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Le mémoire s'articule selon deux axes. Tout d'abord il y a une pièce dramatique intitulée Nous irons mourir par un soir de spectacle. Cette tragi-comédie est la base d'une réflexion sur la personnalité anomique telle que proposée par le sociologue Jean Duvignaud dans Hérésie et subversion : essai sur l'anomie. En effet, le texte dramatique met en scène un couple de vagabonds qui se présente chacun comme un spécimen de personnage anomique. Aubée Berluée, la première, est l'individu incapable de respecter les règles imposées par un groupe social. Par son caractère subversif, elle s'exclut elle-même du groupe jusqu'à se voir désignée comme bouc émissaire et sacrifiée sur la place publique. À l'opposé, le personnage d'Edmond Danité accepte de s'adapter aux normes sociales. Cependant, avant d'être entièrement intégré au groupe, il doit subir une épreuve d'initiation qui, pour lui, prendra la forme du meurtre de sa compagne de route (Aubée Berluée).

A suicide attack is an extreme modus operandi of terrorism. This research examines the application of two similar sociological theories to terrorism and specifically, to suicide terrorism. Three models are built to test if Merton‘s strain theory can explain the propensities of provinces to produce terrorists and suicide bombers in the first phase. Next, in Phase 2 one model is built on a combination of altruistic and fatalistic type variables to test if Durkheim‘s anomie theory can explain the probability of a terrorist to become suicide bomber or not. The analyses of models 1, 2, and 3 are performed in Phase 1 using aggregate secondary data and the analysis of model 4 is performed in Phase 2 using individual level secondary data. While models 1 and 2 are employing multiple regression, models 3 and 4 use logistic regression analyses. Model 1 tests the propensity of a province to produce terrorists relative to six strain variables, while model 2 develops an optimum model, testing the same associations by using only three significant independent variables. Model 3 tests the probability of a province to produce a suicide bomber(s) using the same six indicators. Model 4 tests the probability of a terrorist to become a suicide bomber relative to anomie theory driven by seven indicators. The results reflect support for the overall model 1, while only the indicators of unemployment rate and political representation in the legislative assembly significantly contribute in explaining the propensity score of a province to produce a terrorist. However, the optimum model (2) includes three statistically significant indicators of unemployment rate, political representation in the legislative assembly, and quality of life. Although model 3 also emerged significant in its overall effect, only educational opportunity significantly contributes to explaining the probability of a province to produce a suicide bomber. Model 4 is also supported. The individual effects reveal that the indicators of age group, income level, and hierarchical position in the organization statistically contribute to explaining the probability of a terrorist to become a suicide bomber. In general, the research provides partial support for the application of strain and anomie theories to terrorism and suicide attacks.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-17T13:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Neiva Cristina da Silva Rego Ravagnoli.pdf: 1389889 bytes, checksum: 673a8c4f03d31656f4d41cdc7ea1f321 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T13:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neiva Cristina da Silva Rego Ravagnoli.pdf: 1389889 bytes, checksum: 673a8c4f03d31656f4d41cdc7ea1f321 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The aim of this thesis is to describe and interpret the phenomenon anomie that can emerge from the experiences of teacher-students of graduate studies, part of a continuing education program for English teachers of community school, to understand the effects and implications of this phenomenon in that context. Anomie is a contingency that particularizes individuals’ ways of becoming, in the face of crisis situations motivated by non-conformity between individual goals and the means available to achieve these goals. This thesis, developed in the scope of Applied Linguistics, as a qualitative-interpretative research, is epistemomethodologically oriented by Morin’s Complexity and Freire’s Hermeneutic-phenomenological Complex approach: it describes and interprets textualized narratives from 32 teacher who report their experiences, according to their criteria of relevance and worldview. The anomie, object of the present study and revealed by the hermeneuticphenomenological themes: proposal, resignification and rupture, shows that this phenomenon emerges from the individual crisis experienced by teacher-students. It also emerges from the crises of the other systems in which they are situated, characterizing a moment of truth of the interrelationship between these systems, which oscillate between order and disorder. The emergence of anomia is a revealing element of the crisis and its effects. In this work, the anomie reveals the compensatory character of the continuing teacher education attributed to the CEPIEP; the depreciation of the school; the behavior of certain lecturers, allegedly not consistent with the CEPIEP course outcomes; academic solidarity shared with colleagues; and the immodest readiness and availability of certain lecturers. Anomie, as effects of the crisis, shows a movement of self-eco-organization of lecturers, which includes rupture, rejection, conformity, resignation, apathy, as well as innovation, construction, desire for change and social activism of these teachers. The anomie, when emerging from the crisis, deregulates the CEPIEP system, constraining its organizational flexibility, by teacher-students’ decision-making. At the same time, it raises responsive actions to those decisions making, which favors the regeneration of the system / O objetivo desta tese é descrever e interpretar o fenômeno anomia que pode emergir das experiências vividas por professores-alunos de um curso de especialização (CEPIEP), parte de um programa de educação contínua para professores de Inglês da escola pública, para compreender os efeitos e implicações desse fenômeno no referido contexto. A anomia é uma contingência que particulariza os modos de vir a ser dos indivíduos, em face a circunstâncias de crise motivadas pela não conformidade entre os objetivos individuais e os meios disponíveis para que tais objetivos sejam alcançados. Esta tese, desenvolvida no âmbito da Linguística Aplicada, como uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativainterpretativista, está epistemometodologicamente orientado pela Complexidade de Morin e pela Abordagem Hermenêutico-Fenomenológica e Complexidade de Freire: descreve e interpreta narrativas textualizadas de 32 professores que relatam suas experiências, segundo seus critérios de relevância e visão de mundo. A anomia, objeto do presente estudo e revelada pelos temas hermenêutico-fenomenológicos: proposta, ressignificação e ruptura, mostra que esse fenômeno emerge da crise individual experienciada pelos professores-alunos, bem como das crises dos demais sistemas nos quais estão inseridos, caracterizando um momento de verdade da inter-relação entre esses sistemas, que oscilam entre ordem e desordem. A emergência da anomia é um elemento revelador da crise e de seus efeitos. Neste trabalho, a anomia revela o caráter compensatório da formação contínua atribuído ao CEPIEP; a depreciação da escola; o alegado comportamento de certos professores-formadores, não condizentes com os pressupostos do CEPIEP; a solidariedade acadêmica compartilhada entre os colegas; e a imodesta prontidão e disponibilidade de determinados professores-formadores. A anomia, como efeito da crise, expressa um movimento de auto-eco-organização dos professores-alunos, que comporta ruptura, rejeição, conformismo, conformidade, resignação, apatia, bem como inovação, construção, desejo de mudança e ativismo social desses profissionais. A anomia, ao emergir da crise, desregulamenta o sistema CEPIEP, constrangendo sua flexibilidade organizacional, pelas tomadas de decisão dos professores-alunos. Ao mesmo tempo, suscita ações responsivas à essas tomadas de decisão, o que favorece a regeneração do sistema

There has been a mixed public response on social media toward Saudi Vision 2030, which could threaten public support of its implementation. This research investigated local tensions between social, religious, political, and economic values concerning the Saudi Vision 2030 plan, with a view to understanding the opportunities and challenges of social and cultural change within an evolving Saudi society. In this study, Twitter activity is treated as a societal mirror that reflects some of the perceptions regarding the transformations taking place within Saudi society. Both a case study informed by tweets sampled from Saudi Arabia and Vision 2030 related documentation explored how the current public social media discourse reflects existing social, religious, and cultural tensions concerning the government-proposed Vision 2030. This study drew on theoretical framework informed by Durkheim’s and Ibn Khaldun’s theory of social change, Merton’s strain theory, and Luhmann’s Social System Theory, to explore social, political, economic, and religious tensions found within the interactions of Twitter users around projects and events implemented or inspired by Vision 2030. An application programming interface (API) was used to retrieve Twitter posts, while a thematic analysis was applied to published documents related to Vision 2030 to identify Saudi society’s challenges to the implementation of the Vision. The study found that within Saudi society, Vision 2030 had an impact upon the normative disorder already taking place due to the rapid changes brought about by the Vision. Specifically, the study highlighted the link between ambiguous, clear, or absent norms, and a person’s pre-existing background knowledge. Social and religious group norms were more ambitious than clear, whereas economic group norms tended to be clearer. Finally, the study found that over time, through public debates, norms moved from an ambiguous and absent stage and became increasingly well-defined. The study showed that Saudi society, as a result of Vision 2030, is experiencing a normative disorder.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tratou de analisar a prática do crime de evasão de divisas como uma possível estratégia das organizações criminosas. A análise empírica deu-se, em especial, pela leitura de acórdãos – para os quais se utilizou do programa de análise de dados sociais qualitativos NVivo8 – e ementas (espécies de resumos) do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região, pela realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros do Judiciário Federal e do Ministério Público Federal, e pela observação das operações especiais realizadas pela Polícia Federal, cujas informações foram complementadas pela busca de informações na internet em sítios de notícias e de instituições governamentais. A leitura das legislações trazidas no decorrer do trabalho também serviu de subsídio para as considerações finais. Passando pelas concepções primeiras a respeito do que se entenderia por crime e criminoso de colarinho branco, buscou-se fazer uma análise, considerando o âmbito brasileiro e o período de vigência da Lei n. 7.492/86, que trata dos crimes contra o Sistema Financeiro Nacional – estando, dentre eles, a evasão. Tal estudo pretendeu identificar as eventuais dissonâncias entre as características de outrora – do delito e delinquente de colarinho branco – e as atuais, apontando para a ampliação do perfil outrora traçado por Edwin H. Sutherland. No que tange às razões e consequência da criminalização de evasão de divisas, procedeu-se à análise da necessidade de proteção da sociedade por intermédio de uma norma penal. Nessa esteira, enveredou-se por questionamentos acerca das fragilidades sociais e institucionais, da integração, da impunidade e da morosidade judicial, bem como das estratégias de combate à criminalidade econômica. O exame realizado conduziu ao entendimento de que a evasão de divisas ocorre, não raramente, conjuntamente com outros delitos e com o crime organizado, podendo ser utilizada – ainda que não o tenha sido, comprovadamente – como elemento estratégico para a sustentação de organizações criminosas. / The present Master‟s thesis analyzed the criminal practice of tax evasion as a strategy possibly used by criminal organizations. Empirical analysis was made mainly through the reading of sentences, for which I used the NVivo8 software (for qualitative social data analysis), and summaries (ementas) of the TRF 4ª R., through semi-structured interviews with members of the Federal Judiciary and of the Federal Public Ministry. And finally, through the observation of special operations performed by the Federal Police, of which information was complemented by data found on news and governmental institutions websites on the Internet. For the final considerations, I used as a foundation the legislation mentioned in the course of the work. Starting with initial concepts as to what people would understand as a crime and the white-collar criminal, I built an analysis that takes into account the Brazilian scope and the validity period of Act n. 7.492/86, which deals with crimes against the National Financial System – among them, evasion. Such research intends to identify any inconsistencies between the former characteristics – of delinquency and the white-collar delinquent – and the actual characteristics, pointing at the enlargement of the profile once defined by Edwin H. Sutherland. Regarding the reasons and the consequence of the tax evasion criminalization, I move forward, analyzing the necessity of protecting society through criminal regulation. In this context, I bring questions about social and institutional fragilities, of integration, impunity and judicial slowness, as well as questions about the strategies to combat economic crimes. The performed exam led to the understanding that tax evasion happens, not rarely, along with other transgressions and organized crime, and it is subject to be used, even though not proved, as a strategic element for sustaining criminal organizations.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tratou de analisar a prática do crime de evasão de divisas como uma possível estratégia das organizações criminosas. A análise empírica deu-se, em especial, pela leitura de acórdãos – para os quais se utilizou do programa de análise de dados sociais qualitativos NVivo8 – e ementas (espécies de resumos) do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região, pela realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros do Judiciário Federal e do Ministério Público Federal, e pela observação das operações especiais realizadas pela Polícia Federal, cujas informações foram complementadas pela busca de informações na internet em sítios de notícias e de instituições governamentais. A leitura das legislações trazidas no decorrer do trabalho também serviu de subsídio para as considerações finais. Passando pelas concepções primeiras a respeito do que se entenderia por crime e criminoso de colarinho branco, buscou-se fazer uma análise, considerando o âmbito brasileiro e o período de vigência da Lei n. 7.492/86, que trata dos crimes contra o Sistema Financeiro Nacional – estando, dentre eles, a evasão. Tal estudo pretendeu identificar as eventuais dissonâncias entre as características de outrora – do delito e delinquente de colarinho branco – e as atuais, apontando para a ampliação do perfil outrora traçado por Edwin H. Sutherland. No que tange às razões e consequência da criminalização de evasão de divisas, procedeu-se à análise da necessidade de proteção da sociedade por intermédio de uma norma penal. Nessa esteira, enveredou-se por questionamentos acerca das fragilidades sociais e institucionais, da integração, da impunidade e da morosidade judicial, bem como das estratégias de combate à criminalidade econômica. O exame realizado conduziu ao entendimento de que a evasão de divisas ocorre, não raramente, conjuntamente com outros delitos e com o crime organizado, podendo ser utilizada – ainda que não o tenha sido, comprovadamente – como elemento estratégico para a sustentação de organizações criminosas. / The present Master‟s thesis analyzed the criminal practice of tax evasion as a strategy possibly used by criminal organizations. Empirical analysis was made mainly through the reading of sentences, for which I used the NVivo8 software (for qualitative social data analysis), and summaries (ementas) of the TRF 4ª R., through semi-structured interviews with members of the Federal Judiciary and of the Federal Public Ministry. And finally, through the observation of special operations performed by the Federal Police, of which information was complemented by data found on news and governmental institutions websites on the Internet. For the final considerations, I used as a foundation the legislation mentioned in the course of the work. Starting with initial concepts as to what people would understand as a crime and the white-collar criminal, I built an analysis that takes into account the Brazilian scope and the validity period of Act n. 7.492/86, which deals with crimes against the National Financial System – among them, evasion. Such research intends to identify any inconsistencies between the former characteristics – of delinquency and the white-collar delinquent – and the actual characteristics, pointing at the enlargement of the profile once defined by Edwin H. Sutherland. Regarding the reasons and the consequence of the tax evasion criminalization, I move forward, analyzing the necessity of protecting society through criminal regulation. In this context, I bring questions about social and institutional fragilities, of integration, impunity and judicial slowness, as well as questions about the strategies to combat economic crimes. The performed exam led to the understanding that tax evasion happens, not rarely, along with other transgressions and organized crime, and it is subject to be used, even though not proved, as a strategic element for sustaining criminal organizations.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tratou de analisar a prática do crime de evasão de divisas como uma possível estratégia das organizações criminosas. A análise empírica deu-se, em especial, pela leitura de acórdãos – para os quais se utilizou do programa de análise de dados sociais qualitativos NVivo8 – e ementas (espécies de resumos) do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região, pela realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros do Judiciário Federal e do Ministério Público Federal, e pela observação das operações especiais realizadas pela Polícia Federal, cujas informações foram complementadas pela busca de informações na internet em sítios de notícias e de instituições governamentais. A leitura das legislações trazidas no decorrer do trabalho também serviu de subsídio para as considerações finais. Passando pelas concepções primeiras a respeito do que se entenderia por crime e criminoso de colarinho branco, buscou-se fazer uma análise, considerando o âmbito brasileiro e o período de vigência da Lei n. 7.492/86, que trata dos crimes contra o Sistema Financeiro Nacional – estando, dentre eles, a evasão. Tal estudo pretendeu identificar as eventuais dissonâncias entre as características de outrora – do delito e delinquente de colarinho branco – e as atuais, apontando para a ampliação do perfil outrora traçado por Edwin H. Sutherland. No que tange às razões e consequência da criminalização de evasão de divisas, procedeu-se à análise da necessidade de proteção da sociedade por intermédio de uma norma penal. Nessa esteira, enveredou-se por questionamentos acerca das fragilidades sociais e institucionais, da integração, da impunidade e da morosidade judicial, bem como das estratégias de combate à criminalidade econômica. O exame realizado conduziu ao entendimento de que a evasão de divisas ocorre, não raramente, conjuntamente com outros delitos e com o crime organizado, podendo ser utilizada – ainda que não o tenha sido, comprovadamente – como elemento estratégico para a sustentação de organizações criminosas. / The present Master‟s thesis analyzed the criminal practice of tax evasion as a strategy possibly used by criminal organizations. Empirical analysis was made mainly through the reading of sentences, for which I used the NVivo8 software (for qualitative social data analysis), and summaries (ementas) of the TRF 4ª R., through semi-structured interviews with members of the Federal Judiciary and of the Federal Public Ministry. And finally, through the observation of special operations performed by the Federal Police, of which information was complemented by data found on news and governmental institutions websites on the Internet. For the final considerations, I used as a foundation the legislation mentioned in the course of the work. Starting with initial concepts as to what people would understand as a crime and the white-collar criminal, I built an analysis that takes into account the Brazilian scope and the validity period of Act n. 7.492/86, which deals with crimes against the National Financial System – among them, evasion. Such research intends to identify any inconsistencies between the former characteristics – of delinquency and the white-collar delinquent – and the actual characteristics, pointing at the enlargement of the profile once defined by Edwin H. Sutherland. Regarding the reasons and the consequence of the tax evasion criminalization, I move forward, analyzing the necessity of protecting society through criminal regulation. In this context, I bring questions about social and institutional fragilities, of integration, impunity and judicial slowness, as well as questions about the strategies to combat economic crimes. The performed exam led to the understanding that tax evasion happens, not rarely, along with other transgressions and organized crime, and it is subject to be used, even though not proved, as a strategic element for sustaining criminal organizations.

This is a Nigerian study, which initially aimed to examine armed robbery culture and the youth subculture. With the employment of subcultural theory, the study became intellectually unviable in explaining the primary data. A replacement was made by seeking recourse to anomie-strain theory and control theory to explain the data. Presently, the main aim of this study is to examine the involvement of youths in armed robbery. Specifically, the study will look at armed robbery from the point of view of offenders and the factors responsible for their crime.Armed robbery is a type of robbery aided by weapon(s) to threaten, force and deprive a person or persons of the right to private, public or corporate belongings. Since the end of the Nigeria civil war (1967-1970), the offence has become a problem in the country, occurring almost on a daily basis in the urban areas more than the rural. Armed robbery can take place in residential homes, commercial places, motorways and any other place the offenders may deem necessary to operate. The current criminal climate has made it possible for armed robbers to engage in interstate criminal operations as well.Methodologically, the research is qualitative, involving semi-structured face-to-face oral interviews (open-ended) with 20 armed robbers in prison custody in Nigeria. There is also an unstructured interview with 4 members of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The analytical framework employed is interpretive phenomenology, to capture the holistic worldview of the offender sample. Secondary data comes from both the Nigeria Police Force and the Nigeria Prison Service records.Findings are presented under four systematic themes: family circumstances, economic motivations, life course engagement, and situational dynamics in carrying out a robbery. Data reveal the four most significant factors in the hierarchy of response (bad friends, money, poverty and corruption) that may account for the involvement of youths in armed robbery. Since the group of “bad friends” is the main catalyst responsible for the involvement of youths in armed robbery, the thesis concludes that this sample of respondents be regarded as a network of criminals who were strained by the unjust social structure in their native Nigeria. Besides, there is need for a Nigerian criminological theoretical framework that offers an in-depth explanation of crime in the Nigerian society.

Unga Vuxna utanför arbete eller studier är ett fenomen som växer både nationellt- och internationellt vilket gör att det därmed krävs mer forskning för att skapa bättre åtgärder för dessa grupper. Denna studie har visat att konsekvenser som psykisk ohälsa i form av depression och svårigheter med att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden är förekommande konsekvenser för Unga vuxna utanför arbete eller studier. För denna studie har semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts där tematisering av ämnet har skett. Med hjälp av den metoden har studien kunnat fokusera på ett delområde, konsekvenser i och med att intervjufrågorna förblev de samma för alla tre intervjuerna har en jämförelse i analysen bland svaren kunnat ske i studien. Studiens tre teorier differential association, anomiteorin och stigma har möjliggjort en koppling till lett resultat och diskussion. Denna studie har även påvisat att ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att få en ökad förståelse över detta fenomen samt för att möjliggöra individuella kartläggningar av barns behov för att sedan kunna tillsätta rätt åtgärd.