Este trabalho está inserido no grupo de Inteligência Artificial da UFRGS e contribui com os estudos que estão sendo realizados pela Profª. Magda Bercht, ambos sob orientação da Profa. Rosa Maria Viccari. Situa-se na área de Inteligência Artificial, Inteligência Artificial Aplicada à Educação, Sistemas Tutores Inteligentes e Agentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor a arquitetura de um agente capaz de identificar fatores motivacionais e afetivos pela monitoração das ações do usuário através da interface de um STI. Esta proposta inclui a descrição de um protótipo e descrição em detalhes de diversos itens necessários à integração, entre os quais estão: a arquitetura do STI utilizado, o sistema de comunicação utilizado pela sociedade de agentes, a interface e os requisitos necessários. Inicialmente, apresentam-se algumas estruturas de STI e alguns conceitos de agentes, seguidos de conceitos sobre emoção e afetividade. Em seguida apresentam-se as estratégias de identificação de três importantes fatores motivacionais e afetivos: Independência, Confiança e Esforço. Também são apresentados os requisitos mínimos necessários para aplicação das estratégias de identificação e integração do agente em um STI. / This work is inserted in the group of Artificial Intelligence of UFRGS and it contributes with the studies that are being accomplished by Magda Bercht. These studies are both under the guidance of Rosa Maria Viccari. They are focus the areas of Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence applied to the education, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Agents. The objective of this work is to propose an agent's architecture able to identify motivational and affective factors for the monitoring of the user's actions through the interface of an ITS. This proposal includes the description of a prototype and details of several items necessary to the integration. Among these are: the used ITS architecture, the communication system used by the agents' society, the interface, and the necessary requirements. Initially, some structures of ITS and some agents' concepts, followed by concepts about emotion and affectivity are presented. After, we present identification of identification of three important motivational and affective factors: Independence, Confidence and Effort. The necessary minimum requirements for application of the identification strategies and the agent's integration in an ITS are also presented.

Este trabalho está inserido no grupo de Inteligência Artificial da UFRGS e contribui com os estudos que estão sendo realizados pela Profª. Magda Bercht, ambos sob orientação da Profa. Rosa Maria Viccari. Situa-se na área de Inteligência Artificial, Inteligência Artificial Aplicada à Educação, Sistemas Tutores Inteligentes e Agentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor a arquitetura de um agente capaz de identificar fatores motivacionais e afetivos pela monitoração das ações do usuário através da interface de um STI. Esta proposta inclui a descrição de um protótipo e descrição em detalhes de diversos itens necessários à integração, entre os quais estão: a arquitetura do STI utilizado, o sistema de comunicação utilizado pela sociedade de agentes, a interface e os requisitos necessários. Inicialmente, apresentam-se algumas estruturas de STI e alguns conceitos de agentes, seguidos de conceitos sobre emoção e afetividade. Em seguida apresentam-se as estratégias de identificação de três importantes fatores motivacionais e afetivos: Independência, Confiança e Esforço. Também são apresentados os requisitos mínimos necessários para aplicação das estratégias de identificação e integração do agente em um STI. / This work is inserted in the group of Artificial Intelligence of UFRGS and it contributes with the studies that are being accomplished by Magda Bercht. These studies are both under the guidance of Rosa Maria Viccari. They are focus the areas of Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence applied to the education, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Agents. The objective of this work is to propose an agent's architecture able to identify motivational and affective factors for the monitoring of the user's actions through the interface of an ITS. This proposal includes the description of a prototype and details of several items necessary to the integration. Among these are: the used ITS architecture, the communication system used by the agents' society, the interface, and the necessary requirements. Initially, some structures of ITS and some agents' concepts, followed by concepts about emotion and affectivity are presented. After, we present identification of identification of three important motivational and affective factors: Independence, Confidence and Effort. The necessary minimum requirements for application of the identification strategies and the agent's integration in an ITS are also presented.

User Generated Content (UGC) blir allt vanligare på webben och flera av de mest besökta hemsidorna på internet är till stor del baserade på innehåll skapat av dess användare. Varje dag redigeras exempelvis över 120,000 artiklar på Wikipedia av dess hängivna användare som i snitt spenderar över 8 timmar i veckan på att skapa nytt eller redigera existerande material. Att motivera användare att bidra med innehåll på detta sätt blir allt viktigare. För att kunna göra detta krävs en förståelse för vad som motiverar användarna att bidra. Uppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt från detta och vi studerar vilka motivationsfaktorer som ligger till grund för att användare skapar UGC samt om det finns några samband mellan dessa motivationsfaktorer. En litteraturstudie över tidigare forskning inom området genomförs och resulterar i 15 motivationsfaktorer kategoriserade i fyra kategorier. Dessa presenteras i en matris som strukturerar upp motivationsfaktorerna i de olika kategorierna. Matrisen med de 15 motivationsfaktorerna ligger som teoretisk grund för en kvantitativ enkätundersökning ämnad att se i vilken grad användare motiverats av olika motivationsfaktorer för skapandet av UGC. Genom enkätundersökningen etableras en förståelse för hur stor andel av respondenterna som motiverats av de olika motivationsfaktorerna. Resultatet från undersökningen används för att studera sambanden mellan motivationsfaktorerna. Detta leder fram till en korrelationstabell som presenterar alla signifikanta samband mellan faktorer samt en motivationsmatris som kan fungera som ett stöd för att förstå och diskutera kring motivationsfaktorer för UGC och dess kategoriseringar. Studiens resultat kan hjälpa utvecklare att ge stöd för flera motivationsfaktorer i tjänster baserade på UGC. Den motivationsmatris och det resultat som presenteras kan även vara utgångspunkt för framtida forskning. / User Generated Content (UGC) is becoming increasingly common on the web and many of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet is largely based on content created by its users. Every day 120,000 articles gets edited on Wikipedia by its devoted users who spend an average of eight hours a week on creating new or edit existing material. To motivate users to contribute with content is becoming increasingly important. This requires an increased understanding of what motivates users to contribute.  In this paper we study the motivational factors that motivates users to contribute with UGC and if there is any correlation between these motivational factors. A literature review of previous research in the field of UGC is performed and results in 15 motivational factors categorized into four categories. These are presented in a matrix that structures the motivation factors in the different categories. The matrix of the 15 motivational factors are the theoretical foundation for a quantitative survey designed to see to what extent users are motivated by different motivational factors for the creation of UGC. Through the survey we establish an understanding to what extent different motivational factors motivate the participiants of the study to create UGC. The results from the survey are then used to study the relationships between motivational factors. This leads to a correlation table that presents all the significant relationships between factors and a motivation matrix that can serve as a basis for understanding and discuss the motivators for the UGC and its categorizations. Our results may help developers to support multiple motivational factors in services based on UGC. The motivation matrix and the results presented may also be the basis for future research.

Women increasingly 'make the leap' into 'traditionally male' entrepreneurial ventures. This dissertation reviews relevant literature on what, how many, why and where women entrepreneurs in construction found their niche markets, which aspects make women unique, how poverty and unemployment hurt women and what entrepreneurial barriers women experience, comparing a developed (USA) and developing country (SA). A survey instrument was developed to test the constructs empirically and case studies illustrate the models of success. Given the excellent results of the Cronbach Alpha and Factor Analysis, the instrument developed proved to be reliable and valid and could be used for similar studies. The case- and empirical studies analyse women ownership attitudes and push and pull factors to determine why women became entrepreneurs in construction. The main findings are: 1. Women took up their rightful place as construction entrepreneurs. It is a myth that they are only labourers. 2. Differences and similarities; SA-USA: In the USA women are mostly ‘Corporate Entrepreneurs’ and in SA they are mainly ‘Entrepreneurs’. They agree that their associations are successful in promoting women in construction. 3. Positive pull factors are the main reason why women are in construction as they demonstrate entrepreneurial behaviour and characteristics. 4. Negative push factors, e.g. “need to make a living” are a lesser reason. 5. Gender discrimination can become fatal barriers for successful women entrepreneurs. 6. The majority of respondents see themselves as successful and intent on developing key aspects of their businesses to expand their competitive edge. 7. SAWiC played a pioneering role in developing a database to prevent clients from justifying their non-compliance of the law in terms of non-availability of women entrepreneurs in construction. / Thesis (PhD (Entrepreneurship))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Business Management / unrestricted

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the motivational factors for participation in collaborative consumption across industries and if specific factors attracts funding. This will be done as an attempt to extend current research within sharing economy regarding what factors to consider when attracting funding. Method and Methodology - Utilizing a deductive approach, the research questions connect motivational factors for participation with funding of industries within the sharing economy. Secondary data containing 776 funding rounds were analysed through univariate and bivariate analyses and linked to 40 935 observations of motivational factors for participation. Findings - The findings entail how some motivational factors for participation in the sharing economy can be applicable to all investigated industries, while others are industry specific. The study thus suggest that the sharing economy cannot be viewed as one coherent industry and motivational factors should not be cross-sector generalized. Contribution - The study contributes with a theoretical implication in the way it bridges the existing gap by dividing the sharing economy into different industries and connect the specific motivational factors underlying the possibility to attract funding. Furthermore, a practical implication suggests that companies can use these findings as a guideline to attract consumers and ultimately funding.

Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan respondenternas upplevda tillfredsställelse gällande motivationsfaktorer och deras upplevda tillfredsställelse gällande hygienfaktorer på arbetet. Vidare syftade studien till att se om personlighetsdraget extraversion predicerar respondenternas upplevda tillfredsställelse av hygien- och motivationsfaktorer på arbetet. 61 respondenter från två olika organisationer fick svara på en enkät med personlighetsfrågor som konstruerades med hjälp av mätverktyget “Ten item personality inventory”. Vidare fick respondenterna svara på frågor angående deras upplevda tillfredsställelse av hygien- och motivationsfaktorer på arbetet som konstruerades utifrån Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori gällande arbetstillfredsställelse och arbetsmotivation. Resultatet som kunde utläsas av enkäten påvisade ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan respondenternas upplevda tillfredsställelse av hygienfaktorer och deras upplevda tillfredsställelse av motivationsfaktorer på arbetet. Inget statistiskt signifikant samband kunde upptäckas i föreliggande studie mellan personlighetsdraget extraversion och respondenternas upplevda tillfredsställelse av hygien- och motivationsfaktorer på arbetet. / The present study aimed to investigate whether there is any connection between the respondents perceived satisfaction regarding motivational factors versus their perceived satisfaction regarding hygiene factors at work. Furthermore, the study aimed to see if the personality trait extraversion predicts the respondents perceived satisfaction with hygiene and motivational factors at work. 61 respondents from two different organizations were asked to answer a questionnaire with personality questions that were constructed using the measuring tool "Ten item personality inventory". Furthermore, the respondents had to answer questions regarding their perceived satisfaction of hygiene and motivational factors at work, which were constructed on the basis of Herzberg's two-factor theory regarding job satisfaction and work motivation. The results that could be deduced from the survey showed a statistical significant relationship between the respondents perceived satisfaction of hygiene factors and their perceived satisfactions of motivational factors at work. No statistical significant relationship were found in the present study between the personality trait extraversion and the respondents perceived satisfaction with hygiene and motivational factors at work.

En förutsättning för att möta de krav som råder på arbetsmarknaden för unga arbetstagare är att inneha arbetsmotivation. Arbetsmotivation är ett samlingsnamn för faktorer som påverkar människans sätt att agera i olika situationer och kan delas in i inre och yttre motivation. Inre motivation innebär en känsla av fri vilja där individen agerar utifrån intresse att skapa tillfredsställelse på arbetsplatsen. Yttre motivation innebär att skapa en tillfredsställelse genom yttre konsekvenser, vilket kan vara belöningar. Syftet med denna studie är således att undersöka arbetsmotivation med fokus på inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer bland unga vuxna i åldern 20–25 år utifrån en kvalitativ ansats. Det är även av intresse att studera om det föreligger någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnor. Materialet har samlats in via tio semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att ansvar, kompetensutveckling och feedback är inre motivationsfaktorer som påverkar unga vuxnas arbetsmotivation. De yttre motivationsfaktorerna är belöningar, sociala relationer samt tydliga riktlinjer. Det råder även ingen större skillnad mellan män och kvinnor vad det gäller arbetsmotivation. Utöver detta visar resultatet att unga vuxna anser att ett arbete i slutändan inte ska betraktas som ett jobb utan som en rolig aktivitet för att uppnå maximal arbetsmotivation. / A presumption for meeting the demands of the labor market for young workers is to have work motivation. Work motivation is a generic label for factors that influence a person's way of acting in different situations and can be divided into internal and external motivation. Internal motivation means a sense of free will where the individual acts on the basis of interest in creating satisfaction in the workplace. External motivation means creating satisfaction through external consequences. The purpose of this study is to study work motivation with focus on internal and external motivational factors among young adults aged 20-25 years based on a qualitative approach. It is also of interest to study if there is any difference between gender. The material was collected through ten semi-structured interviews and analyzed on the basis of a thematic analysis. The result shows that responsibility, skills development and feedback are internal motivational factors that influence young adults' work motivation. The external motivating factors are rewards, social relationships and clear guidelines. There is also no major difference between men and women in terms of work motivation. In addition, the results show that young adults believe that a job in the end should not be regarded as a job, but as a fun activity in order to achieve maximum work motivation.

The increasing rate at which e-Learning is implemented in institutions of higher education has been reported widely. The literature suggests that institutions of higher education, across the globe, use the efforts of champions to initiate and establish e-Learning activities. The paucity of research about the activities of e-Learning champions in an African context is noticeable, while implementation of e-Learning is spreading rapidly in Africa. It is to provide information within the African context of this activity that this study sought to identify and explain the activities and characteristics (through strategies) as well as the qualities (through motivations) of e-Learning champions as they engage in innovative practices in institutions of higher education in Africa. Two research questions guided the study which examined the activities of champions and how (activities and characteristics through strategies) and why (qualities through motivations) they engaged in their activities within their institutions. To address these questions, the study followed a qualitative research design, using semi-structured interviews with champions and policy level staff in institutions of higher education in Namibia, South Africa and Kenya as well as documents as its data sources. The intention was not to compare champions and their activities in these countries, but rather to establish understanding of these champions and their contexts as a group. The contextual relevance was solely based on the availability of champions and policy level staff due to the purposive and convenience sampling techniques applied. The study’s findings show that the activities of champions in Africa are not significantly different from those as described in recent literature in non-African countries. Rather, particular strategies and motivational factors are found that are related to activities, characteristics and qualities of champions. The support factors identified by policy level staff and in institutional policy documents differed from those thought to be motivating by champions themselves. Champions have expressed the need for an approved budget, sufficient infrastructure, an e-Learning unit with specialised staff, and dedicated time for e-Learning activities. Policy staff point to a level of support already in place in the form of some financial considerations for e-Learning and incentives. No explicit reference could be found in policy documents to the role of champions or what motivates them. This disjuncture between the environment of the champions and that of the established institution is explained by a maturity model of institutionalisation of innovations. The study’s contribution to the scholarly domain is at several levels. Firstly, the proposed conceptual framework is a contribution to academic discourse in that it contributed variables of analysis (strategies and motivations) of champions who engage in innovation within established institutions, institutional procedures, directives (through guidelines) and policies (through intentions), as well as goals which lead to a common objective in achieving scalability and sustainability. Secondly, the finding that institutions that wish to have innovations institutionalised must be aware of the disturbances that such innovations can bring and thus must create policies that recognise the role of champions and are able to accommodate, tolerate and support them. Thirdly, the synthesis of characteristics of champions, and their qualities with the support needed by them, and issues in relation to scalability and sustainability that may motivate institutions of higher education to support champions (or not) contribute guidelines which may be used to identify, acknowledge or recruit potential champions, where champions are needed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer har kommit att bli den vanligaste cancerformen för kvinnor och omkring 20 kvinnor varje dag får beskedet att dem har bröstcancer. Uppkomsten till varför bröstcancer uppstår är inte heller helt klarlagd men en av riskfaktorerna för både uppkomst och återfallsrisk är fysisk inaktivitet. Under behandling av bröstcancer visar forskning att det endast är 32 procent av kvinnorna som uppnår en rekommenderad fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Fysisk aktivitet under behandling av bröstcancer har visat sig ha god effekt på bland annat fatigue, vilket är den vanligaste biverkningen av cytostatika. Motivationen till att vara fysiskt aktiv under behandling styrs också av en rad olika faktorer. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som upplevs vara bidragande till att bibehålla – eller öka den fysiska aktivitetsnivån under behandling av bröstcancer hos kvinnor. Metod: Angreppssättet som applicerades i föreliggande studie var av kvalitativ karaktär. Insamlingen av empiri skedde med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer från sex kvinnor som var under behandling av bröstcancer. I bearbetning och analys användes en innehållsanalys. Det teoretiska ramverket som avvändes var Self-determination theory. Resultat: Resultatet visar på att motivationen till fysisk aktivitet under behandling av bröstcancer styrs av en rad olika motivationsfaktorer, både yttre och inre. Totalt identifierades tio underkategorier som upplevs bidra till motivation att vara fysisk aktiv under bröstcancerbehandling. I föreliggande studie fanns det inget som gav stöd åt upplevd amotivation till fysisk aktivitet. Diskussion: I föreliggande studie finns det likheter med tidigare forskning kring det valda forskningsområdet. Motivationen av att vara fysisk aktiv under behandling av bröstcancer tycks bero på en tidigare vana och erfarenhet av fysisk aktivitet före diagnos- och behandling. Vidare upplevs socialt stöd, fysisk miljö, hjälpmedel, covid-19, begränsningar, mående och hälsa, självförtroende och positiva känslor och glädje bidra till motivationen att vara fysisk aktiv. Slutsats: Föreliggande studie visar att både det valda forskningsområdet och begreppet motivation är komplext. Vad som motiverar en kvinna till att vara fysisk aktiv under behandling behöver nödvändigtvis inte vara det som motiverar en annan. Även om studien kunnat identifiera olika typer av inre- och yttre motivationsfaktorer så regleras dessa av både en inre-, integrerad-, identifierad-, introjicerad- och extern reglering. / Background: Breast cancer has become the most common form of cancer for women and about 20 women are told every day that they have breast cancer. The origin of why breast cancer occurs is also not completely clear, but one of the risk factors for both onset and recurrence risk is physical inactivity. During treatment of breast cancer, research shows that only 32 percent of women achieve a recommended level of physical activity. Physical activity during the treatment of breast cancer has been shown to have a good effect on, among other things, fatigue, which is the most common side effect of chemotherapy drugs. The motivation to be physically active during treatment is also governed by a number of different factors. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to investigate which motivational factors are perceived to contribute to maintaining - or increasing the level of physical activity during the treatment of breast cancer in women. Method: The approach applied in the present study was of a qualitative nature. The collection of empirical data took place with the help of semi-structured interviews from six women who were undergoing treatment for breast cancer. A content analysis was used in processing and analysis. The theoretical framework used was Self-determination theory. Results: The results show that the motivation for physical activity during the treatment of breast cancer is governed by a number of different motivational factors, both external and internal. A total of ten subcategories were identified that are perceived to contribute to motivation to be physically active during breast cancer treatment. In the present study, there was nothing to support perceived motivation for physical activity. Discussion: In the present study, there are similarities with previous research on the chosen research area. The motivation to be physically active during the treatment of breast cancer seems to be due to a previous habit and experience of physical activity before diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, perceived social support, physical environment, aids, covid-19, limitations, mood and health, self-confidence and positive emotions and joy contribute to the motivation to be physically active. Conclusion: The present study shows that both the chosen research area and the concept of motivation are complex. What motivates a woman to be physically active during treatment does not necessarily have to be what motivates another. Although the study has been able to identify different types of internal and external motivational factors, these are regulated by both internal-, integrated-, identified-, introjected- and external regulation.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka faktorer som är avgörande för arbetsmotivationen inom en organisation ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. Studien följer en deduktiv ansats och grundar sig på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, studiens empiriska material är insamlat genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Genom studien har vi konstaterat att det finns ett flertal faktorer som är avgörande för medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation inom organisationen. Medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation påverkas av olika motivationsfaktorer, men studien visar på ett antal faktorer som samtliga respondenter anser som grundläggande. En motivationsfaktor som är avgörande är meningsfullhet som bland annat omfattar att arbetet känns betydelsefullt och att medarbetare upplever sig vara till nytta för andra. Utmanande arbetsuppgifter och möjlighet till utveckling är ytterligare faktorer som är avgörande för arbetsmotivationen. Ytterligare motivationsfaktorer som vår undersökning visar är avgörande för arbetsmotivation är självbestämmande och inflytande. Att kunna styra sina egna val, få vara självständig och kunna påverka sitt arbete påvisas som i studien som avgörande för arbetsmotivationen. Avslutningsvis visar vår studie att ansvarstagande är en avgörande faktor för arbetsmotivationen. / The purpose of the study is to investigate which factors are decisive for work motivation within an organization from an employee perspective. The study follows an deductive approach which is based on a qualitative research method, the study's empirical material is collected through semi-structured interviews. Through the survey, we have established that there are several factors within the organization that are decisive for the employees' work motivation. The employees' work motivation is affected by various motivational factors, but the study shows a number of factors that all respondents consider fundamental. A motivational factor that is decisive is meaningfulness, which includes, among other things, that the work feels significant and that employees feel that they are useful to others. Challenging tasks and opportunities for development are further factors that are decisive for work motivation. Additional motivational factors that our research shows are decisive for work motivation are self-determination and influence. Being able to control one's own choices, being able to be independent and being able to influence one's work is shown, as in the study, to be decisive for work motivation. In conclusion, our study shows that taking responsibility is a decisive factor for work motivation.