L’organisation fonctionnelle des entreprises impose un fonctionnement en mode projet. Ces projets sont menés par des experts de différentes spécialités et d’origine diverses. Ces équipes ont besoin d’outils pour être performant et proposer des solutions adaptées aux multiples besoins des marchés de plus en plus exigeants. Au cours de leurs réunions et activités, ils se créé une conscience de groupe qui s’enrichit à travers les interactions et s’appuie sur divers représentations externes. Cette thèse aborde l’étude des mécanismes permettant la performance des équipes de conception collaborative en réunion synchrone. Elle a essayé de démontrer les liens entre leur Système de Mémoire Transactive (TMS), leurs Activités de Conception Collaboratives (CDA) et leurs Objets désignés Ressources (RSC), et d’identifier les éléments favorisant ces liens. Nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé une enquête auprès des équipes de conception collaborative en environnement universitaire. Puis dans un second temps nous avons réalisé une expérimentation sur deux équipes en situation de conception collaborative synchrone autour du Serious Game Delta Design déployé sur une table interactive. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que si la performance est favorisée par la TMS ou la CDA, leur lien statistique est établit, de même que le lien entre les activités de conception et les ressources mobilisées. Cependant, l’absence de lien statistique fort TMS CDA montre que les équipes ne semblent conscientes de l’utilisation des objets dans la construction de leur TMS, alors que les artefacts de la table interactive sont les plus sollicités et les activités de prise de décision semblent les plus importantes dans ces séances.Cette thèse contribue au corpus de connaissance sur l’étude des équipes de conception collaborative et mets à disposition des outils d’évaluation de la performance des équipes de conception collaboratives synchrone. / Today functional structure of enterprises requires teamwork and project mode organization. These projects are carried out by experts from different domains of expertise. Besides the teams need supporting tools in order to improve the efficiency of their design process and to propose adapted solutions to complex design problems. In the course of their meetings and collaborative activities they create group awareness through their interactions and creation of various artifacts. This thesis studies mechanisms that underlie performance of collaborative design team in synchronous meeting. In this thesis we demonstrate the links between Transactive Memory System (TMS), Collaborative Design Activities (CDA) and Objects called Resources (RSC), and identify the elements that drive these links. A survey has been used to study collaborative design teams in academic environment. Then, we performed direct observation of two teams during synchronous collaborative design meetings with a serious game Delta Design on interactive table. Results show that if performance is enhanced statistically by good TMS or CDA, and the link is demonstrate, so is the links between CDA RSC. However, the lack of statistical strong correlation between TMS and RSC seems to show that team members are not conscious of using artifacts during TMS building. While artifacts on interactive table are more solicited and decision making activities seems to be more important during their session. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of collaborative design teams and offers tools to evaluate collaborative design activities.

Ce manuscrit expose notre travail dans le cadre du projet IWARD et détaille la couche de gestion et de décision du groupement de robots. Ce projet avait comme objectif d’assister le personnel médical dans leur travail, ceci est réalisé en utilisant des robots mobiles, reconfigurables, et rechargeables. Ces robots sont conçus pour effectuer des taches logistiques comme : Le transport de médicaments, le nettoyage, le guidage des patients, la surveillance et la téléconsultation. Dans la première partie de la thèse nous présenterons le problème stratégique qui consiste à déterminer les plannings de rechargement des robots, la configuration des robots opérationnels ainsi que la localisation des stations d’attentes des robots lorsqu’ils sont en état de veille. Différentes hiérarchies à plusieurs niveaux de décisions, sont formulées comme des programmes linéaires en nombres entiers. Des formulations utilisant l’approche de génération de colonnes sont aussi développées pour résoudre ces problèmes. Dans la deuxième partie, le problème tactique est exposé, ceci consiste à affecter les taches arrivantes aux différents robots et d’ordonnancer dynamiquement l’exécution ces missions. Deux approches sont inspectées une version centralisée utilisant les algorithmes évolutionnaires et une autre version distribuée utilisant les algorithmes d’enchères inversées. Afin de mettre à l épreuve ces deux approches, une simulation a événements discrets a été conçue et développée spécifiquement pour le projet, permettant ainsi d’évaluer ces deux approches. / Due to the expansion of the life duration and the shortage of medical personal in hospitals the EU funded IWARD project as part of the IFP6 program. The aims of this project were to assist the medical personnel in logistic and non medical tasks (transport, cleaning, environmental monitoring, guidance and tele-monitoring) through the usage of mobile, reconfigurable, rechargeable robots, thus letting the Medical staff to concentrate on medical aspects of their work.This thesis was part of this project, and our work consisted on developing a decision making framework for the team of robots.In the first part of the thesis, we address the strategic decisions essentially the: (i) the robots’ home station location problem, (ii) Robot‘s reconfiguration problems and (iii) Robots recharging scheduling. We formulate those problems as a linear problems and we propose to solve them using Mixed Integer Programming (MIP). We also present a formulation using a column generation approach to solve those problems.In the later part we address the tactical problems, mainly the mission assignment, the mission scheduling and rescheduling. We present two different approaches; a centralized decision finder implemented using genetic algorithms. And a decentralized approach using auction like and market based algorithms in order to provided collaborative decision making framework.Finally we compare those two approaches using a custom made discrete event simulation (DES).

L'objet de la présente étude est un dispositif didactique mis en œuvre avec des étudiants anglophones en français langue étrangère, dans une université australienne. Elle examine l'impact que peuvent avoir l'aspect instrumenté et l'aspect collaboratif lors d'un travail de révision collaborative assistée par ordinateur. Elle envisage également en quoi une telle activité peut être vectrice d'apprentissage. Le corpus analysé se compose de cinq sessions de travail enregistrées (actions d'écran) et transcrites. Ayant conceptualisé cette activité comme une succession de résolutions de problème, nous avons retenu la séquence de résolution de problème comme unité d'analyse. La méthodologie retenue est hybride. Elle fait appel à l'analyse qualitative de certaines séquences et à une analyse quantitative s'appuyant sur les questionnements d'une base de données construite à partir d'une typologie définissant les paramètres propres aux séquences observées. Nous montrons comment les dynamiques interactives reposent sur l'élaboration d'un espace commun de résolution impliquant une négociation tripartite entre scripteur, co-réviseur et Correcteur. L'activité des partenaires oscille entre deux pôles. Le premier consiste à traiter les uns après les autres les soulignements parsemant le texte, les opérations cognitives sous-jacentes étant alors intimement liées aux aspects instrumentés. Le deuxième pôle consiste à relire le texte en dehors de ce que signale le logiciel et à porter son attention sur les questions de formulation, de syntaxe, de cohérence et de cohésion. La dynamique d'une session résulte de la distribution et de la prégnance de phénomènes appartenant à ces deux axes, la capacité des signalements du Correcteur à circonscrire l'activité de révision et les processus de relecture dépendant en partie du degré d'expertise rédactionnelle des partenaires. Certains signalements et propositions du Correcteur sont générateurs de débats, d'interrogations et d'échanges de point de vue, ce qui permet aux membres des dyades de mobiliser certaines connaissances, potentiellement de les affiner, voire d'en acquérir d'autres. Les partenaires à travers l'aspect collaboratif se trouvent également exposés à de nouvelles façons de gérer l'activité, d'utiliser les divers outils à leur disposition et de ce sur quoi peut se porter l'attention lors d'un travail de révision. Autant de phénomènes qui relèvent de ce que nous avons appelé la régulation assistée, laquelle semble emblématique du potentiel acquisitionnel de ce type d'activité. / The study examines the impact of both the collaborative and instrumented dimensions in a revision task where students, native speakers of English from an Australian university, were asked to revise a text they had written. The students were asked to work on an electronic version of their text with the help of a partner, a grammar assistant software, and an electronic bilingual dictionary. The study also examines whether such an activity can be conducive to learning and improve revision skills. Each of the five sessions' screen action was recorded as well as the partners' interactions which were subsequently transcribed. The revision activity in these sessions was conceptualised as a series of problem resolution sequences, the concept of problem resolution sequence chosen as the basic unit of analysis. A hybrid methodology was followed, using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Certain sequences were analysed in details while the quantitative approach relied on the questioning of a data base built using parameters defining characteristics of resolution sequences. We show how for each sequence a joint problem space is created as the result of negotiations between writer, co-revisor and grammar assistant software input. The revision activities observed follow two distinct trends. On the one hand, students' attention focusses on items the assistant software has underlined on the text. In this case, underlying cognitive processes are intricately linked with the instrumented aspect of the activity. On the other, rereading and revision strategies focus on formulation of ideas, sentence construction, eliminating redundant information, cohesion and coherence issues. Distribution of revision processes along these two axis determines a session dynamics, the capacity of the grammar assistant to overall determine revision processes depending to a certain extent on the level of expertise of the partners. In some sequences, grammar assistant's underlines or explanations generate debates and questions among partners who are necessarily drawn to evaluate the assistant's assessment, express their opinion and argue their case. They thus mobilise grammatical knowledge, potentially refine it, or acquire new rules. The collaborative aspect of the activity also allows partners to be exposed to new revision strategies as well as new ways to use the various software tools at their disposal when attempting to solve problems. Their views on what revising a text means may change in the process. All these phenomena pertain to what we have described as assisted regulation procedures and as such seem to point to the learning and teaching to revise potential of such an activity.

Denna uppsats är en komparativ fallstudie som undersöker fyra länsstyrelsers planering av civilt försvar ur ett samverkansperspektiv. De undersökta länsstyrelserna är Halland, Västra Götaland, Värmland och Örebro län. Den övergripande frågan är vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan länsstyrelsernas planering. Empirin är inhämtad genom semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med tjänstemän i chefs- samt handläggarnivå vid de undersökta länsstyrelserna. Det inhämtade materialet är kategoriserat och analyserat utifrån en analysmodell som bygger på ett ramverk, An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance. I analysen jämförs de fyra länsstyrelsernas arbete med att planera civilt försvar genom samverkan. Resultatet av studien påvisar att det finns stora skillnader mellan de undersökta länsstyrelserna i hur de har tagit sig an uppgiften och vilken verksamhet de bedriver för att skapa legitimitet, gränsöverskridande åtgärder och helhetsförståelse mellan aktörer för att skapa förutsättningar för planering av civilt försvar. Det finns även stora skillnader i hur de har uppfattat den styrning som kommer från central nivå. Resultatet påvisar även att det finns stora likheter i de behov de fyra länsstyrelserna lyfter fram, bland annat samordning i den hierarkiska organisationen från central- ned till lokal nivå avseende branschöverenskommelser och en sammanhållen planeringsprocess. Ramverket kan konstateras vara användbart som analysmodell avseende samverkan vid planering av civilt försvar. / This essay is a comparative case study that examines the planning of civil defense from Halland, Västra Götaland, Värmland and Örebro county administrative boards from a collaborative perspective. The overall question is what similarities and differences exist between the county administrative board planning. The empiric material is obtained through semi-structured qualitative interviews with officials at the executive and supervisory level of the investigated county administrative boards. The collected material is categorized and analyzed based on an analysis model based on a framework, An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance. The analysis compares the work of the four county administrative boards in planning civil defense through cooperation. The results of the study shows that there are major differences between the county administrative authorities in how they have taken on the task and what activity they are pursuing to create legitimacy, cross-border action and overall understanding between actors to create the conditions for civil defense planning. There are also major differences in how they perceived the governance that comes from national authority. The result also shows that there are major similarities in the needs of the four county administrative boards, including coordination in the hierarchical organization from national to local level regarding industry agreements and coherent planning. The framework can be found useful as an analysis tool for collaborative planning in civil defense.

Submitted by Jocelma Rios (jocelma.rios@gmail.com) on 2017-08-25T16:05:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JocelmaAlmeidaRios_Final.pdf: 2143575 bytes, checksum: 06f762ac15a0b40fd51a9c1c0f5d4c78 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-08-28T15:23:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JocelmaAlmeidaRios_Final.pdf: 2143575 bytes, checksum: 06f762ac15a0b40fd51a9c1c0f5d4c78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T15:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JocelmaAlmeidaRios_Final.pdf: 2143575 bytes, checksum: 06f762ac15a0b40fd51a9c1c0f5d4c78 (MD5) / Capes / Este trabalho resulta de uma inquietação sobre a efetiva aprendizagem construída, individual e coletiva, em torno do processo de gestão pedagógica de cursos a distância, e seus impactos na prática dos profissionais que atuam nesse processo. Tal inquietação é fruto de observação direta participante no desenvolvimento da primeira edição do curso de Especialização em Gestão Escolar, do Programa Nacional Escola de Gestores da Educação Básica, desenvolvido na Bahia, cuja gestão era realizada por uma equipe que atua de forma descentralizada e geograficamente distribuída. Na experiência vivenciada, foi constatado um problema comum no desenvolvimento de cursos a distância, que é a ausência de envolvimento coletivo e colaborativo dos profissionais que integram as equipes pedagógicas na construção do conhecimento voltado ao planejamento, organização e desenvolvimento de cursos na modalidade a distância, ambientado em espaços mediados por computador. Assim, com base na análise preliminar da experiência e na literatura pesquisada, visando dirimir o problema apresentado, para a segunda edição do Curso, buscou-se promover a constituição de uma comunidade de prática com o propósito de subsidiar a construção dinâmica, autônoma e multidisciplinar do conhecimento. No âmbito dessa comunidade de prática, que teve como espaços de interação, para o trabalho, recursos disponíveis na Plataforma Moodle, busca-se, então, compreender, sob aspectos sociocognitivos, o processo de construção do conhecimento no coletivo da equipe pedagógica do Curso. A análise sociocognitiva pretendida tem como pressupostos teórico-metodológicos a Fenomenologia e a Análise de Discurso francobrasileira, buscando compreender em profundidade a relação que se dá entre o enunciado (texto), o interdiscurso (contexto sócio-histórico-ideológico) e a prática (ação situada). Ao final deste trabalho, são propostas diretrizes para a concretização da gestão pedagógica, colegiada e distribuída, para cursos na modalidade a distância, considerando o estabelecimento de uma comunidade de prática. / ABSTRACT This work stems from unrest about effective learning built, individually and collectively, on the process of educational management in distance learning programs, and their impact on the practice of professionals working in this process. Such unrest is the result of direct observation participant in the development of the first edition of the Curso de Especialização em Gestão Escolar, in Programa Nacional Escola de Gestores da Educação Básica, developed in Bahia, whose management is carried out by a team that operates in a decentralized and geographically distributed. In lived experience, it was found a common problem in the development of distance education, which is the absence of collective and collaborative involvement of professionals within the teaching teams in the construction of knowledge oriented planning, organization and development of courses in the distance, set in computermediated spaces. Thus, based on preliminary analysis of the experience and the literature in order to settle the problem presented to the second edition of course, sought to promote the establishment community of practice in order to support the dynamic, autonomous and multidisciplinary knowledge construction. Within this community of practice, which had as interaction spaces for work, available resources in the Moodle platform, looking up, then understand, from socio-cognitive aspects, the process of knowledge construction in the collective team teaching of the course. The analysis is intended as a socio-cognitive phenomenology theoretical-methodological assumption Discourse Analysis Franco-Brazilian, trying to understand in depth the relationship that exists between the statement (text), interspeech (context socio historical ideological) and practice (situated action). At the end of this work, it is proposed guidelines for the implementation of educational management, collegiate and distributed to distance courses, considering the establishment of a community of practice.

A formação continuada de profissionais de Educação e Saúde se constitui como objeto desta dissertação. Na presente pesquisa pretendi planejar, implementar e avaliar os efeitos de um programa de formação continuada de profissionais de Educação e Saúde, oferecendo instruções e orientações de uso dos recursos da Comunicação Alternativa e Ampliada (CAA), para favorecer a comunicação e aprendizagem de crianças com autismo, Asperger e Angelman. Os estudos foram realizados em uma escola regular e em uma instituição especializada, com abordagem clínica-terapêutica-educacional. O universo da pesquisa abrangeu oito profissionais: duas professoras de classes regulares de ensino, uma professora especialista (Atendimento Educacional Especializado), duas estagiárias (estudantes de Pedagogia), exercendo a função de mediadora do aluno com autismo incluído, uma professora da instituição especializada, um auxiliar da professora e uma psicóloga. Também nove crianças fizeram parte desse universo: uma criança com autismo, incluída em classe regular e oito crianças que frequentavam a instituição especializada, sendo duas com Asperger, quatro com autismo e duas com Angelman. Para responder à pergunta principal do estudo: A Comunicação Alternativa e Ampliada pode favorecer a comunicação e a aprendizagem de crianças com autismo, Asperger e Angelman?, foi necessário conhecer os profissionais, as instituições e as respectivas gestoras, bem como o corpo docente, a equipe técnica e as crianças assistidas pelos profissionais, para verificar as suas necessidades, potencialidades, interesses e limitações. Outro elemento fundamental na proposta de formação dos profissionais foram os procedimentos do ensino e da consultoria colaborativa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três estudos, durante o período de julho de 2010 a abril de 2012. Foi utilizado o delineamento intrasujeitos do tipo A-B (estudo I) e A-B-C (estudos II e III) e análise qualitativa dos resultados. Os procedimentos iniciais adotados foram: aplicação de questionários para os profissionais e os responsáveis pelas crianças, entrevistas semiestruturadas com as gestoras das instituições, observações in loco, filmagens das atividades pedagógicas e anotações de campo. Com base nos questionários, entrevistas, observações e anotações foram levantadas as principais dificuldades e necessidades dos profissionais e das crianças e construídos protocolos de observação dos comportamentos destes sujeitos. Durante o desenvolvimento dos estudos foram realizadas filmagens das atividades pedagógicas e anotações de campo, bem como reuniões com os profissionais, para orientações e planejamento das atividades pedagógicas adaptadas a serem desenvolvidas com as crianças, bem como materiais e recursos da CAA. Os resultados apontaram à presença de algumas modificações nos comportamentos dos profissionais e nos comportamentos das crianças. Revelaram ainda, que este trabalho proporcionou aos profissionais a oportunidade de reverem as suas atuações e as suas crenças, com relação à inclusão de crianças com autismo, Asperger e Angelman em ambientes não protegidos. Foi possível verificar as contribuições dos procedimentos e dos recursos da CAA, para favorecer a comunicação, a autorregulação e a aprendizagem dessas crianças e o quanto os procedimentos do ensino e da consultoria colaborativa se apresentam como promissores para o desenvolvimento dos profissionais. / A formação continuada de profissionais de Educação e Saúde se constitui como objeto desta dissertação. Na presente pesquisa pretendi planejar, implementar e avaliar os efeitos de um programa de formação continuada de profissionais de Educação e Saúde, oferecendo instruções e orientações de uso dos recursos da Comunicação Alternativa e Ampliada (CAA), para favorecer a comunicação e aprendizagem de crianças com autismo, Asperger e Angelman. Os estudos foram realizados em uma escola regular e em uma instituição especializada, com abordagem clínica-terapêutica-educacional. O universo da pesquisa abrangeu oito profissionais: duas professoras de classes regulares de ensino, uma professora especialista (Atendimento Educacional Especializado), duas estagiárias (estudantes de Pedagogia), exercendo a função de mediadora do aluno com autismo incluído, uma professora da instituição especializada, um auxiliar da professora e uma psicóloga. Também nove crianças fizeram parte desse universo: uma criança com autismo, incluída em classe regular e oito crianças que frequentavam a instituição especializada, sendo duas com Asperger, quatro com autismo e duas com Angelman. Para responder à pergunta principal do estudo: A Comunicação Alternativa e Ampliada pode favorecer a comunicação e a aprendizagem de crianças com autismo, Asperger e Angelman?, foi necessário conhecer os profissionais, as instituições e as respectivas gestoras, bem como o corpo docente, a equipe técnica e as crianças assistidas pelos profissionais, para verificar as suas necessidades, potencialidades, interesses e limitações. Outro elemento fundamental na proposta de formação dos profissionais foram os procedimentos do ensino e da consultoria colaborativa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três estudos, durante o período de julho de 2010 a abril de 2012. Foi utilizado o delineamento intrasujeitos do tipo A-B (estudo I) e A-B-C (estudos II e III) e análise qualitativa dos resultados. Os procedimentos iniciais adotados foram: aplicação de questionários para os profissionais e os responsáveis pelas crianças, entrevistas semiestruturadas com as gestoras das instituições, observações in loco, filmagens das atividades pedagógicas e anotações de campo. Com base nos questionários, entrevistas, observações e anotações foram levantadas as principais dificuldades e necessidades dos profissionais e das crianças e construídos protocolos de observação dos comportamentos destes sujeitos. Durante o desenvolvimento dos estudos foram realizadas filmagens das atividades pedagógicas e anotações de campo, bem como reuniões com os profissionais, para orientações e planejamento das atividades pedagógicas adaptadas a serem desenvolvidas com as crianças, bem como materiais e recursos da CAA. Os resultados apontaram à presença de algumas modificações nos comportamentos dos profissionais e nos comportamentos das crianças. Revelaram ainda, que este trabalho proporcionou aos profissionais a oportunidade de reverem as suas atuações e as suas crenças, com relação à inclusão de crianças com autismo, Asperger e Angelman em ambientes não protegidos. Foi possível verificar as contribuições dos procedimentos e dos recursos da CAA, para favorecer a comunicação, a autorregulação e a aprendizagem dessas crianças e o quanto os procedimentos do ensino e da consultoria colaborativa se apresentam como promissores para o desenvolvimento dos profissionais.

Le contexte de cette recherche se situe dans la perspective d’une meilleure compréhension de l’ingénierie de l’Interaction Homme-Machine pour les environnements collaboratifs et nomadiques. Les systèmes d’informations d’aujourd’hui sont devenus de plus en plus collaboratifs et nomadiques. Cette transformation impose deux contraintes à prendre en considération pendant la conception d’interfaces utilisateur. D’une part, dans une application collaborative, les acteurs interagissent les uns avec les autres afin de réaliser un projet en commun. Ces acteurs interviennent dans différentes disciplines et chacun d’eux a son propre savoir-faire. Ainsi, ils ne partagent pas les mêmes informations relatives au projet. D’autre part, les utilisateurs sont mobiles et désirent avoir accès au système quel que soit sa localisation géographique, tout en conservant la confidentialité des informations définies dans le système. Cette mobilité requiert l’intégration de terminaux mobiles dans le système d’information. Cependant, pour des raisons de taille et de poids, les terminaux mobiles disposent de ressources moins importantes que celles offertes par des stations fixes. Devant ce constat, notre objectif est de construire une interface pour une application collaborative et mobile, personnalisée et adaptée en fonction du profil de l’utilisateur et des ressources d’interactions du terminal utilisé. En particulier, notre contribution est d’une part, la proposition d’une architecture pour un système coopératif, et d’autre part, l’introduction de nouvelles notations, basées sur les environnements collaboratifs, pour la modélisation des tâches. Celle-ci joue un rôle essentiel dans la conception d’interfaces utilisateur. Enfin, nous proposons une approche à base de modèles, pour la génération automatique d’interfaces utilisateur personnalisées aux acteurs et adaptables aux caractéristiques de plateformes, basé sur quatre niveaux d’abstraction. L’applicabilité de notre proposition est vérifiée par des exemples d’application dans le domaine de la santé. Nous avons développé un prototype de système collaboratif pour le suivi des infections nosocomiales. L’étude de cas menée à l’aide de ce système a été rendue possible grâce à la collaboration de l’hôpital Édouard Herriot à Lyon qui nous a transmis son savoir-faire. Ainsi, nous avons développé l’outil AICEStudio afin de montrer la faisabilité de notre approche pour la génération des interfaces utilisateur personnalisées aux acteurs et adaptables aux caractéristiques de plateformes / The context of this research work lies in the prospect of a better understanding of Human-Computer Interaction engineering for collaborative and nomadic environments. Today, information systems have become increasingly collaborative and nomadic. This transformation implies two constraints to consider when designing user interfaces. First, in a collaborative application, the actors interact with each other to achieve a common project. These actors come from different disciplines and each has his own expertise. Thus, they do not share the same information on the project. Second, users are mobile and would like to access the system regardless of its geographical location, while maintaining the confidentiality of information defined in the system. This mobility requires the integration of mobile devices in the information system. However, for reasons of size and weight, mobile devices have limited resources compared to those offered by fixed stations, like PC. Given these observations, our objective is to build an interface for collaborative and mobile applications, personalized and tailored according to user profile and the interaction resources used by the terminal. In particular, our contribution is, on the one hand, the proposal of a collaborative architecture. On the other hand, the introduction of new notations, based on collaborative and nomadic environments, for the modeling of tasks that plays a key role in designing user interfaces. In addition, we proposed an approach based on models for the automatic generation of customized user interfaces to actors and adaptable to the platforms’ characteristics, composed of several levels of abstraction. The applicability of our proposal is tested by examples drawn of the healthcare application domain. We have developed a prototype of a collaborative system for monitoring nosocomial infections. The case study conducted using this system was made possible owing to the collaboration of Edouard Herriot hospital that has fed us with its expertise. Moreover, we have developed the tool AICEStudio to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for generating customized user interfaces to actors and adaptable to the platforms’ characteristics

La conception de produits industriels complexes exige la collaboration de plusieurs acteurs de différents domaines et est distribuée géographiquement tout au long du processus de conception. Afin d'améliorer les résultats au regard du triptyque qualité, coût, délais et de la mondialisation des marchés, des concepteurs, distribués dans l'espace et dans le temps ont besoin d'un environnement de travail pour collaborer, afin de : créer une compréhension partagée entre les différents acteurs d'une équipe, les concepteurs doivent négocier et argumenter les solutions. partager des informations sur le produit entre différents métiers dans les étapes du processus de conception. synchroniser les différentes versions de modèles du produit entre les concepteurs. Le travail collaboratif s'organisant comme une alternance de travaux synchrones et asynchrones, nous souhaitons améliorer la continuité des flux d'informations entre ces différents modes de collaboration. Ceci passe par une amélioration des outils de communication technique en mode synchrone, et par la possibilité pour les concepteurs de synchroniser les versions de modèles modifiées en mode asynchrone. Ce deuxième point est obtenu par une identification de conflits entre version, et une facilitation du dialogue argumentatif synchrone afin de converger dans la négociation des choix de résolution de ces conflits. La démarche générale de la thèse se base sur la Design Research Methodology, basée sur une observation de situation industrielle et une analyse de scénarios d'usage, la proposition et le développement de nouveaux outils, et finalement une évaluation de l'utilisabilité / The design of complex industrial products requires the collaboration of several actors of various domains and is geographically distributed throughout the process of design. To improve the results with regard to the triptych quality, cost, time and of the globalization of markets, designers, distributed in the space and in the time need a working environment to collaborate, to: To create an understanding shared between the various actors of a team, the designers have to negotiate and argue the solutions. Share information on the product between various trades in the stages of the process of design. Synchronize the various versions of models of the product between the designers. Collaborative design is organized as alternating synchronous and asynchronous work, we wish to improve continuity of information flow between these different modes of collaboration. This requires improved communication technology tools in synchronous mode, and the possibility for developers to synchronize models modified versions asynchronously. This second point is obtained by identifying conflicts between version, and facilitation of synchronous argumentative dialogue to converge in the negotiation of choice for resolving these conflicts.

Cette étude s'intéresse à la prise en compte des préférences des décideurs dans le cadre de la résolution des problèmes de planification. L'originalité de l'approche retenue consiste à représenter les préférences en utilisant un formalisme issu de l'aide à la décision multicritère à savoir un modèle MAUT (acronyme de Théorie de l'Utilité Multi-Attribut) couplé à une intégrale de Choquet. Ce formalisme généralise la notion de préférence utilisée en PDDL (le Langage de Définition des Domaines de Planification). Ainsi, l'extension PDDL3/MAUT proposée enrichit le pouvoir expressif du PDDL en permettant d'utiliser facilement un nombre quelconque de préférences numériques, d'agréger des préférences entre elles ou encore de considérer d'éventuelles interactions entre les préférences du problème. En conséquence, elle permet de représenter plus finement la complexité intrinsèque des préférences des décideurs. Par ailleurs, un algorithme pour la résolution des problèmes de planification avec préférences est proposé. Ce dernier est mis en oeuvre dans le planificateur ChoPlan qui a été développé dans le cadre de cette étude et dont les performances ont été comparées à celles des planificateurs de l'art. En outre, les travaux réalisés contribuent à la résolution de la problématique de l'interopérabilité des organisations en situation de crise. En effet, un système d'aide à la décision capable de supporter les décideurs lors de l'élaboration de plans d'action collaboratifs est présenté. Ce dernier permet de modéliser la situation à résoudre, les capacités des partenaires mobilisés ainsi que les objectifs, contraintes et préférences des décideurs. Les modèles ainsi réalisés sont ensuite transformés afin de générer un problème de planification avec préférences qui est résolu à l'aide de ChoPlan. / This study aims to solve preference-based planning problems. The originality of this work is to represent preferences using a formalism from multicriteria decision analysis namely a MAUT model (acronym for Multi-Attribute Utility Theory) along with a Choquet integral. This formalism generalizes the notion of preference used in PDDL (the Planning Domain Definition Language). Indeed, the proposed PDDL3/MAUT extension improves the PDDL expressiveness by allowing to use any number of numeric preferences, aggregating preferences and considering interactions between preferences. As a consequence, it can represent more accurately the intrinsic complexity of decision-makers preferences. Furthermore, an algorithm for preference-based planning has been designed. It has been used to implement a planner named ChoPlan whose performances have been compared to state of the art planners. In addition, this work adresses the problem of organization’s interoperability in crisis management. Indeed, a decision aid system supporting decision-makers during the design of collaborative plans is presented. It helps stakeholders to model the situation to solve, the responders’ capabilities as well as objectives, constraints and preferences of the decision-makers. These models are then processed to generate a preference-based planning problem that is solved using the ChoPlan planner.

Despite the increase of urban populations resulting in people living in close proximity to each other, society continues to operate with a focus on individual desire and hyper-consumption, at the expense of the earth’s ecologies and all that encompasses it. How can we begin to cultivate an alternative consumption model that not only focuses on the conservation of ecologies but also begins to break away from ways in which “habits, routines, social norms and cultural values lock us into unsustainable behaviours”? (Botsman, R., Rogers, R. 2010). Collaboration, through its many forms, be it ‘commons’ or modern-day ‘sharing economy’, continues to be a topic of discussion as a favourable solution to environmental, social and economic issues. This paper and design project explores the everyday practice of collaboration and its potential for activating a network in urban neighbourhoods, specifically in high-density housing. The project explores: how we can share, where we can share, and what we can share, using the sharing of household items as a seed for sustainable development. The resulting project presents methods and guidelines for cultivating collaboration in the form of a multipurpose toolkit. The toolkit “Collaboration is Cultivation” enables individuals to become activists and implement collaborative practices in their own neighbourhood. Through designerly research and a design project I shed light on the potential of the coming-together of neighbors through collaborative lifestyles that can incrementally transform neighborhoods into one’s that are socially and environmentally, sustainable, resilient and thriving.