Esta tese propõe um modelo computacional para análise de conformidade de áreas e superfícies de proteção de aeródromos aos critérios de projeto geométrico previstos no Anexo 14 da ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Não foram encontrados na literatura softwares open source com esta finalidade. Os critérios da ICAO impõem áreas e superfícies imaginárias de proteção que se originam na vizinhança de cada uma das pistas de pouso e/ou de decolagem. Dessas exigências normativas decorre um complexo conjunto de áreas em solo e superfícies no espaço aéreo, as quais ordenam a presença de objetos fixos e móveis dentro e fora dos limites do sítio aeroportuário. Os dados de entrada do modelo proposto compreendem: informações sobre a topografia e sobre os limites internos e externos do sítio; a posição de objetos fixos e móveis; a categoria da aeronave; o procedimento de aproximação empregado; e informações sobre a configuração do sistema de pistas. O modelo computacional proposto integra conceitos de CAD (Computer Aided Design) e de GIS (Geographic Information System) para a geração automática de geometrias georreferenciadas, de acordo com um MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação), internamente representado por uma malha TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). Além da geração virtual das geometrias, o modelo permite a detecção automática de eventuais interferências nas áreas e superfícies de proteção pelos objetos fixos e móveis. O modelo apresenta os resultados das análises por meio de janelas gráficas e permite a exportação dos arquivos KML para um globo virtual, como o Google Earth. Os arquivos KML representam as áreas e superfícies de proteção e os objetos fixos e móveis, destacando os obstáculos detectados. A modelagem proposta foi implementada em linguagem Python, testada e validada para instâncias fictícias e para um caso real, relacionado ao Aeroporto de Viracopos em Campinas, no Brasil (SBKP). Buscas sistemáticas na literatura científica nacional e internacional indicam que a modelagem aqui proposta é inédita, contribuindo para preencher a lacuna identificada na revisão bibliográfica realizada. / This thesis proposes a computational model for analysis of conformity of aerodrome protection areas and surfaces according to ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Annex 14 geometric design criteria. No open source software with this purpose could be found in the literature. ICAO criteria impose imaginary protection areas and surfaces that start at the vicinity of each runway, leading to a complex set of geometries on the ground and in the airspace. Fixed and movable objects, both inside and outside the aerodrome property limits, are controlled by means of this set of imaginary surfaces. Input data for the herein proposed model comprises: aerodrome site topography and internal and external boundaries; fixed and movable objects position; aircraft category; approach procedures; and runway system configuration data. The model integrates CAD (Computer Aided Design) and GIS (Geographic Information System) technologies in order to automatically generate georeferenced geometries, that take into account a DEM (Digital Elevation Model), internally represented by a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) approach. In addition to geometry generation, the proposed model also performs obstacle assessment regarding the suppositional geometric interferences between protection areas and surfaces and the fixed and movable objects. The model results are outputted by means of screen plots, execution console (detected geometric interferences) and KML (Keyhole Markup Language) files, to be exported to virtual globes, like Google Earth. The KML files represent the geometries of protection areas and surfaces as well as fixed and movable objects, highlighting detected obstacles. The model was implemented in Python language and tested for validation, employing both fictitious and a real instance, related to the Viracopos International Airport (SBKP), in Campinas, Brazil. The undergone bibliographic search, considering national and international literature, indicates that this research introduces an unprecedented model, filling in a gap in the literature.

The project description is to draw an extension or annex to the existing Nationalmuseum building from 1866.The annex is designed to complement Nationalmusems activities and contain internal and public functions. Artentering the building must not be crossed by public visitors. Art and staff must be able to seamlessly move betweenthe extension and the main building. The new building includes a public study room for scholars working withthe collection of art on paper, workshops, conservation studios, art spaces and warehouses. Additionally, theannex is designed to host a large number of office spaces.With the renovation of Nationalmuseum they intend to open up the today built in south atrium. I have in myproject been inspired by the space and light of the atrium, which has inspired both room organization, spatialdimensions and entrance situations in the annex.The building’s facade is intended to have an almost classicist permanence and representative character.The strict and inviolable uniformity of the facade provides opportunities to retain a representative and autonomousfacade independent of the internal room functions. The facade/building will become an independent object, a“jewel” in the city equivalent to Nationalmuseum. The facade is constructed of precast concrete panels that arejoined together on site and spans vertically between the floors. The combination of different panel elements withdifferent colors, materials, components, and level of polish and their respective depth in the facade contributes toa well-articulated facade surface and near-abstract image with clear relievo effects. / Projektbeskrivningen består i att rita en tillbyggnad till den befintliga Nationalmuseibyggnaden från 1866 på södra Blasieholmen. Tillägget är tänkt att komplettera Nationalmusems versamheter och innehålla interna och publika funktioner. Konstens väg in i byggnaden får ej korsas av publika besökare. Konst och personal måste friktionsfritt kunna röra sig mellan tillbyggnad och huvudbyggnad. Tillbyggnaden av Nationalmuseum omfattar en offentlig studiesal för forskare som arbetar med samlingarna för konst på papper samt verkstäder,konserveringsateljéer, teknikutrymmen och magasin. Dessutom innefattar tillbyggnaden ett stort antal kontorsplatser för personal knuten till muséets verksamheter. I och med renoveringen av Nationalmuseum ämnar man öppna upp den idag igenbyggda södra ljusgården. Jag har i mitt projekt hämtat inspirationfrån ljusgårdens rymd och ljusföring, vilket har färgat såväl rumsorganisation, som rumslig dimensionering och entrésituationer i tillbyggnaden. Tillbyggnadens fasad är tänkt att ha en nästintill klassicerande permanens och representativ karaktär. Byggnadens övergripande struktur avtecknar sig i arkitekturens och fasadens formspråk genom geometriska och regelbundna relationer i fasad. Fasadens strikta och oantastliga likformighet ger möjligheter att utåt sätt behålla en representativ och autonom fasad oberoende av de innanför liggande rummens funktioner. Fasaden/byggnaden blir då ett fristående objekt,ett “smycke” i staden i paritet med Nationalmuseum. Fasaden är uppbyggd av prefabricerade betongelement som sammanfogats på plats och spänner vertikalt mellan bjälklagen. Kombinationen av olika panelement med olika färgtoner, materialkomponenter och poleringsgrad och deras respektive djup i fasaden bidrar till en välartikulerad fasadyta och nästintill abstrakt bild med tydlig reliefverkan. I de nya utställningsrum som bildas vill jag framförallt öppna för ett tillgängliggörande av Nationalmuseums stora magasinerade konstskatt genom dels ett “digitalt magasin” därden magasinerade konsten kan upplevas medelst nya tekniker och genom utställnings rum för mer temporära och genreblandade utsällningar där ett axplock av magasainets konstföremål förevisas för att kommentera dagsaktuelle händelser eller belysa ett visst konstnärsskap eller hantverkstradition.

Im Sinne einer nachhaltigen und ganzheitlichen Firmenentwicklung lässt sich in der Unternehmenslandschaft ein Trend in Richtung einer kontinuierlichen Erweiterung des unternehmerischen Zielsystems beobachten. Neben etablierten Aspekten, wie dem Qualitätsmanagement und der Arbeitssicherheit, erlangen weitere Themen, wie beispielsweise das betriebliche Umwelt- und Energiemanagement, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Um die Berücksichtigung dieser Aspekte nachzuweisen, steht Unternehmen die Möglichkeit zur Zertifizierung nach funktionsspezifischen Managementsystemnormen offen. Die Einführung und Dokumentation entsprechender Managementsysteme erweist sich jedoch als ein zeitintensiver Prozess, dessen Schwierigkeit vor allem in der unternehmensspezifischen Interpretation der allgemein formulierten Normanforderungen liegt. Strebt ein Unternehmen die Zertifizierung nach mehreren Managementsystemnormen an, so eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit zur Integration der Managementsysteme. Allerdings sind auch die Aufgaben der Integration durch verschiedene Herausforderungen gekennzeichnet, die den Bedarf nach einer systematischen Unterstützung verdeutlichen. Im Bereich der Wirtschaftsinformatik haben sich konzeptuelle Modelle als Instrument zur zielorientierten und verständlichen Beschreibung komplexer Informationssysteme etabliert. Entsprechende Modelle können die Durchdringung und Kommunikation komplexer Sachverhalte durch eine zweckmäßige Abstraktion und Strukturierung vereinfachen und eine Überführung in Anwendungssoftware vorbereiten. Für die vorliegende Dissertation leitet sich unter Berücksichtigung dieser Aspekte folgende zentrale Forschungsfrage ab: Wie kann die konzeptuelle Modellierung bei den Aufgaben der Dokumentation und Integration standardisierter Managementsysteme unterstützen? Der Forschungsmethode des Design Science Research folgend, präsentiert die vorliegende Arbeit funktionsspezifische und funktionsunspezifische Artefakte, die bei der Dokumentation standardisierter Managementsysteme und deren Integration modellbasiert unterstützen. Die Anwendbarkeit der Artefakte wird anhand eines realen Anwendungsfalls demonstriert. Die Ausführungen der vorliegenden Arbeit basieren auf einer Analyse der Anforderungen nach ISO 9001 für Qualitätsmanagementsysteme, ISO 14001 für Umweltmanagementsysteme, ISO 50001 für Energiemanagementsysteme, OHSAS 18001 für Arbeitsschutz- und Arbeitssicherheitsmanagementsysteme sowie des durch die Internationale Organisation für Standardisierung veröffentlichten Annex SL.

Most people do not associate Scandinavia with seismic activity and earthquakes; however, there is in fact seismic activity in the region. Although in comparison with southern Europe the return periods of earthquakes with large magnitudes are quite long, itis critical to consider earthquake impact when designing structures. Earthquake impact is difficult to predict, but building standards provide guidance to safely designstructures based on statistical and empirical data specific to regional conditions andcircumstances. Crucial for the final impact and response of a structure is not only theground acceleration, but also the ground type, which can amplify seismic vibrationsand ultimately cause unfortunate damage to the structural elements. Since 2010 Eurocode 8, the European standards for seismic design has been in effectfor building structures in Norway. The main difference with the application of thestandards in Norway compared to Southern Europe is the choice between elastic andductile design in some cases. Presumably, the same design regulations are applicablefor design of structures in Sweden, because parts of Sweden share similar conditionsas in Norway. This master thesis examines the results of selecting between elastic andductile design based on an arbitrary finite element model, and ultimately, presentsthe differences in cost efficiency in both quantitative and qualitative measures. In the arbitrary structure that is analyzed, the lateral bearing system contains a concrete wall shaft. In order to evaluate profitability, the cost development of reinforcement in the walls, is analyzed based on ground acceleration and ductility class. Thestudy ultimately implies a breaking point when structures in ductility class mediumare more cost efficient than structures in ductility class low and vice versa, with thecondition that the governing lateral force is the seismic vibration and that the normalized axial force is less than 15% / Skandinavien förknippas inte i första hand med seismisk aktivitet och jordbävningar.I regionen förekommer seismisk aktivitet, dock är returperioderna för jordbävningarmed stor magnitud förhållandevis lång i relation till södra Europa. Jordbävningslasterär svåra att förutse, men byggnormerna vägleder till säkert utformande och dimensionering mot dess påverkan, baserat på statistiska och empiriska data för regionala förutsättningar och omständigheter. En avgörande faktor för konstruktioners inverkan och respons är inte endast markaccelerationen utan även marktypen som kanförstärka de seismiska vibrationerna och eventuellt orsaka skada på byggnader. I Norge används sedan 2010 de europeiska normerna för jordbävningsdimensionering, Eurokod 8. Den väsentliga skillnaden jämfört med utförandet av konstruktioneri södra Europa är att valet mellan elastiska och duktila utformanden ges i vissa fall.Hypotetiskt kan samma normer användas för dimensionering av byggnader i Sverige,eftersom vissa regioner i Sverige har samma förutsättningar som i Norge. I detta examensarbete undersöks valet mellan elastisk och duktil dimensionering medhjälp av finita element modellering av en godtycklig konstruktion samt en jämförelseav de två fallen som slutligen leder till en analys av kostnadseffektiviteten, både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Det horisontella bärsystemet i den använda modellen är ett schakt bestående av betongväggar. För att kunna uppskatta lönsamheten analyseras kostnadsutvecklingenav armeringsinnehållet, beroende av markacceleration och duktilitetsklass. Studienhar resulterat i definitionen av en brytpunkt som anger när dimensionering enligtduktilitetsklass medium är effektivare än dimensionering enligt duktilitetsklass lågoch vice versa, under förutsättning att jordbävningslasten är dimensionerande ochden normaliserade axialkraften är lägre än 15%.

Fuktskador på uteluftsventilerade vindar är ett ökat problem, i det mer miljömedvetna Sverige. Genom tjockare vindsbjälklagsisolering minskar både energiförlusten genom bjälklaget och uppvärmningsbehovet i huset, men hur många funderar på vad som händer med det förändrade klimatet på vinden och hur det kan påverka fuktförhållandena i utsatta delar av konstruktionen. Studier från Chalmers Tekniska Högskola har framställt ett fuktberäkningsprogram för uteluftsventilerade vindar vid namn Simple Cold Attic Model. Programmets funktion och potential har prövats i denna rapport genom en beräkningsanalys av en uteluftsventilerad vindskonstruktion. Försök till att förbättra fuktsäkerheten i konstruktionen har utförts och redovisas i rapporten.  Studien har påvisat att den studerade konstruktionen inte är fuktsäker om den uppförs i Stockholmsområdet. Det visades även att aktiva val i konstruktionen kan förebygga fuktskador.  Studien har påvisat vikten av inte beräkna med medelår för klimat och hur det påverkar beräkningsresultatet av mögeltillväxt. Detta har understrukit vikten av att ha ett beräkningsprogram som Simple Cold Attic Model som kraftigt reducerar beräkningsmängden vid fuktriskbedömning.  Rekommendationen till företaget AK Konsult är att tillämpa beräkningsprogrammet när det har utvecklats till fullo. / Moisture Damage in outdoor air ventilated attics is a growing problem in the more environmentally conscious Sweden. Thick ceiling insulation reduces both energy loss through the soffit and the need for heating in the house, but how many people are thinking about what happens to the changing climate on the wind and how it can affect moisture conditions in deprived parts of the structure.Studies from Chalmers University of Technology have resulted in a moisture calculation program for outdoor air ventilated attics named Simple Cold Attic Model. The program's performance and potential have been examined in this report, through a calculation analysis of an outdoor air ventilated attic construction. Attempts to improve the moisture safety in the construction have been carried out and are presented in this report.The study has demonstrated that the studied structure is not moisture-proof if it is built in the Stockholm area. It also shows that an active choice in the design can prevent moisture damage. The study has shown the importance of not calculating with an average year for climate and how it affects the calculation result of mold growth. This emphasizes the importance of having a calculation tool as Simple Cold Attic Model, that significantly reduces the amount of calculations in the assessment of moisture related damage. The recommendation for AK Konsult is to apply the calculation program when it is fully developed.

This project examines the safety management of civil aircraft accident investigation authorities in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States, with particular emphasis on the independence of the investigations. The research aims to establish the current level of resources and methodology adopted by Member States’ accident investigation authorities. The output of this work not only identifies the current situation but informs initiatives for some of the States in the process of establishing their investigation capability. ICAO Annex 13 was analysed and found to be based on the principle of independent accident investigations. Also, a four dimensional measuring index (4DMI) has been developed to measure the independence of accident investigations in ICAO Member States. Data were collected from 45 States and are presented in the thesis. As a result of applying the 4DMI to the collected data, the States were ranked according to their scores, and divided into four categories of independence. Analysis of the four categories and the scores from the four dimensions revealed that States approach the concept of investigation independence in different ways; however, there are several practices that are common within the highest independence category and several other practices that are common within the lowest independence category. The research recommends that States should work towards improving their overall investigation independence by implementing the seven identified practices in the High-Independence category and distance themselves from the five practices identified as common in the Low-Independence category.

<p>The EN Eurocodes are a new series of standards for construction design in Europe. The development of these codes started originally in 1975 and in present time the progressing work is at the national calibration stage. The goal is to create a common standard for the design of buildings and other civil engineering works throughout Europe and beyond. The purpose is to increase the free circulation of construction products and engineering services. Since the transition to the new standards is getting closer, the constructing engineers and companies will soon stand before great changes. This is why Kadesjös Ingenjörsbyrå AB asked me to do an analysis of the first part of the new standard, i.e. Eurocode 1990, and look at the differences among the existing standards in Sweden and the Eurocodes. The result of this is summarized not only in the report but also in a “User’s manual” which is presented in appendix 1 attached to the report. A limited study of the environmental effects of the transition to Eurocode EN 1990 has also been done. By comparing design calculations of a normal beam in three different materials, steel, concrete and glued laminated timber, one can, for instance, get a general view of how the differences of the two standards affect the required quantity of material. To get an insight of the different opinions that might exist concerning the new standard, a survey based on interviews of a few constructional engineers has been done. There was also discussed if any, and in that case what kind of preparations constructors and design companies are performing to be well prepared when the transition comes.</p>

The EN Eurocodes are a new series of standards for construction design in Europe. The development of these codes started originally in 1975 and in present time the progressing work is at the national calibration stage. The goal is to create a common standard for the design of buildings and other civil engineering works throughout Europe and beyond. The purpose is to increase the free circulation of construction products and engineering services. Since the transition to the new standards is getting closer, the constructing engineers and companies will soon stand before great changes. This is why Kadesjös Ingenjörsbyrå AB asked me to do an analysis of the first part of the new standard, i.e. Eurocode 1990, and look at the differences among the existing standards in Sweden and the Eurocodes. The result of this is summarized not only in the report but also in a “User’s manual” which is presented in appendix 1 attached to the report. A limited study of the environmental effects of the transition to Eurocode EN 1990 has also been done. By comparing design calculations of a normal beam in three different materials, steel, concrete and glued laminated timber, one can, for instance, get a general view of how the differences of the two standards affect the required quantity of material. To get an insight of the different opinions that might exist concerning the new standard, a survey based on interviews of a few constructional engineers has been done. There was also discussed if any, and in that case what kind of preparations constructors and design companies are performing to be well prepared when the transition comes.

This project examines the safety management of civil aircraft accident investigation authorities in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States, with particular emphasis on the independence of the investigations. The research aims to establish the current level of resources and methodology adopted by Member States’ accident investigation authorities. The output of this work not only identifies the current situation but informs initiatives for some of the States in the process of establishing their investigation capability. ICAO Annex 13 was analysed and found to be based on the principle of independent accident investigations. Also, a four dimensional measuring index (4DMI) has been developed to measure the independence of accident investigations in ICAO Member States. Data were collected from 45 States and are presented in the thesis. As a result of applying the 4DMI to the collected data, the States were ranked according to their scores, and divided into four categories of independence. Analysis of the four categories and the scores from the four dimensions revealed that States approach the concept of investigation independence in different ways; however, there are several practices that are common within the highest independence category and several other practices that are common within the lowest independence category. The research recommends that States should work towards improving their overall investigation independence by implementing the seven identified practices in the High-Independence category and distance themselves from the five practices identified as common in the Low-Independence category.

Improvements have been made to the fuel cell power module (FCPM) within the SOFC cogeneration simulation code developed under the umbrella of the International Energy Agencies Annex 42 project. The main objective of the improved model developed here is to increase generality and applicability, and to decrease reliance on empirical data. A semi-mechanistic model has been developed to represent a nominal 5 kW tubular SOFC stack power module. This model has been implemented into the building simulation software ESP-r. Results illustrating the FCPM system performance as it relates to the output power required by the building as well as results from a number of different operating scenarios are presented in this study. Actual tests performed on a 5 kW SOFC unit were used to validate the model. The simulation results are found to correlate well with experimental observations. The improved model also allows for manipulation of operational parameters such as fuel utilization, excess air ratio and temperature as well as physical parameters such as cell dimensions and materials. Results from sensitivity and parametric simulations are also presented to demonstrate the enhanced capabilities of the model.