Dans la collaboration entre transporteurs, plusieurs transporteurs forment une alliance pour échanger leurs demandes de transport dans le but d'améliorer la rentabilité. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la planification collaborative de transport entre transporteurs de charges partielles. Plus concrètement, nous avons étudié trois sous-problèmes soulevés dans cette planification collaborative: le problème de ramassage et de livraison avec fenêtres de temps, profits et demandes réservées, le problème de détermination de gagnants dans l'échange combinatoire, et le problème de génération d'enchère.Ces trois sous-problèmes sont les problèmes clés pour la planification collaborative de transport parmi des transporteurs, et ils sont peu étudiés dans la littérature. Nous avons établi les nouveaux modèles de programmation mathématique pour ces problèmes et développé des heuristiques efficaces pour trouver des solutions très proches de leurs optimums dans un temps de calcul raisonnable. Les heuristiques proposées sont plus performantes que les solveurs commerciaux (GUROBI, CPLEX) non seulement en termes de la qualité de solution, mais aussi en termes du temps de calcul. / In carrier collaboration, multiple carriers form an alliance to exchange their delivery requests for the purpose of improving profitability. In this thesis, we have studied the collaborative transportation planning (CTP) among less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers. More concretely, we have studied three sub-problems raised in this collaborative planning: the pickup and delivery problem with time windows, profits, and reserved requests (PDPTWPR), the winner determination problem (WDP) in carrier collaboration via combinatorial exchange (CE), and the bid generation problem (BGP).These sub-problems are the key issues for collaborative transportation planning among carriers, and they are rarely studied in the literature. We have established new mathematical programming models for these problems and developed efficient heuristics to find solutions close to their optimums in a reasonable computational time. The heuristics proposed are more efficient than commercial solvers (GUROBI, CPLEX) not only in terms of solution quality, but also in terms of computation time.

[pt] Este estudo parte do princípio de que o exercício projetual pode ter como fim a resolução de problemas sociais complexos e também servir como ferramenta à disseminação de práticas cidadãs, através do desenvolvimento de plataformas que suportem e encorajem estas ações. Este estudo parte do princípio ainda de que as possibilidades colaborativas viabilizadas pelas novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC s) podem ser aliadas a estas finalidades. Neste sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado se ocupa do estudo de projetos de suporte ao que chama de novas práticas colaborativas cidadãs; ou seja, ações colaborativas voluntárias e cidadãs, viabilizadas pelas novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação. / [en] This study assumes that the projectual exercise may be aimed at solving complex social problems and also serve as tool for dissemination of citizen practices by developing platforms that support and encourage these actions. This study also assumes that the collaborative opportunities made possible by the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT s) can be combined with these purposes. Therefore, this dissertation deals with the study about support projects to what it calls new citizen collaborative practices, in other words, citizen and voluntary collaborative actions, enabled by the new Information and Communication Technologies.

Collaborative relationships between business and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), is offering innovative business practices, as a new and emerging concept. The potential of this phenomenon to offer market-orientated solutions to the social and developmental challenges confronting us globally is imminent. The significance of this concept for businesses in post-conflict settings in Africa is particularly relevant for Africa as the next growth market. Critically examining this evolving concept, this study looks at the perceptions and nature of collaborative relationships between business and NGOs in post-conflict settings, the contributory and inhibiting factors, as well as its characteristics towards closing the gap in knowledge.Twenty leaders of businesses and NGOs in Burundi, Sierra Leone and Liberia, involved in collaborative relationships, were interviewed. The concept was scrutinized in a qualitative study, using in-depth interviewing with qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The methodology allowed innovative practices of collaborative relationships in post-conflict countries to be reflected on.The findings related to the embryonic and evolving nature of collaborative relationships between businesses and NGOs in post-conflict countries reflect a model of innovative cases for enhancing business processes. The model of Business Process Enhancement (BPE) is conceptualised from the results of this study. Concomitantly, the study presents new insights into the strategic potential of collaborative relationships and offers both business and NGOs in post-conflict countries a framework of the benefits, and the contributory and inhibiting factors. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Collaboration is a sought-after competency in the 21st-century knowledge economy in which the value of collective ideas and innovations are emphasized. Educational institutions have a role to play in preparing graduates to work well in collaborative teams. However, collaborating with peers is often received with mixed feelings. Students raise concerns about group members’ motivation and engagement, in anticipation of unsatisfactory social and learning outcomes. Facing motivation challenges in collaboration is a common occurrence, but limited research examines how students working in groups manage motivation challenges in that context. The purpose of this multi-paper dissertation was to examine undergraduate students’ regulatory responses to motivation challenges during online collaborations. Three empirical studies comprising this dissertation examined: the interrelated process involved in groups’ regulation of the socio-emotional aspect of collaboration (Bakhtiar, Webster, & Hadwin), the tactics and strategies students enacted in response to salient motivation challenges (Bakhtiar, Hadwin, & Järvenoja, 2019), and the dynamic interplay between individual- and group-level regulation during motivationally challenging situations (Bakhtiar & Hadwin, 2019). The first study was a comparative case analysis between two groups with contrasting socio-emotional climates. Groups’ self-report and observational data (collected before, during, and after a 90-minute collaboration) were examined in relation to the COPES-model of regulation to identify the similarities and differences between groups’ prevailing conditions, operations, products, evaluations, and standards in regulation. In Study 2, group members’ perceptions of motivation challenges that emerged during planning, early, and towards the end of a semester-long collaborative project were explored. Students’ open descriptions of strategies adopted in response to their salient motivation challenges were qualitatively coded. Study 3 was another comparative case analysis between two groups, who experienced high levels of motivation challenges during collaboration but achieved contrasting group perceptions of team learning productivity. The groups’ use of self-, co-, and socially shared-regulation of motivation in three collaborative sessions were examined and contextualized using group members’ self-reports and log data. Findings across the three studies were discussed in terms of their contributions to the COPES scripts of regulating motivation in collaboration, to develop a catalogue of individual and social strategies for regulating motivation, and to identify adaptive forms of motivation regulation in collaboration. Overall, groups that experienced a more positive outcome regarding motivation regulation had group members who (a) were more prepared going into the task, (b) engaged in proactive forms of regulation, (c) more metacognitively attuned to individuals’ and groups’ diverse needs and challenges, (d) used diverse types of strategies, and (e) regulated each other in a positive and encouraging way. Future directions are discussed in terms of examining the metacognitive information students base on when regulating motivation individually, for others, and as a team, as well as designing tools and instructions to support motivation in collaboration. / Graduate

Le coworking est un phénomène émergent du 21e siècle. L’ouverture du premier espace de coworking à Paris remonte à 2008. Ce travail de recherche a été mené entre 2015 et 2018 à partir d’une autoethnographie. Le chercheur a pris les rôles de manager de communauté tout en cultivant des perspectives à la fois critiques et phénoménologiques. Il s’agissait de comprendre le phénomène « de l’intérieur ». A partir de deux terrains et d’une exploration plus large de l’écosystème parisien du coworking, la thèse identifie douze pratiques de légitimation du coworking qui ont peu à peu contribué à l’émergence d’un véritable champ du coworking. Parallèlement, ces pratiques de légitimation ont remis en question la place de l’individu dans la communauté et dans la société. En complément de la théorie institutionnelle et de la phénoménologie, nous analysons cette évolution à partir la tradition anarchiste humaniste. / Coworking is an emerging phenomenon of the 21st century. The first coworking space in Paris opened in 2008. This research work has been conducted between 2015 and 2018 through an autoethnographic research design. I used to work as a community manager while cultivating both critical and phenomenological perspectives. This work aims at understanding the phenomenon "from the inside". Based on two fieldworks and a broader exploration of the Parisian ecosystem of coworking, the thesis identifies twelve practices of legitimation of coworking that have gradually contributed to the emergence of the field of coworking. At the same time, these legitimizing practices have challenged the position of the individual in the community and in society. In addition to institutional theory and phenomenology, I analyze this phenomenon from the anarchist humanist tradition.

La economía colaborativa está generando una fuerte influencia en la sociedad a través de la creación de nuevos modelos de negocios con fuerte tendencia a monopolizar los mercados. Influye en el patrón de consumo de las personas, hay quienes prefieren pagar por el acceso a bienes y servicios antes que decidir por la posesión del mismo, contradiciendo el sistema económico actual. Algunas investigaciones desarrolladas, consideran importante la contribución de la economía colaborativa en la transformación de la sociedad mientras que otras, sostienen lo contrario. En el presente trabajo, se han revisado investigaciones relacionados a economía colaborativa, realizados durante los últimos 5 años. Se contrastaron las posturas a favor y en contra sobre su influencia en los patrones de consumo de las personas. Se revisaron investigaciones que analizaron nuevos modelos de negocios creados que están basados en la economía colaborativa. Se identificaron los factores que aún son controversiales en la actualidad, los cuales son planteados como nuevas líneas de investigación cuyos resultados contribuyan a comprender y actuar frente a estas nuevas corrientes innovadoras que están surgiendo en el mundo. / The collaborative economy is generating a strong influence in society through the creation of new business models with a strong tendency to monopolize the markets. It influences the pattern of consumption of people, some people prefer to pay for access to goods and services before deciding to own it, contradicting the current economic system. Some researches developed consider the contribution of the collaborative economy in the transformation of society important, while others argue the contrary. In the present work, we have reviewed research related to collaborative economy, conducted during the last 5 years. The positions in favor and against were contrasted on their influence on the consumption patterns of the people. We reviewed research that analyzed new business models created that are based on the collaborative economy. We identified the factors that are still controversial at present, which are proposed as new lines of research whose results contribute to understanding and acting against these new innovative trends that are emerging in the world. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

I omställningsprocessen mot ett mer hållbart samhälle kan en designer ha en viktig roll för social innovation och samverkan. En designer kan underlätta för föreningar att själva lösa sina problem genom nerifrån-och-upp metoder. Detta betyder att den traditionella designerrollen är i förändring och att nya färdigheter efterfrågas. Det här projektet har utforskat ett praktiskt och föreningsdrivet designangreppssätt. Målet med designprocessen var att designa en tjänst för stadsodlingsprojekt baserade i Stockholm. Tjänsten utvecklades tillsammans med aktiva medlemmar i projekten för att göra odlingen mer effektiv, tillgänglig och enkel att sprida. / More and more, designers take the role of facilitators in social innovation processes by using collaborative approaches aiming at a transition towards sustainability. To do so, they collaborate with active communities that create solutions for their own problems through bottom-up approaches. Consequently, the role of professional designers is shifting and new design skills and approaches are required. This project explored a community driven design approach, on a practical level. The goal of the design process was to design a service for urban farming communities situated in Stockholm. This service was co created with members of the communities to make them more efficient, better accessible and easier to replicate.

The purpose of this descriptive and exploratory study was to obtain insight into collaborative partnership trends between educational psychology researchers and teachers, in order to inform participatory theory and practice in future methodology studies. The Community of Practice Framework theoretically framed the study, describing professional communities and the way in which meanings, beliefs and understandings are negotiated and reflected in communal practices. Five symposium and two reflection session presentations were purposefully selected and transcribed for qualitative content analysis in terms of a trend analysis. Findings indicate that collaborative partnerships between educational psychology researchers and teachers differ from other partnerships in that collaborative partnerships between teachers and educational psychology researchers appear to be directed by an overarching philosophy of “care”. Also, collaborative partnership studies between teachers and educational psychology researchers favour methodologies encouraging participation in identifying and addressing school-community issues. In this way, knowledge exchange and the co-creation of knowledge is promoted. These partnerships focus on how education, as well as teacher and learner experiences can be enhanced and be meaningful, rewarding, enabling and supportive. Finally, benefits and challenges in collaborative partnerships between teachers and educational psychology researchers are similar to those experienced by other professionals participating in collaborative partnerships. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

VR står för Virtual Reality och används idag ofta för utbildning, både inom skola och yrkesgrupper då det har uppvisat goda resultat och är relativt billigt att utföra jämfört med att träna till exempel personal inom brandkår, sjukhus och polis. Finns det en applikation där flera användare inklusive en instruktör kan samverka oberoende plats och plattform blir det bättre ur både logistiskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Det finns idag ingen standardiserad modell för notifikationer inom VR och därför finns det en mängd olika modeller för att fånga användarens uppmärksamhet. Det här arbetet handlar om att undersöka webbläsaren som verktyg för en Virtual Reality- applikation där flera användare samtidigt kan använda applikationen oberoende av vilken plattform som används. Anledningen till att det skall fungera för flera användare samtidigt är för att applikationen är till för träning inför akuta situationer och då skall både instruktör och användare kunna vara i applikationen samtidigt.  Arbetet handlar också om att ta reda på vilken av de två notifikationsmodeller som i det här arbetet testas är det mest tidseffektiva vid träning av brandkår med hjälp av VR-teknik. Resultatet har framkommit genom utförda användartester genomförda med hjälp av en prototyp som har utvecklats; samt intervjuer av de testpersoner som har deltagit i användartester. Testpersonerna delades upp i två lika stora grupper på 10 st i varje grupp för att testa två olika notifikationsmodeller. De testade notifikationsmodeller är en statisk nödutgångsskylt och en visuell vägvisare i form av en pil i golvet som rör sig i för scenariots uppgift rätt riktning. Uppgiften som testpersonerna fick var att ta sig från en punkt till en annan i en rökfylld lokal på så snabb tid som möjligt, med hjälp av den notifikation som tilldelades. Testpersonerna rangordnades efter att samtliga test var genomförda. Den som klarat sig bäst i den ena gruppen jämfördes med den som klarat sig bäst i den andra gruppen och så vidare. Resultatet visar tendenser åt att den visuella vägvisaren var den mest effektiva av de två notifikationsmodeller som testades. Deltagarna i gruppen som använde den visuella sökvägen presterade något bättre, vilket indikerar en trend mot preferenser för den notifikations modellen framför den statiska nödutgångsskylten.

La conception d’un système mécatronique est un problème d’optimisation multidisciplinaire et multi-objectif. Les approches d’optimisation actuellement utilisées, pour l’optimisation des systèmes multidisciplinaires, sont coûteuses en temps de calcul, difficiles à mettre en œuvre et non flexibles avec la phase de conception préliminaire, où les objectifs et les contraintes de conception changent fréquemment. D’où la nécessité de chercher une nouvelle technique plus simples à mettre en œuvre, moins coûteuse et qui permet d’adapter dynamiquement une solution suite à un changement des spécifications. C’est dans ce contexte que cette thèse se focalise sur le développement d’une approche multi-agents de conception qui, se basant sur les connaissances disciplinaires et par un comportement coopératif, permet de trouver collectivement une solution optimale qui satisfait les contraintes et les performances demandées.L'approche proposée est basée sur un processus de conception pour faciliter la conception collaborative distribué des systèmes mécatroniques. Cette approche est appliquée à la conception préliminaire d'un véhicule électrique pour illustrer comment l'utilisation du paradigme multi-agent aide les concepteurs à prendre des décisions efficaces et de parvenir à une décision optimale de l'ensemble du problème. Une étude comparative avec les méthodes classiques d'optimisation est faite afin de démontrer la validité et l'efficacité de l’approche proposée. / The design of a mechatronic system is a multidisciplinary and multi-objective optimization problem. Optimization approaches currently used for the optimization of multidisciplinary systems are expensive in computation time, difficult to implement, and inflexible with the preliminary design phase, in which the objectives and design constraints change frequently. It is therefore necessary to look for new techniques easier to implement and less expensive, that enable to adapt dynamically a solution due to a change in specifications. In this context that this thesis focuses on the development of a multi-agent design approach, based on disciplinary knowledge and cooperative behavior; make possible to collectively find an optimal solution that satisfies the required constraints and performance.The proposed approach is based on a design process to facilitate collaborative distributed design of mechatronic systems. This approach is applied to the preliminary design of an electric vehicle to illustrate how the use of the multi-agent paradigm helps designers in making effective decisions and to achieve an optimal decision of the overall problem. A comparative study with traditional optimization methods is made to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach.