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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
271

Understanding decision-making in psychosis : a case series of psychological assessment and formulation of impaired treatment decision-making, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Attribution-Self-Representation model of persecutory delusions

Murphy, Philip January 2017 (has links)
Purpose: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to test key predictions of the widely-studied ‘paranoia as defence’ model (more formally known as the ‘attribution–self-representation cycle’) proposed by Bentall, Corcoran, Howard, Blackwood, and Kinderman (2001), as applied to people with psychosis with persecutory delusions. A novel case series was also conducted to examine the feasibility and acceptability of collaborative psychological assessment and formulation of impaired treatment decision-making capacity (TDMC) among patients with psychosis, and produce preliminary data on safety and efficacy. Methods: With regard to the systematic review and meta-analysis, people with psychosis with persecutory delusions were compared to healthy controls, people with depression and people with psychosis without persecutory delusions (and, if specified, grandiose delusions) on a number of outcomes: externalising attributional bias, explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Correlations between paranoia severity and each of these outcomes and self-esteem instability were also examined. In regards to the case series, a formulation of impaired TDMC for 5 patient participants was developed and shared with 13 clinician participants. Acceptability, utility, working alliance and safety were assessed through pre and post self-report and interview measures. Results: Sixty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis and systematic review, of which 33, 36, 10, 10 and 4 were used to test hypotheses on externalising attributional bias, explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem, implicit-explicit self-esteem discrepancy and selfesteem instability, respectively. Key model-consistent findings included the following: people with psychosis with persecutory delusions had a greater externalising attributional bias compared to all the other groups and a greater implicit-explicit self-esteem discrepancy than people with depression, and paranoia severity was positively correlated with externalising attributional bias and self-esteem instability. Key model-inconsistent findings included the following: people with psychosis with persecutory delusions had lower explicit self-esteem than healthy controls, and paranoia severity was negatively correlated with explicit self-esteem. There were also some model-inconclusive findings. Regarding the case series, 3 of the patient participants collaborated in the development of their formulation. They found the intervention safe and acceptable, following which they provided a much richer understanding of the factors that may impair their TDMC (Cohen’s d = 2.16). Two patient participants only partially adhered to the intervention protocol, but a psychological formulation was still feasible to produce and no adverse effects were reported. Clinician participants provided a much richer understanding of the factors that may impair the patient participants’ TDMC (Cohen’s d = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.63 to 2.07) after the presentation of the case formulations. Increases in knowledge, confidence and positive attitudes regarding supporting the TDMC of patients were observed. They strongly believed that the formulations cohered with their knowledge of the patient participants and were comprehensive and accurate. Conclusions: The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis support a ‘weak’ version of the paranoia as defence model, which suggests persecutory delusions are only partially effective at protecting low implicit self-esteem from reaching awareness. The findings of the case series suggest that patients with psychosis, and their clinicians, can be engaged in a collaborative psychological assessment and formulation of factors that may impair their TDMC. Initial data from the case series also suggests this process is acceptable, safe and helpful.
272

Interaction between asthma and anxiety : a systematic review of cognitive-behavioural therapies and a qualitative exploration of young people's experiences

Pateraki, Eleni January 2015 (has links)
Aims: There is a well-established link between asthma and anxiety, leading to exacerbations for both conditions. National guidelines and policy documents recommend the provision of psychological interventions for this comorbidity, although evidence for their effectiveness is inconclusive. This thesis had two objectives: a) to evaluate cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for reducing anxiety in adults and/or children with asthma, given that CBT has a stronger evidence base for relevant respiratory and mental health conditions, b) to explore the lived experience of the interplay between childhood asthma and anxiety directly from the affected population in order to identify specific thinking and behaviour patterns that may maintain this comorbidity. Method: The first journal article outlined a systematic review. Three major electronic databases and manual searches were used to find relevant published and unpublished research. Trials meeting inclusion criteria, primarily utilising validated anxiety measures and employing both cognitive and behavioural techniques, were evaluated using adapted quality criteria. The second empirical article implemented interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore the mechanisms maintaining the interplay between asthma and anxiety as experienced by 11 young people (aged 11-15) living with the comorbidity. Results: Fourteen trials met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The reviewed trials showed reasonable preliminary support for the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety in individuals with asthma across the age range. The favourable results were largely maintained long-term. The empirical article revealed three super-ordinate themes: i) ‘the influence of asthma’ by inhibiting valued activities or developmental tasks, triggering catastrophic thinking and leading to a generalisation of asthma coping strategies to managing anxiety; ii) ‘the influence of anxiety’ by affecting appropriate medication use and triggering hyperventilation-induced asthma exacerbations; and iii) ‘the interaction between asthma and anxiety’ by forming an unhelpful positive feedback loop and triggering symptom confusion. Conclusions: The systematic review discussed the moderate overall study quality and called for more methodologically robust research, examining CBT models tailored to this population and utilising clinically representative samples. The empirical article pointed to possible maintaining mechanisms identified, which lend themselves to a cognitive-behavioural framework, potentially including mindfulness-based interventions, and may be used to tailor psychological treatments.
273

Tratamento medicamentoso da Doença de Cushing: revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise / Medical treatment of Cushing's disease: systematic review and metanalysis

Correa, Julia Martins Simões 22 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Julia Martins Simões Corrêa null (jmscorrea@alunos.fmb.unesp.br) on 2018-03-12T21:36:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File.pdf: 1883536 bytes, checksum: 2ee384952034890013c6c12ddb5becc3 (MD5) / Rejected by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: problema 1: ficha catalográfica No arquivo submetido não consta a ficha catalográfica, item obrigatório para submissão. A ficha deve ser incluída no arquivo PDF logo após a folha de rosto do seu trabalho. problema 2: a parte pré-textual deve ser colocada de acordo com a norma do seu programa de pós (Instrução Normativa nº 04/2016): Resumo e Abstract devem estar antes da lista de ilustrações e o sumário após essa lista. A informação “Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina, ...” deve constar somente na folha de rosto. Assim que tiver efetuado a correção submeta o arquivo em PDF novamente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-03-14T17:08:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Julia Martins Simões Corrêa null (jmscorrea@alunos.fmb.unesp.br) on 2018-03-19T14:51:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File.pdf: 1883536 bytes, checksum: 2ee384952034890013c6c12ddb5becc3 (MD5) / Rejected by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: problema 1: ficha catalográfica No arquivo submetido não consta a ficha catalográfica, item obrigatório para submissão. A ficha deve ser incluída no arquivo PDF logo após a folha de rosto do seu trabalho. problema 2: a parte pré-textual deve ser colocada de acordo com a norma do seu programa de pós (Instrução Normativa nº 04/2016): Resumo e Abstract devem estar antes da lista de ilustrações e o sumário após essa lista. A informação “Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina, ...” deve constar somente na folha de rosto. Assim que tiver efetuado a correção submeta o arquivo em PDF novamente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-03-19T16:17:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by Julia Martins Simões Corrêa null (jmscorrea@alunos.fmb.unesp.br) on 2018-03-26T20:04:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 2140299 bytes, checksum: b4721ec2edb89b9c0de376e40d073a61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-03-27T11:49:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_jms_me_bot.pdf: 2140299 bytes, checksum: b4721ec2edb89b9c0de376e40d073a61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T11:49:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_jms_me_bot.pdf: 2140299 bytes, checksum: b4721ec2edb89b9c0de376e40d073a61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Introdução: Existem quatro medicações disponíveis como tratamento complementar da doença de Cushing: pasireotida, cabergolina, cetoconazol e mifepristone. Contudo, não existe um consenso sobre qual medicação é mais efetiva e segura para o controle dessa neoplasia. Objetivo: comparar a segurança e a efetividade destas quatro medicações no controle de indivíduos com doença de Cushing não curados pela cirurgia, recidivados ou que não puderam realizar esse procedimento. Metodologia: para isso foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de acordo com a metodologia da colaboração Cochrane, no qual seriam incluídos estudos randomizados das comparações destas medicações entre si e fossem avaliados como desfechos primários a remissão do hipercortisolismo por meio da normalização do cortisol livre urinário (CLU), melhora na qualidade de vida, frequência de eventos adversos, melhora das comorbidades e sintomas associadas a essa doença. Foram realizadas três estratégias de busca adaptadas as bases eletrônicas de saúde: EMBASE, PubMed e CENTRAL-Cochrane. Os estudos foram selecionados por dois revisores independentes e os dados extraídos a partir de um formulário padronizado. Resultados: Foram incluídos dez estudos randomizados, um comparando cabergolina versus cetoconazol, e nove avaliando doses diferentes do pasireotida, sendo que oito se referiam ao mesmo protocolo de estudo. A normalização do CLU em seis meses de tratamento foi inferior na cabergolina em relação ao cetoconazol (33% versus 62,5%, respectivamente), porém, com uma qualidade da evidência muito baixa, essa diferença não foi significativa (RR: 0,53, IC 95%: 0,15-1,87). Comparando a dose maior do pasireotida (900μg subcutâneo duas vezes ao dia ou 30mg de liberação lenta intramuscular a cada 28 dias) com uma dose menor (600μg ou 10mg), a normalização do CLU em seis e 12 meses foi de 29% vs 21% e 25% vs 24%, respectivamente, a metanálise não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos (RR 1,35, IC 95%: 0,85 a 2,14 e RR 1,12, IC 95% 0,15 a 1,87, respectivamente). Quanto a segurança, ambas as doses do pasireotida ocasionaram diabetes mellitus, sem diferença ente os grupos (frequência de 25% vs 24%, RR 1,12 IC 95%: 0,44 a 2,89). Nessa mesma comparação, houve melhora na qualidade de vida, dos sintomas e das complicações associadas, também sem diferença significativa entre as doses. Conclusão: um único estudo comparativo entre duas drogas foi encontrado (cabergolina versus o cetoconazol), e a taxa de normalização do CLU em seis meses não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. A comparação de duas doses do pasireotida (uma dose maior versus uma menor) em seis meses, sem ajuste de dose e 12 meses com ajuste também não foi significativamente diferente. Em relação à segurança, em 12 meses de seguimento, o evento adverso Diabetes Mellitus ocorreu em 25% dos pacientes que utilizaram o pasireotida. Para todos esses achados a qualidade da evidência de acordo com o GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation foi baixa. / There are four medications available for the medical treatment of Cushing’s disease: pasireotide, cabergoline, ketoconazole and mifepristone. However, there is no consensus as to the most effective or safe medication. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to compare these four medications in patients with Cushing’s disease who did not achieve disease control after transsphenoidal surgery, in recurrence cases, or in individuals no candidate for surgery. Methodology: We performed a systematic review according to Cochrane collaboration to include randomized studies comparing these four medications. The primary outcomes were normalization of urinary free cortisol (UFC), quality of life, adverse events and improvement of comorbidities and symptoms related to this condition. Search strategies were applied to the following electronic database: Medline, EMBASE and CENTRAL - Cochrane. Studies were selected by two independent reviewers and data were extracted using a standard form. Results: Ten studies were included, one that compared cabergoline versus ketoconazole, and nine that performed indirect comparisons between two different dosages of pasireotide, although eight referred to the same study protocol. Normalization of UFC in six months of treatment with cabergoline was worst than with ketoconazole (33% versus 62.5%, respectively). However, in the meta-analysis this difference was not statistically significant (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.15- 1.87). Pasireotide 900μg/30mg when compared to pasireotide 600μg/10mg to the normalization of UFC in six and 12 months, presented cure rates of 29% vs 21% e 25% vs 24%, respectively. The meta-analysis did not show significant difference between the groups in six (RR: 1.35 95%CI: 0.85 a 2.14) and in 12 months (RR: 1.12, 95%CI 0.15 a 1.87). Concerning safety, including both groups, 25% of patients using pasireotide presented Diabetes Mellitus without significant difference between the groups (RR: 1.12 95%CI (0.44 a 2.89). Pasireotide was associated with improvement of quality of life, symptoms and comorbidities, although with non-significant differences between dosages. Conclusion: we found a single comparative study between two drugs (cabergoline versus ketoconazole), and the UFC normalization rate at six months was not significantly different between the groups. The comparison of two doses of pasireotide (one higher versus one lower dose) at six months, no dosis adjustment, and 12 months after dosis adjustment was also not significantly different. Regarding safety, at 12 months of the follow-up, the adverse event Diabetes Mellitus occurred in 25% of the patients who used pasireotide. For all these findings the quality of evidence according to GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was very low.
274

Tratamento de granulomas laríngeos decorrentes de intubação endotraqueal: revisão sistemática e metanálise proporcional / Treatment of intubation granulomas: systematic review and proportion meta-analysis

Rimoli, Caroline Fernandes [UNESP] 17 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by CAROLINE FERNANDES RIMOLI null (carol@rimoli.med.br) on 2017-01-11T20:16:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Fernandes Rimoli_Dissertacao_Mestrado_FMB_UNESP_versao final após defesa frente e verso.pdf: 1745845 bytes, checksum: d465e22347663cedd8ff9ad19e5b940b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-12T18:06:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rimoli_cf_me_bot.pdf: 1745845 bytes, checksum: d465e22347663cedd8ff9ad19e5b940b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T18:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rimoli_cf_me_bot.pdf: 1745845 bytes, checksum: d465e22347663cedd8ff9ad19e5b940b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-17 / Introdução: os granulomas laríngeos são lesões benignas, não neoplásicas, uni ou bilaterais, de etiologia variável, que ocorrem no terço posterior das pregas vocais ou na região aritenoídea. Os sintomas são diversos, sendo o mais comum a rouquidão. Os granulomas decorrentes de intubação são altamente recidivantes e não existe consenso quanto ao melhor tratamento. Objetivo: comparar a efetividade dos tratamentos dos granulomas laríngeos decorrentes de intubação endotraqueal. Métodos: foram realizadas revisão sistemática e metanálise proporcional de estudos sobre o tratamento de granulomas laríngeos decorrentes de intubação endotraqueal, seja ele primário ou recidivante. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram: ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos prospectivos controlados, e na ausência destes, aceitos também estudos retrospectivos e prospectivos não controlados com no mínimo cinco participantes. Os desfechos estudados foram resolução, recidiva e tempo para resolução do granuloma. Os estudos foram identificados na base de dados Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs e Cochrane. Para a análise dos dados e metanálise, utilizou-se o programa StatsDirect 3.0.121. Resultados: dentre os 578 artigos encontrados, 61 foram lidos na íntegra e seis selecionados para a revisão, totalizando 85 pacientes, com idade variando de 21 a 86 anos. Os tratamentos encontrados foram: antirrefluxo, fonoterapia, anti-inflamatórios, corticoterapia, antibioticoterapia, sulfato de zinco e cirurgia. Para o tratamento primário, foram estudados 85 pacientes, de seis estudos, divididos em dois grupos: cirúrgico ± associações (41 pacientes), com chance de resolução de 75% (IC 95%: 0,3% a 100%, I2= 90%), e risco absoluto de recidiva de 25% (IC 95%: 0,2% a 71%), e clínico (44 pacientes), com chance de resolução de 86% (IC 95%: 67% a 97%), e risco absoluto de recidiva de 14% (IC 95%: 3% a 33%). Na interpretação da metanálise, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos, já que houve sobreposição dos intervalos de confiança. Três estudos, englobando 19 pacientes, estudaram o tratamento secundário (quando houve insucesso ou recidiva após o tratamento primário), sendo que três indivíduos apresentaram nova recidiva. O tempo de tratamento necessário para a resolução das lesões variou muito, desde imediato, como após as cirurgias, como até 23 meses, no caso do corticosteroide inalatório (budesonida). O sulfato de zinco levou um tempo de quatro a 12 semanas. O tratamento antirrefluxo não teve um tempo bem especificado em todos os estudos. Conclusão: não identificamos diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as modalidades de tratamento para os granulomas de intubação. Certamente, esse resultado foi influenciado pela falta de estudos mais abrangentes e criteriosos, principalmente ensaios clínicos, e também pelo número reduzido de pacientes em cada estudo. O tratamento que apresentou menor tempo médio para resolução do granuloma foi o cirúrgico, e o maior, corticosteroide (budesonida) inalatório. / Introduction: laryngeal granulomas are benign, non-neoplastic lesions that can occur unilaterally or bilaterally for various causes. They are usually located in the posterior third of the vocal folds or in the arytenoid region. Patients may present a number of symptoms, the main one being hoarseness. Post-intubation granulomas are highly recurrent and there is no consensus on the best treatment. Objective: to compare the effectiveness of treatments of laryngeal granulomas secondary to endotracheal intubation. Methods: systematic review and proportion meta-analysis of studies that address the treatment of laryngeal granulomas caused by endotracheal intubation. The eligibility criteria were: randomized controlled trials and controlled prospective studies, and in the absence of these, retrospective and prospective uncontrolled studies were also accepted, with at least five participants. The outcomes that were measured were resolution, recurrence and time to resolve the granuloma. Databases searched were Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs and Cochrane. Statistical analysis was performed with the StatsDirect version 3.0.121 software. Results: among the 578 articles found, 61 were eligible for full reading and 11 articles were included, involving 85 patients, with ages varying from 21 to 86 years). The treatments were: anti-reflux, speech therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, antibiotics, zinc sulfate and surgery. For the primary treatment, 85 patients were investigated in six studies, divided into two groups: surgical ± associations (41 patients), with chance of resolution of 75% (95% CI: 0,3% to 100%, I2= 90%), and absolute risk of recurrence of 25% (95% CI: 0,2% to 71%) and clinical (44 patients), with chance of resolution of 86% (95% CI: 67% to 97%), and absolute risk of recurrence of 14% (95% CI: 3 to 33%). In the interpretation of the meta-analysis, there was no statistical significance between the groups, since there was an overlap of confidence intervals. Three studies involving 19 patients analyzed secondary treatment (when there was failure or recidive after primary treatment). Three patients had a new recurrence. The treatment time required for the resolution of the lesions varied greatly, from immediate, as after surgery, as up to 23 months, in the case of inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide). The zinc sulfate took a time of four to 12 weeks. The antireflux treatment did not have a well-specified time in all studies. Conclusion: we have not identified a statistical significance between the treatment modalities for intubation granulomas. Certainly, this result was influenced by the lack of more comprehensive and solid studies, particularly clinical trials, and also by the small number of patients in each study. The treatment that had the lowest mean time to resolve the granuloma was surgery, and the highest was inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide).
275

Separerad från omvärlden : Litteraturstudie om patienters upplevelser av att vara isolerade vid smittorisk

Lindkvist, Amanda January 2018 (has links)
Bakgrund: Ökade fall av smittsamma sjukdomar inom sjukhus och samhälle har lett till högre krav på sjukvården samt ökad efterfrågan av isolering till att förhindra fortsatt smitta. Fler patienter kan behövas försättas i isolering samtidigt som bristande erfarenheter och kunskaper hos sjuksköterskor uppmärksammas för genomförande av denna vårdform. Brister ses i rutinerna kring isolering vilka krockar med redan etablerade rutiner och leder till tidsbrist och sämre kvalité på vården. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att vara isolerade vid smittorisk. Metod: kvalitativ litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes genom analys av tio kvalitativa vårdvetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Utifrån analys av detta arbetes författare framkom två teman för patienters upplevelser av att vara isolerade; Tillvaron förändras och Hantera den nya tillvaron. Utifrån första tema kunde tre subteman sammanställas; att vara begränsad i rum och rörelse, att ha behov av mänsklig kontakt samt Brist på information från vårdpersonal. Av andra temat kunde ett subtema sammanställas; Att ha positiv inställning som strategi för att hantera isoleringen. Slutsats: Det finns behov av tydligare riktlinjer gällande vilka patienter som behöver isoleras och huruvida hygien ska utformas i varje enskilt fall. Vården behöver utforma bättre rutiner för att tillhandahålla tillräcklig tid för sjuksköterskor att gå igenom information med närstående och patienter i vårdsituationer där isolering sätts in. / Background: Following a bigger rise in infectious diseases which is a danger to the public within hospitals aswell as society, the demands on nursing and healthcare has increased. The  need of availability and deployment of source isolation has increased to prevent and decrease transmission. This leads to more patients being placed in source isolation and thereby affected by the potential effects that this type of care may cause. The aim for this review is to study and describe patients experiences of being isolated due to risk for infection. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review through analysis of 10 qualitative care scientific articles. Results: The analysis gave rise to two major themes; The lived existance changes and Dealing with the changed existence. From the first theme, three sub-themes was formed; Being limited in room and movement, To have need of human contact, insufficient information from Healthcare personal. From the second theme one sub-theme was formed; To have a positive attitude as a strategy to handle the isolation. Conclusion: There is a need for more clear guidelines and signals for which patients is in need of isolation and to what extent. There is a lack of understanding and knowledge about the consequenses isolation can have on patients.
276

Axis axis em foco : efeitos da introdução e modelagem da invasão

Etges, Matheus Fragoso January 2016 (has links)
Vertebrados exóticos são introduzidos intencionalmente como recurso, como uma alternativa para fins econômicos ou de lazer. Aqueles que se tornam capazes de expandir espontaneamente as novas populações em áreas naturais são conhecidas como invasores e frequentemente estão implicados em efeitos indesejados em populações, comunidades e ecossistemas autóctones. Uma destas espécies é o cervo axis Axis axis, introduzido mundialmente para a caça. Apesar da sua ampla distribuição e utilização, pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos nas áreas invadidas e em quais regiões esta espécie pode se tornar invasora. Isto dificulta as tomadas de decisão, pois avaliar os efeitos da introdução e prever as áreas em risco de invasão são tarefas fundamentais para estratégias de prevenção, priorização e ações de controle. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivos revisar os efeitos do cervo axis em áreas invadidas, utilizando um protocolo de revisão sistemática, e modelar a possível distribuição mundial e regional desta espécie, utilizando variáveis bioclimáticas. Realizamos buscas por estudos sobre efeitos em áreas alóctones em três bancos de dados, utilizando três conjuntos de palavras chaves. Classificamos os estudos que atenderam aos critérios do protocolo segundo o nível de inferência sobre os efeitos em Efeito Demonstrado e Efeito Sugerido. Extraímos os tipos de efeitos relatados e a região de ocorrência. Para a modelagem de distribuição, utilizamos o algoritmo Maxent e variáveis preditoras bioclimáticas. Os pontos de ocorrência utilizados incluem sua distribuição original e três regiões onde a espécie é invasora e das quais foi possível obter ou estimar coordenadas. A revisão sistemática resultou em apenas quatro trabalhos classificados em Efeito Demonstrado, os quais apontam a competição com espécies nativas, alteração da composição florística e faunística e facilitação da entrada de outras espécies invasoras. Os efeitos sugeridos incluem seis trabalhos mostrando a ocorrência de parasitas, um caso de hibridização com outra espécie de cervídeo em cativeiro e um estudo mostrando a degradação das áreas de florestas causada pelo cervo axis em conjunto com outras espécies invasoras. O modelo de distribuição demonstra que amplas extensões da América do Sul, África Central e Sudeste Asiático são suscetíveis à invasão, portanto, nestas áreas deve-se evitar a introdução e controlar a expansão. O sul do Brasil, Uruguai, norte da Argentina e Paraguai são possíveis áreas de ocorrência segundo os modelos bioclimáticos. / Alien vertebrates are intentionally introduced for leisure and economic purposes. Those who become able to expand their populations in the new areas are known as invasive and are often involved in undesirable effects in indigenous populations, communities and ecosystems. The axis deer was introduced worldwide for hunting. Despite its wide distribution and use, little is known about its effects on the invaded areas and regions in which this species can become invasive. This complicates the decision-making because assessing the effects of the introduction and predict areas at risk of invasion are key tasks for prevention strategies, prioritization and control actions. Like this. So, this study aimed to summarize the effects of the axis deer in invaded areas using a systematic review protocol and to model the potential distribution of this species globally and in South America using bioclimatic variables. To summarized the effects we conducted searches for studies on non-native areas in three databases, using three sets of key-words and classified the studies that met the criteria of the protocol according to the level of inference about the effects they investigated. We extracted the types mentioned effects and occurrence region. To model the potential distribution based on bioclimatic variables we used the program Maxent. We used occurrences from the original distribution and three regions where the species is invasive about which geographical coordinates could be obtained or estimated. Four studies demonstrated effects of the axis deer due to competition with native species, changes in the floristic and faunistic composition and facilitation of other invasion processes. Six studies speculated the occurrence of disease transmition, hybridization with other species and difuse degradation of forest areas in combination with other invasive species. The distribution model demonstrated that large extensions of South America, Central Africa and Southeast Asia are susceptible to invasion. In the southern cone of South America Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina and Paraguay include extensive areas prone to invasion based on the bioclamatic models.
277

Comparação da eficácia e tolerabilidade dos fármacos antiepilépticos : revisão sistemática com meta-análises

Campos, Marília Silveira de Almeida January 2017 (has links)
OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia e a tolerabilidade dos fármacos antiepiléticos (FAE) no tratamento em monoterapia de pacientes com epilepsia focal ou generalizada. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada por meio da busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science e Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos controlados com pacientes com epilepsia, em tratamento com FAE, via oral, em monoterapia, e que avaliaram o número de pacientes que atingiram a remissão das crises epilépticas, que interromperam o tratamento devido à ineficácia terapêutica ou à ocorrência de reações adversas (RAM) intoleráveis. Meta-análises de comparação de múltiplos tratamentos foram realizadas por meio do modelo bayesiano de efeitos randômicos que permitiu o cálculo do Odds Ratio meta-analítico para os FAE estudados. Também foi realizado um ranqueamento da probabilidade de cada FAE ser a melhor opção em eficácia e tolerabilidade. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: A busca identificou 18874 publicações, no entanto apenas 71 estudos foram selecionados, compreendendo 17555 pacientes com epilepsia. Vinte e nove estudos apresentaram os desfechos de eficácia no tratamento de crises focais, 19 em crises generalizadas e 58 apresentaram dados de tolerabilidade. Nesses estudos, 15 FAE foram avaliados. No tratamento das crises focais, os FAE de nova geração levetiracetam (LEV), lamotrigina (LTG), oxcarbazepina, sultiame e topiramato (TPM) demonstraram possuir eficácia equivalente à carbamazepina (CBZ), clobazam e valproato (VPA). No entanto, a CBZ apresentou o pior perfil de tolerabilidade devido à grande probabilidade do paciente abandonar o tratamento devido à RAM intoleráveis. Quanto ao tratamento das crises generalizadas, a LTG, LEV e TPM são tão eficazes quanto o VPA para o tratamento de crises generalizadas tônico-clônicas, tônicas e clônicas. O VPA e a etosuximida constituem as melhores opções para o tratamento de crises de ausências, enquanto que a LTG mostrou-se menos eficaz. Para o tratamento de crises mioclônicas e espasmos infantis mais ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para fornecer boas evidências que possam guiar a decisão clínica dos profissionais de saúde. Dentre os FAE com perfil de eficácia adequado, a LTG destacou-se pela menor probabilidade de manifestar RAM intoleráveis. / OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of the antiepileptic drugs (AED) in monotherapy of patients with focal or generalized epilepsy. METHODS: A systematic review was in the Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials databases. We included randomized clinical trials of patients with epilepsy treated with oral monotherapy AED, which evaluated number of patients becoming seizure free at the maintenance treatment period; number of patients which withdrawals from the study because of therapeutic inefficacy and number of patients which withdrawals from the study because of intolerable adverse reaction. Network meta-analyses were performed using Bayesian random effects model. We also carried out a ranking of the probability of each AED be the best option in the efficacy and tolerability outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in order to check the robustness of the results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The research identified 18,874 publications, but only 71 studies were selected, comprising 17555 patients with epilepsy.Twenty-nine trials showed the efficacy outcomes in the treatment of focal seizures, 19 in generalized seizures and 58 showed tolerability data. In the treatment of focal seizures, levetiracetam (LEV), lamotrigine (LTG), oxcarbazepine, sultiame and topiramate (TPM) have demonstrated equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine (CBZ), clobazam and valproate (VPA). LTG, LEV and TPM are as effective as the VPA for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic, tonic and clonic seizures. VPA and ethosuximide are the best options for the treatment of absence seizures, whereas LTG was less effective. For the treatment of myoclonic seizures and infantile spasms, more randomized clinical trials are needed to provide good evidence to guide the clinical decision of health professionals. Among the AED with adequate efficacy profile, LTG stands out as the AED with the best tolerability profile, suggesting it may be the best option for the treatment of patients with epilepsy.
278

Process modeling guidelines : systematic literature review and experiment

Avila, Diego Toralles January 2018 (has links)
Process modeling is an indispensable task in the discipline of Business Process Management. The process models created in this task help its readers in to acquiring a higher comprehension of a process, allowing for the discovery of opportunities for its improvement. However, the comprehension of a process model is not guaranteed, as process modeling is a complex task that depends on the proficiency of the process modeler to avoid the creation of badly designed constructs. Process modeling guidelines are an essential tool in this regard, though they are dispersed across the many studies of the literature and not all of them have empirical evidence validating their effects. In addition to this problem, it is still an open questions if a set of process modeling guidelines makes the process modeling task more challenging and how effective modelers are in using them. It is also unclear how receptive process analysts are to the modeling guidelines. This dissertation presents a systematic literature review we conducted to collect and analyze the modeling guidelines found in the literature. It investigated a total of 520 articles, extracting a total of 45 modeling guidelines spread across 4 different categories. These 45 guidelines were simplified into a set of 20 guidelines, based on their significance to create more comprehensible process models and their practicality. This dissertation also presents the findings of an empirical experiment performed by 13 subjects that compared the results of two process modeling tasks with and without the support of the 20 modeling guidelines presented by the review, in which it was possible to observe that the subjects recognize the usefulness of the guidelines, but find them difficult to understand and use.
279

Etiologia da pancreatite aguda - revisão sistemática e metanálise

Zilio, Mariana Blanck January 2018 (has links)
Introdução: A litíase biliar e o consumo de álcool são as etiologias mais frequentes para pancreatite aguda (PA), sendo reportadas como responsáveis por cerca de 40 e 30% dos casos respectivamente. No entanto, no Rio Grande do Sul - BR observamos uma frequência de pancreatite aguda biliar (PAB) em torno de 77% dos casos e pancreatite aguda alcoólica (PAA) em apenas 8%. Além da possibilidade de diferenças próprias da nossa população, é possível que a incidência de PAB esteja aumentando. Objetivo: Estimar as frequências globais da PAB, PAA e dos casos considerados pancreatite aguda idiopática (PAI) em estudos publicados de 2006 a 18 de outubro de 2017. Comparar as frequências de PAB, PAA e PAI entre os estudos que realizaram revisão de prontuários individuais dos pacientes ou foram prospectivos e os que utilizaram apenas os códigos de alta hospitalar para o diagnóstico etiológico. Comparar as frequências de PAB, PAA, PAI de acordo com região geográfica da população dos estudos. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais em Inglês, Espanhol e Português, de 2006 a 18 de outubro de 2017 foi realizada. Metanálise pelo modelo de efeitos randômicos foi utilizada para calcular as frequências de PAB, PAA e PAI globais e nos subgrupos (diagnóstico por código da alta hospitalar, diagnóstico por avaliação individualizada do prontuário do paciente, estudos dos EUA, estudos da América Latina, estudos da Europa e estudos da Ásia). Resultado: Foram incluídos quarenta e seis estudos representando 2.341.007 casos de PA em 36 países. A estimativa global para a pancreatite aguda biliar (PAB) foi 41,6% (IC 95% 39,2-44,1), seguido por PA alcoólica (PAA) com 20,5% (IC 95% 3 16,6-24,6) e PA idiopática (PAI) em 18,3% (IC 95% 15.1 - 21,7). Em estudos com diagnóstico etiológico por código de alta a PAI foi a mais frequente com 37,9% dos casos (IC 95% 35,1 - 40,8). Nos estudos que revisaram os prontuários dos pacientes a PAB foi a mais frequente com 46% (IC 95% 42,3 - 49,8). Nos EUA a PAI foi a mais frequente com 34,7% (IC 95% 32,3 - 37,2). Na América Latina a estimativa de PAB foi de 68,5% (IC de 95% 57,8 - 78,3). Na Europa, na Ásia e em 1 estudo Australiano, a etiologia mais frequente foi a PAB em 41,3% (IC 95% 37,9 - 44,7), 42% (IC 95% 28,8 - 55,8) e 40% (IC 95% 36,8 - 43,2), respectivamente. Na África do Sul 1 artigo apresentou frequência de 70,2% (IC de 95% 64,5 - 75,4) para PAA. Conclusão: A PAB é a etiologia mais prevalente da PA, sendo 2 vezes mais frequente que o segundo lugar. A América Latina apresenta uma frequência para PAB muito maior do que o resto do mundo. Grandes estudos populacionais que utilizam diagnósticos codificados e estudos americanos apresentam elevadas taxas de PA sem classificação. A importância do diagnóstico etiológico consiste no tratamento da causa para prevenção da recorrência. / Background: Gallstones and alcohol are the most common etiology of acute pancreatitis (AP) and is reported to account for about 40% and 30% of cases respectively. However, in Rio Grande do Sul - BR, we observed a frequency of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) around 77% of cases and alcoholic acute pancreatitis (AAP) in only 8%. Besides the possibility of differences of our own population, it is possible that the incidence of PAB is increasing. Objective: estimate the global frequency of ABP, AAP and the cases considered idiopathic pancreatitis (IAP) in published studies from 2006 to October 18 2017. Compare the frequencies for ABP, AAP and AIP among studies that performed review of individual records of patients or collected data prospectively and those using only the hospital discharge diagnostic codes for etiologic diagnosis. Compare the frequency of ABP, AAP and IAP by geographic region. Methods: A systematic review of observational studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese, from 2006 to October 18, 2017 was done. Random-effects metaanalysis was used to assess the frequency of biliary, alcoholic and idiopathic AP worldwide and to perform the analysis of 6 subgroups (hospital discharge coded diagnosis, individual patient chart review, studies from US, Latin America, Europe and studies from Asia). Results: Forty-six studies were included representing 2.341.007 cases of PA in 36 countries. The overall estimate for ABP was 41.6% (95% CI 39.2 to 44.1), followed by AAP with 20.5% (95% CI 16.6 to 24 6) and IAP with 18.3% (95% CI 15.1 - 21.7). In studies with hospital discharge coded diagnosis IAP was the most frequent with 37.9% (95% CI 35.1 to 40.8). In studies with individual patient chart review PAB 5 was more frequent with 46% (95% CI 42.3 to 49.8). In US studies IAP was he most frequent etiology with 34.7% (95% CI 32.3 to 37.2). In Latin America PAB was estimated 68.5% of the cases (95% CI 57.8 to 78.3). In Europe, Asia and one Australian study, the most frequent cause was the ABP in 41.3% (95% CI 37.9 to 44.7), 42% (95% CI 28.8 to 55.8) and 40% (95% CI 36.8 to 43.2) of the cases respectively. One study from South Africa had AAP in 70.2% (95% CI 64.5 to 75.4) of the cases. Conclusion: Gallstones are the main etiology of AP globally, twice as frequent as the second one. Latin America has a frequency for ABP much higher than the rest of the world. Large population studies using coded diagnoses and American studies show high rates IAP. The importance of the etiological diagnosis resides in treating the cause in order to prevent recurrence.
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Revisão sistemática sobre o manejo de adultos usuários de crack no contexto da atenção primária à saúde

Dias, Lêda Chaves January 2013 (has links)
Introdução: O consumo de drogas é um problema de saúde pública e o combate ao crack coloca em evidência uma das atuais fragilidades do Sistema de Saúde no Brasil. Os níveis de atenção não se encontram integrados e há falta de conhecimento sistematizado para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Objetivo: Buscar, por meio de Revisão Sistemática, abordagens efetivas no manejo de adultos usuários de crack no contexto da APS. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática realizada nas principais bases de dados eletrônicos e estudos adicionais, no período de 2003 a 2013, com adultos maiores de 19 anos de idade, usuários de crack, sem distinção inicial de estudos por delineamentos e com Língua Portuguesa, Espanhola ou Inglesa. Foram usados dois instrumentos de avaliação da qualidade das evidências científicas – o Health Evidence Bulletin Wales, 2004, e o Grade Working Group (2008). Resultados: De 2017 estudos encontrados nas buscas bibliográficas, e após duas etapas de seleção, foram eleitos 31 estudos e incluídos 16 artigos, 6 com delineamentos observacionais e 10 de intervenção. Dos estudos observacionais, 2 foram avaliados com boa qualidade, e, dos 10 estudos de intervenção, 1 estudo foi classificado com qualidade de evidência moderada, 5 com baixa qualidade de evidência e 4 com muito baixa qualidade de evidência. Conclusões: A Revisão Sistemática não obteve artigos que apresentassem evidências de alta qualidade para serem orientadas ao contexto da APS. O limite estipulado para busca de estudos nos últimos dez anos limitou o aporte de referências com evidências, e permanecem as orientações anteriores a este período. Contudo, foi possível traçar uma proposta para este contexto que pode ser detalhada e merece ser avaliada pelos pares, especialistas em APS. / Introduction: Drug use is a public health problem and combating crack highlights one of the weaknesses of the current health system in Brazil. The levels of care are not integrated and there is a lack of systematic knowledge for dealing with this problem in Primary Health Care. Objective: Search through Systematic Review, effective approaches in the management of adult crack users in the context of the Primary Health. Methodology: A Systematic Review performed in major electronic databases and additional studies in the period 2003-2013, in adults older than 19 years old, crack users, irrespective of study design and including for Portuguese, Spanish or English . We used two evaluation instruments to grade scientific evidence - the Health Evidence Bulletin Wales, 2004 and the Grade Working Group (2008). Results: Of 2017 studies found from literature searches, and after two selection steps 31 studies were elected and 16 articles included, 6 with observational and 10 intervention designs. Two observational studies were evaluated with good quality and among the ten intervention studies, one study was classified with moderate quality of evidence, five with low quality of evidence and four with very low quality of evidence. Conclusions: This Systematic Review did not obtain articles with evidence of high quality to be oriented to the context of Primary Health Care. The limit set for search of studies over the past decade, limited the supply of references with evidence, and the guidelines prior to this period remain. However, it was possible to outline a proposal for this context which can be detailed and should be evaluated by peers, experts in Primary Health Care. / Telemedicina

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