a participatory governance approach (i.e. devolution of power and involvement local stakeholders) (Dryzek, 2005; Müller-Grabherr et al., 2014). The project had two aims. The practical aim was to identify the drivers and barriers to delivering the CaBA. The academic aim was to employ the relational concept of ambiguity to explore why and how catchment stakeholders understand, frame and respond to diffuse pollution risk differently. In order to address these aims Timothy embedded himself in Loe Pool Forum (www.loepool.org) for four years. Loe Pool Forum (LPF) are a voluntary catchment partnership, based in West Cornwall, working to address the risk of diffuse pollution through taking a CaBA at the WFD waterbody scale. The methodology was directed by Participatory Action Research (PAR) and underpinned by ethnography. PAR enabled Timothy to work collaboratively to engender positive change within LPF while ethnography generated data upon how partnership and participatory working happens in practice. New insights into the geographies of risk stemmed from the application of ambiguity as the conceptual lever. Ambiguity is a dimension of uncertainty which accounts for the relational properties of risk. Ambiguity is defined as the simultaneous presence of multiple frames of reference about a certain phenomenon (Brugnach et al., 2007). Timothy examined ambiguity from three different directions. Firstly, where the ambiguities are in catchment management and how local partnerships negotiate them. Secondly, how risk frames are produced by both water scientists and the agricultural community. Thirdly, what the drivers and barriers are to delivering the CaBA. By thinking through risk relationally this thesis provides new insights into the practice of catchment management and the socio-cultural geographies around the water-environment.

Cette thèse a pour objet un ensemble de réalisations artistiques qui jouent entre fiction et autofiction. Elle se construit à partir d’une enquête sur un « héros » entre remémoration et oubli. Elle développe une série d’expérimentations et de questions qui concernent les notions de héros individuel et de héros collectif, de mémoire, les limites entre l’autobiographie et l’autofiction. « L’Artiste », « l’Auteure », « le héros » forment trois entités singulières qui se croisent, s’imbriquent et ce faisant, interrogent leurs statuts respectifs. Ainsi, « l’Artiste », dans un jeu d’ubiquités et d’ambiguïtés, cède sa place, en tant que personnage, à « l’Auteure ». Le héros individuel ou « Z-héros » construit par « l’Auteure » cède sa place au héros collectif. La mémoire collective permet de construire cette identité partagée du héros collectif, mais sur quels faits, quels oublis ? « L’Artiste » ici fournit des documents, des images, mais vient brouiller les pistes. Il fait resurgir la mémoire individuelle au sein d’une histoire collective. Ces différentes questions, les oeuvres qui en ont fondé l’existence sont développées dans cette thèse en trois grands moments : l’apparition du héros, sa disparition puis réapparition et les artifices de l’auteur. / This thesis presents a collection of artistic works that exist between fiction and autofiction. It is based on a study of the "hero" between recollection and forgetting. It develops a series of experiments and questions concerning notions of the individual hero and the collective hero, of memory, and the borders between autobiography and autofiction. The artist, the author and the hero form three specific entities that intersect and overlap, and in doing so, question their respective statutes. Thus, the artist, in a game of ubiquities and ambiguities, yields his position as a figure to the author. The individual hero or Z-hero created by the author gives way to the collective hero. Collective memory can create this shared identity of the collective hero, but on what grounds, with wich omissions ? The Artist here provides the documents and the images, but confuses the issue. He brings back the individual memory within a collective history. These different questions and the works that have founded their existence are developed in this thesis in three major moments : the emergence of the hero, his disappearance followed by reappearance, and the artifices of the author.