Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Lukáš Slatinský Supervisor: Assoc. prof. PharmDr. Martina Čečková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Interactions of selected anticancer drugs of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway inhibitors group with the ABC drug transporters ABCB1 (Pgp, P-glycoprotein) and ABCG2 (BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein) are members of a transmembrane efflux ATP dependent transporter family, so called ATP-binding cassettes (ABC). Physiologicaly they are expressed in the cellular membrane and protect body tissues against potentially toxic xenobiotics including drugs. They represent also one of the tumor defense mechanisms when being able to efflux a wide variety of cytotoxic drugs out of the cancer cells leading to treatment failure. BRAF protein plays an important regulatory and signal role in MAPK/ERK pathway affecting cell division, differentiation and secretion. Mutations of BRAF lead to overactivity in MAPK/ERK pathway in many cancer cells and can be therefore targeted by anticancer therapy. Cobimetinib and dabrafenib are relatively new anticancer therapeutics inhibiting the signal pathway mentioned above and they are used in treatment of melanoma carrying the BRAF mutation. The aims of this project were to...

Les travaux de recherche effectués dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse ont eu pour objectif de caractériser le rôle joué par les mécanismes de sorption et de biodégradation dans l’élimination de micropolluants organiques par les boues biologiques, et notamment celles de bioréacteur à membrane. La première étape a consisté en la mise au point d’une méthode d’analyse de molécules anticancéreuses depuis les phases aqueuse et solide des boues. L’extraction des molécules contenues dans la phase aqueuse a été réalisée par une combinaison de cartouches SPE permettant la récupération sélective d’espèces acides, neutres et basiques. L’extraction depuis la phase solide a été rendue possible grâce à l’utilisation de la technique sous solvant pressurisé et à chaud PLE, suivie par une étape de purification directement inspirée de la méthode développée pour la phase aqueuse. Une procédure originale de préparation d’échantillons de boues a été proposée pour estimer rigoureusement le phénomène de sorption. Le modèle de Freundlich est celui qui a donné les corrélations les plus satisfaisantes et a été sélectionné. La détermination des paramètres du modèle a mis en évidence des comportements de sorption différents pour les molécules ciblées, mais toujours caractérisés par des aptitudes de sorption faibles. La mise en relation des propriétés physico-chimiques des molécules, des boues et des paramètres de sorption n’a pas révélé de corrélations évidentes entre ces différents paramètres et ne permet pas de proposer de modèle capable de prédire la sorption en fonction des caractéristiques des boues et des polluants. La caractérisation du comportement d’un cocktail d’anticancéreux lors du traitement par un pilote de bioréacteur à membrane externe a révélé que le mécanisme majeur à l’origine de leur élimination était la biodégradation. Les interactions entre les microorganismes et les micropolluants ciblés sont liées au cométabolisme. Une étude approfondie du mécanisme a révélé que ces mêmes interactions étaient à l’origine d’une limitation de la biodégradation et doivent être intensifiées pour améliorer les performances de traitement sur ce point. / The aim of the present work was to characterize the sorption mechanisms and biodegradation role in the removal of some organic micropollutants (i.e. anticancer drugs) by biological sludges, including those of membrane bioreactor (MBR). The first step consisted in the development of an analytical method for the trace determination of anticancer drugs from sludge aqueous and solid phases. The extraction from the aqueous matrix was performed by a combination of SPE cartridges, allowing the selective recovery of acid, neutral and basic species. The extraction from the solid matrix was possible thanks to an extractive step performed by pressurized liquid extraction, followed by a purification step whose procedure was directly inspired from the method developed for aqueous samples. An original procedure for the conditioning of sludge samples before sorption experiments has been proposed. The Freundlich isotherm gave the satisfactoriest correlations and has been selected. The determination of the model parameters highlights different trends of sorption between targeted compounds, but always characterized by low sorption affinities. Physico-chemical properties of both compounds and sludge did not show any link with sorption parameters. Consequently, it is not possible to propose a predictive model for the sorption of polar micropollutants depending on both compounds and sludge properties. The removal of a “cocktail” of anticancer drugs by treatment through a side stream pilot-scale MBR has been investigated. Biodegradation appeared as the prevailing mechanism and was explained by cometabolic interactions. However, these interactions were also responsible for the limitation of biodegradation phenomenon and must be intensify to enhance the removal of these compounds.

Câncer é a proliferação descontrolada de células anormais do organismo. As células cancerosas podem se transferir para outras partes do corpo onde passam a crescer e substituir o tecido sadio, num processo conhecido como metástase. De um total de 58 milhões de mortes ocorridas no mundo em 2007, o câncer foi responsável por 7,6 milhões. O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de câncer mais freqüente no mundo, sendo o mais comum entre as mulheres. A cada ano, cerca de 20% dos novos casos de câncer em mulheres são de mama. No que diz respeito a valores absolutos, o câncer de próstata é o sexto tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo e o mais prevalente em homens, representando cerca de 10% do total. As principais formas de tratamento são a cirurgia, quimioterapia, radioterapia, hormonioterapia, imunoterapia e as terapias-alvo. Os tratamentos quimioterápicos e radioterápicos, principalmente, possuem baixa seletividade em sua ação frente a células malignas e benignas. O presente trabalho de dissertação tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de testes in vitro, como o wound healing e o de migração, empregando células de adenocarcinoma mamário humano (MDA-MB-231) e de câncer de próstata humano (DU-145), além da triagem biológica de compostos químicos visando à identificação de novos candidatos a inibidores do processo de migração celular (metástase). Os protocolos experimentais foram estabelecidos e padronizados com sucesso, fornecendo resultados reprodutíveis, confiáveis e validados. Após extensivas triagens biológicas, duas classes de candidatos a inibidores foram identificadas. / Cancer is an abnormal proliferation of cells from an organ or tissue. The cancer cells may spread from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part in a process called metastasis. In 2007, cancer was responsible for 7.6 million out of the 58 million deaths occurred in the World. Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the World, and the most frequent in women. Each year, over 20% of the new cases of cancer in women are breast cancer. In absolute values, prostate cancer is the sixth type of cancer more common in the World and the most prevalent in the men, representing about 10% of the total. There are a number of different methods used to treat cancer, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments show low effectiveness and selectivity towards malignant and benign cells. The objective of the present dissertation work is to develop in vitro assays, such as wound healing and cell migration employing MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells and DU-145 prostate cancer cells, as well as perform biological screening of chemical compounds in order to identify selective inhibitors of tumor metastasis as novel lead candidates for further development. The experimental protocols have been successfully implemented providing reproducible and reliable results. After extensive biological investigations, two inhibitor candidate classes have been identified.

A piplartina é um alcaloide natural conhecido por apresentar diversas atividades biológicas, onde se destaca a ação anticancerígena. Esse produto natural apresentou atividade seletiva frente a vários tipos de células cancerígenas, sendo assim considerado promissor para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. O conhecimento do metabolismo de produtos naturais bioativos é uma importante e necessária etapa para avaliar a eficácia e segurança dessas substâncias. Os micro-organismos são amplamente utilizados em estudos de metabolismo, uma vez que catalisam reações quimio-, régio-, e estereoespecíficas, que muitas vezes são semelhantes às catalisadas pelos seres humanos. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o metabolismo microbiano da piplartina pelos fungos endofíticos Papulaspora immersa SS13 e Penicillium crustosum VR4, de solo Mucor rouxii NRRL 1894, e de coleção comercial Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 8688a e Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159. Os experimentos de biotransformação foram monitorados por UPLC-DAD-MS e UPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Todos os fungos utilizados biotransformaram a piplartina, sendo que 14 substâncias majoritárias foram identificadas como produtos de biotransformação nos experimentos em pequena escala. A piplartina e seus derivados apresentaram fragmentações características em IES-EM/EM que foram explicadas utilizando cálculos computacionais. O estudo dessas fragmentações permitiu a identificação e proposição das alterações estruturais que ocorreram nos metabólitos formados. Os fungos P. crustosum VR4 e B. bassiana ATCC 7159 foram selecionados para realizar os experimentos de biotransformação em escala ampliada, pois foram capazes de formar a maior diversidade de derivados da piplartina. Cinco substâncias foram isoladas e identificadas por RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C, HMQC, HMBC, COSY e HRESIMS. Essas substâncias não tinham sido obtidas por biotransformação microbiana anteriormente, sendo que uma ainda não foi descrita na literatura. Foram identificados principalmente produtos formados a partir de reações semelhantes às do metabolismo humano de fase I, como reduções, hidroxilações e hidrólises. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que as culturas microbianas são uma ferramenta útil para estudos preliminares de metabolismo, e para obter padrões de metabólitos que podem ser formados pelo metabolismo humano. / Piplartine is a natural alkaloid recognized by its biological properties, especially the anticancer activity. This natural product showed selective activity against several cancer cells lines, thus being considered a promising hit for drug development. Studies of bioactive natural products metabolism are an important and necessary step for the evaluation of their efficacy and safety. Microorganisms have been widely employed in metabolism studies, since they may catalyze chemo-, regio- and stereospecific reactions that are similar to human metabolism. This work aimed to study the microbial metabolism of piplartine by different fungal strains: the endophytes Penicillium crustosum VR4 and Papulaspora immersa SS13, the soil strain Mucor rouxii NRRL 1894, and the commercial collection strains Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 8688a and Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159. Biotransformation experiments were monitored by UPLC-DAD-MS and UPLC-DADMS/ MS. All the screened fungi were able to biotransform piplartine, and 14 compounds were identified as major biotransformation products in the small scale experiments. Piplartine and its derivatives showed characteristics fragmentations on ESI-MS/MS, which were explained using computer calculations. These fragmentation studies allowed the identification and structural proposition of piplartine metabolites. The fungi P. crustosum VR4 and B. bassiana ATCC 7159 were selected to perform the large scale biotransformation experiments, since they were capable to produce a large diversity of piplartine derivatives. Five compounds were isolated and identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, COSY and HRESIMS data. The isolated products had never been previously identified by microbial biotransformation, and one of them was found to be novel in the literature. All the identified and isolated compounds have been produced by reactions similar to those that occur in phase I of human metabolism, such as reduction, hydroxylation and hydrolysis reactions. Thus, we can conclude that the microbial cultures are useful tools for preliminary metabolism studies, and to obtain chemical standards similar to those produced by human metabolism

The search for more effective treatment strategies in melanoma led to many new innovative approaches aiming at different molecular targets. Chemotherapy still remains the most effective treatment and many efforts are put in order to improve targeting and delivery of the chemotherapeutic agents. Among these, peptide conjugates of anticancer drugs were designed to increase stability, cell penetration, specificity and accumulation in cancer cells. We as well as others evaluated such a conjugate, termed PSF (L-prolyl-m-L-sarcolysyl-L-p-fluorophenylalanine-ethylester) in terms of its cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo using a human melanoma tumor as a model, its stability, transport, and metabolisation. <p>By comparing the cytotoxicity of PSF and melphalan towards different cancer primary melanoma cell cultures, we noticed some interesting observations: PSF displayed the same toxicity pattern both in short (2h) and long term (24h) cell exposures whereas melphalan and m-sarcolysin needed long term exposure to reach the same toxicity. This could indicate that PSF very quickly penetrates the cells in accordance with what has been shown with red blood cells (RBCs). PSF has shown a much better and quicker penetration into the cells in vitro as compared to melphalan. <p>In this present work, the cytotoxic effect of PSF was further evaluated in vivo using a standardized nude mice tumor model bearing a human melanoma. First, the acute toxicity in rats and mice and the maximum tolerated dose were determined. After a dose-escalation study one dose was singled out and tested as a single dose and as a fractionated dose. PSF was able to reach the tumor site and a dose-response relationship was observed. The IP administration of fractionated doses of PSF had significantly better effect on tumor growth inhibition, regression and regrowth than single dose administration and this without any evidence for general toxicity monitored by animal weight loss. We also compared the efficacy of PSF to its parent drug m-sarcolysin, melphalan and cyclophosphamide and observed that PSF was much more active than both melphalan and m-sarcolysin at the same molar doses.<p>Body distribution of the 14C-labelled PSF revealed ratios of 2.4 and 1.5 compared to muscle tissue for the two melanoma tumors evaluated with no significant and stable accumulation in any vital organ. The amount of tracer was still high in the blood after 24 hours explaining the high radioactivity in the kidney and partly in the liver. Interestingly, the spleen had an unusual high radioactivity uptake reflecting the exceptional binding of the tracer to blood cells (BC), while the pancreas very high load was an indicator of protease-mediated specific delivery and strongly support our hypothesis elaborated on the basis of in vitro results. <p><p>Our in vitro data point to a particular mechanism of action of PSF based on the transport of PSF through the body by the rapid binding to blood cells and the delivery at the tumor site by the subsequent release of its active metabolites due to cleavage by tumor-associated proteases.<p>Concerning the binding of PSF to membranes and its transport the following observations were made: while PSF was stable in human plasma, it disappeared very quickly in whole blood along with the generation of a main metabolite: m-sarcolysin. The presence of BC membranes was required for both binding and generating the metabolites. Binding to natural or artificial membranes was achieved and only competition with melanoma cells or proteolytic enzymes such as dispase, led to the generation of active metabolites. The different metabolites were isolated using preparative LC and were then identified using Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI). Three metabolites, of which m-sarcolysin was the main one, were identified all bearing the chloroethyl alkylating group. <p>Enzymatic catalysis was further supported by a set of experiments where the enzymatic activity was non-specifically and specifically inhibited. In order to look at the effect of extracellular matrix proteases on PSF, three representatives of ECM proteases were incubated with PSF: collagenase A had no effect, but both dispase and trypsine were able to process PSF. <p>The following data indicate the higher processing of PSF in the presence of cells with a higher proteolytic activity and thus the delivery of the blood cell-bound PSF. When comparing BC with melanoma cells (MC), the latter showed a higher ability to bind and process PSF both by membrane-associated and most interestingly soluble proteases. A lot of families of enzymes are reported to be overexpressed by melanoma cells including: metalloproteases, cysteine cathepsins, serine proteases and aminopeptidases. All the melanoma cells and cell lines evaluated were able to generate PSF active metabolites. <p>To identify the families of enzymes expressed on the membrane of melanoma cells that might be involved in the mechanism of action of PSF, we performed 2D-gel electrophoresis on their membrane extracts. The 2D-gels experiments revealed the presence of proteins compatible with enzymes known to be important in melanoma and further work is needed to identify the individual enzymes involved by using mass spectrometry and Western blotting. <p><p>Both our in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that not only melanoma tumor cells and tumor sites but other types of tumors as well may be targets for the toxic activity of PSF owing to their much higher load in proteolytic enzymes that are closely related to their invasive potential. The transport of PSF by the blood cells and the release of its metabolites at the tumor site result in a low amount of drug in its free soluble form within the blood and this may explain the relatively lower side-effects observed. PSF is thus expected to have a much better therapeutic index than conventional alkylating agents. This original mechanism of drug delivery may well be extended to other cancer and non-cancer drugs than alkylating agents.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette Thèse avaient pour but de caractériser au niveau fonctionnel la protéine FAM110B, identifiée au laboratoire il y a plusieurs années par une méthode de sélection d’éléments génétiques suppresseurs destinée à rechercher de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la sensibilité à un inhibiteur de Topoisomérase II, la 9-hydroxyéllipticine. Localisée au niveau cytoplasmique et très conservée chez les mammifères, FAM110B est essentielle à la survie comme le montre le blocage en phase S des cellules dans lesquelles son expression est transitoirement diminuée. Sa répression conduit d’ailleurs à l’inhibition de plusieurs voies impliquées dans la prolifération cellulaire comme les voies Wnt, Notch ou TGF-. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus suggèrent que ce rôle dans la prolifération peut être régulé par l’interaction de FAM110B avec la β-caténine. Cette interaction régule le niveau d’expression de la β-caténine et/ou sa localisation, ce qui a pour conséquence directe de moduler l’expression de ses gènes cibles impliqués dans la prolifération cellulaire. Nous avons également démontré que FAM110B intervient dans les processus de migration cellulaire en régulant directement ou indirectement l’expression de la E-cadhérine par la modulation sélective de l’expression d’un de ses répresseurs, Slug. L’augmentation de l’expression de la E-cadhérine dans des cellules sousexprimant FAM110B est accompagnée d’une diminution de l’expression de la N-cadhérine, un phénomène qui est fréquemment observé lors de la reverse EMT, passage d’un stade mésenchymateux à un stade épithélial au cours duquel, des cellules à caractère invasif et métastatique acquièrent des propriétés adhésives associées à une perte de leur propriétés de migration et d’invasion. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que FAM110B est également impliquée dans la sensibilité cellulaire à divers agents anticancéreux. Sa répression induit une sensibilisation à la camptothécine et au cisplatine alors qu’elle confère une résistance aux poisons de tubuline (taxol et vincritine) et aux inhibiteurs de Topoisomérases II par diminution du nombre de complexes de clivage ADN-enzyme associée à une réduction du niveau de Topo2 dont on ne connait pas encore l’origine. L’ensemble de nos résultats confirment l’importance de FAM110B dans la migration et la prolifération cellulaire ainsi que dans la réponse aux stress induits par diverses classes d’agents anticancéreux. De ce fait, FAM110B peut être considérée comme une nouvelle cible potentielle en cancérologie et son inhibition être utilisée pour potentialiser l’action de thérapeutiques existantes tels que les dérivés de la camptothécine ou les dérivés du platine qui sont largement utilisés en clinique. / FAM110B is a new protein that was identified several years ago in our laboratory by a functional screen, the selection of genetic suppressor elements (GSEs), which goal was to identify new genes involved in the cellular sensitivity to the topoisomerase II inhibitor 9-hydroxyellipticine. FAM110B is localized in the cytoplasm and is extremely conserved across mammals. We found that FAM110B is essential for cell survival, as its transient repression induces a blockage in the S phase of the cell cycle. Its repression also induces the inhibition of various pathways involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, such as Wnt, Notch or TGF-. Our results suggest that its role in cell proliferation relies on FAM110B interaction with β-catenin. This interaction regulates β-catenin expression and its subcellular localization, which directly impacts on the expression of its target genes involved in cell proliferation. We have also demonstrated that FAM110B is involved in cell migration by regulating the expression of E-cadherin via the specific modulation of one of its repressors, Slug. Increase in E-cadherin expression in cells with downregulated FAM110B is accompanied by a decrease in N-cadherin expression, a phenomenon which is reminiscent of a reverse EMT i.e. a mesenchymal to epithelial transition which is characterized by a loss of invasiveness and metastatic potential. Finally, we also showed that FAM110B is involved in the regulation of the cellular sensitivity to various anticancer agents. Transient repression of FAM110B sensitizes cells to camptothecin and cisplatin, whereas it confers a resistant phenotype to tubuline poisons (taxol and vincristine) and Top2 inhibitors. This latter effect is accompanied by a reduction in DNA-Topo2 cleavage complexes due to a reduction in Topo2 levels by a mechanism which is not fully elucidated. Together, our results confirm the importance of FAM110B in essential processes such as migration, cell proliferation, and cell response to various stresses induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, FAM110B can be considered as a new potential target for cancer treatment and its inhibition can also be used to potentiate existing treatments such as camptothecin derivatives and platinum compounds that are widely used in the clinic.

Orientadores: João Ernesto de Carvalho, Mary Ann Foglio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rizzo_LarissaYokota_M.pdf: 2545881 bytes, checksum: 63ab51d7b009706ec8505aa2b3ded262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A pesquisa de drogas anticâncer através da triagem de extratos e princípios ativos obtidos de fontes naturais possibilitou a descoberta e o desenvolvimento de diversos quimioterápicos hoje utilizados no tratamento do câncer. Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade anticâncer de Psidium guajava L. (nome popular: goiabeira), espécie eleita através de levantamento etnofarmacológico para atividade antiparasitária. Após a colheita, o material vegetal foi submetido a um processo de extração a quente por Soxhlet, com diclorometano e etanol 95%, originando o extrato bruto diclorometânico (EBD) e etanólico (EBE), respectivamente. O extrato bruto ativo, EBD, foi submetido a diversos fractionamentos biomonitorados, até a obtenção de uma fração enriquecida nos meroterpenos guajadial, psidial A e seus isômeros, princípios ativos da espécie vegetal. Todas as amostras (extratos brutos e frações enriquecidas) tiveram sua potencial atividade anticâncer avaliadas in vitro frente a um painel de dez linhagens tumorais humanas, cedidas pelo National Cancer Institute (NCI, Estados Unidos), a saber: K562 (leucemia), MCF-7 (mama), NCI/ADR-RES (ovário resistente a múltiplas drogas), NCI-H460 (pulmão), UACC62 (melanoma), PC-3 (próstata), HT-29 (cólon), OVCAR-03 (ovário), U251 (glioma) and 786-0 (rim). A fração ativa enriquecida nos meroterpenos foi avaliada in vivo no tumor sólido de Ehrlich, em camundongos Balb/C, reduzindo significativamente o crescimento tumoral. Além da atividade antitumoral observada in vivo, a análise macroscópica do útero indicou aumento em tamanho e peso em relação aos grupos controle negativo (salina) e positivo (doxorrubicina). As moléculas de guajadial e psidial A apresentam propriedades físico-químicas semelhantes ao estradiol e ao tamoxifeno e estudos de docking molecular sugerem que ambos os compostos se liguem no sítio de ligação no receptor de estrógeno (ER), analogamente ao tamoxifeno. A capacidade de reduzir o crescimento tumoral e, ao mesmo tempo, estimular o útero indicam que guajadial e psidial A possivelmente agem como fitoestrógenos, possuindo um mecanismo de ação semelhante ao tamoxifeno, atuando como SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) e agindo como agonistas e antagonistas de forma tecido específica / Abstract: Anticancer drug research based on screening of natural sources enabled the discovery of several drugs that are used in cancer treatment. This project aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of Psidium guajava L. (popular name: guava), elected for its ethnopharmacological use for antiparasitic activity. After harvesting, the vegetal material was extracted in Soxhlet with dicloromethane and then ethanol 95%, leading to the dicloromethane crude extract (DCE) and the ethanolic crude extract (ECE), respectively.The active extract, DCE, was submitted to several biomonitored fractionating processes and an active mixture of meroterpenes identified guajadial, psidial A and its isomers as active principles. All samples (crude extract and enriched fractions) were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic activity against ten human cancer lines (donated by National Cancer Institute, USA): K562 (leukemia), MCF-7 (breast), NCI/ADR-RES (resistant ovarian cancer), NCI-H460 (lung), UACC62 (melanoma), PC-3 (prostate), HT-29 (colon), OVCAR-03 (ovary), U251 (glioma) and 786-0 (kidney). Meroterpenes enriched fraction was evaluated in vivo in the Solid Ehrlich Tumor, in Balb/C mice, and significantly reduced tumor growth. Besides antitumoral activity, macroscopic analysis of uterus showed increased size and weight in comparison to both negative (vehicle) and positive (doxorubicin) control groups. The molecules of guajadial and psidial A display similar physicochemical properties to estradiol and tamoxifen and in silico molecular docking studies suggest that both molecules bind to the estrogen-binding site of ERs analogously to tamoxifen. The ability to reduce breast cancer tumor growth and stimulate the uterus suggests that guajadial and psidial A may act as phytoestrogens, giving insights for a mechanism of action similar to tamoxifen, acting as SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators), having both agonist and antagonist tissue-specific activities / Mestrado / Histologia / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

La bêta-lapachone (b-lap) est une substance active présentant des activités trypanocides, anti-infectieuses et anticancéreuses, avec une sélectivité thérapeutique. Cependant, en raison de sa faible hydrosolubilité et de sa toxicité, b-lap n'est pas encore appliquée en clinique. Nous avons étudié son encapsulation dans des vésicules phospholipidiques, complexée ou non par des cyclodextrines. Nous avons d'abord analysé l'interaction de b-lap avec des excipients lipidiques par des mesures de pression de surface, DSC et SAXS. Elles ont montré que blap est insérée dans les bicouches lipidiques, proche des têtes polaires avec une solubilité maximale d'environ 3,5 mol%. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été confirmés par des simulations de dynamique moléculaire. Le taux d'encapsulation (ER%) de b-lap dans les liposomes s’est avéré en accord avec sa solubilité maximale dans les lipides. Des complexes b-lap:cyclodextrines ont été formés et incorporés dans le coeur aqueux de liposomes déjà chargés en b-lap. Des ER% plus élevés ont été obtenus, mais avec une efficacité d'encapsulation plus faible. Des tests in vitro sur des lignées cellulaires épithéliales et tumorales de prostate ont démontré la cytotoxicité élevée de b-lap, sans différence toutefois entre b-lap libre et formulée, ni entre les cellules normales et les cellules cancéreuses. / Beta-lapachone (b-lap) is a potential drug with trypanocidal, anti-infectious and anticancer activities with reported selectivity of effects. However, due to its poor water solubility and toxicity, b-lap is not yet applied in therapeutics. We have studied the encapsulation of b-lap in conventional phospholipid vesicles and in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes. We first analyzed the interaction of b-lap with lipid excipients by surface pressure measurements, DSC and SAXS. They showed that b-lap inserts in lipid bilayers close to polar head groups with a maximum solubility of about 3.5 mol%. The experimental results were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Encapsulation rates (ER%) of b-lap in liposomes were consistent with b-lap maximal solubility in lipids. B-lap:cyclodextrin complexes were formed and entrapped in the aqueous core of blap-loaded liposomes. Higher ER% were obtained, but with lower encapsulation efficiency. In vitro tests on prostate epithelial and tumor cell lines demonstrated the high cytotoxicity of b-lap, however, without difference between formulated and free b-lap, nor between normal and cancer cells.

Le cancer colorectal (CCR) est l’un des cancers les plus diagnostiqués dans le monde mais surtout le 2ème cancerle plus mortel. Malgré les progrès de la recherche médicale dans les traitements anticancéreux, de nombreux effetssecondaires subsistent chez les patients ainsi que l’apparition de résistances aux traitements conventionnels. Ledéveloppement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques anticancéreuses est donc nécessaire afin d’améliorer la priseen charge de ces patients. La thérapie photodynamique (PDT) utilisant des photosensibilisateurs (PS) se présentecomme une stratégie thérapeutique innovante limitant fortement ces effets secondaires indésirables. La PDT a étéapprouvée pour le traitement de certains cancers grâce à la génération d’espèces réactives de l’oxygènecytotoxiques uniquement après photoactivation des PS. Cependant, une faible solubilité et un manque de sélectivitédes PS vis à vis des sites tumoraux sont les principales limites en clinique. En effet, l’administration ciblée demédicaments est un point essentiel dans la thérapie anticancéreuse. La nanomédecine par l’utilisation denanoparticules permet d’améliorer le ciblage tumoral car elles sont capables de s’accumuler spontanément dansles tumeurs solides grâce à l’effet de perméabilité et de rétention accrue. L’objectif de cette étude a été dedémontrer l’intérêt de la vectorisation de la 5-(4-hydroxyphényl)-10,15,20-triphénylporphyrine-xylane (TPPOHX)sur des nanoparticules de silice (SNPs) afin d’augmenter l’efficacité anticancéreuse par un meilleur ciblagetumoral du traitement. Il a été démontré une augmentation significative de l’efficacité anticancéreuse des TPPOHXSNPs-PDT grâce à l’amélioration de l’internalisation cellulaire par rapport à la TPPOH libre-PDT sur 3 lignéescellulaires de CCR humain. De plus, il a été caractérisé que la mort cellulaire induite par les TPPOH-X SNPs-PDTest dépendante de la voie apoptotique et que l’autophagie joue un rôle de résistance à la mort cellulaire. Par ailleurs,in vivo et en l’absence de toxicité, les TPPOH-X SNPs-PDT induisent une augmentation de l’efficacitéanticancéreuse grâce à un meilleur ciblage tumoral par rapport à la TPPOH libre-PDT. Cette étude a donc permisde démontrer l’intérêt de la combinaison de la PDT et de la nanomédecine afin d’améliorer les futurs traitementsanticancéreux. / Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer globally but above all the second leading cause ofdeath for oncological reasons. Despite medical research advances in anti-cancer treatments, many side effectspersist in patients as well as development of resistances to conventional treatments. The development of new anticancertherapeutic strategies is necessary in order to improve care of patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) usingphotosensitizers (PS) comes as an innovative therapeutic strategy severely restricting these undesirable sideeffects. PDT has been approved for treatment of some cancers due to the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygenspecies only with photoactivated PS. However, low physiological solubility and lack of selectivity towards tumorsites are the main limitations of their clinical use. Indeed, targeted drug delivery is a crucial point in cancer therapy.Nanomedicine through the use of nanoparticles improves tumor-targeting because they are able to spontaneouslyaccumulate in solid tumors through an enhanced permeability and retention effect. The purpose of this study wasto prove added value of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-xylan (TPPOH-X) vectorization bysilica nanoparticles (SNPs) in order to enhance anti-cancer efficacy through better tumor-targeting. It has beendemonstrated significant anti-cancer efficacy increase of TPPOH-X SNPs-PDT thanks to cellular uptakeimprovement relative to free TPPOH-PDT in 3 human CRC cell lines. Moreover, it has been characterized thatcell death induced by TPPOH-X SNPs-PDT is conducted via apoptosis and autophagy acts as a resistance pathwayto cell death. Furthermore, in vivo and without toxicity, TPPOH-X SNPs-PDT induce an elevated anti-cancerefficacy through improvement of tumor-targeting compared to free TPPOH-PDT. This study therefore highlightedthe added value of PDT and nanomedicine combination in order to improve future cancer treatments.