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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Kodkvällar hos Knowit : En Headless CMS och React applikation

Ejelöv, Jessica January 2023 (has links)
The purpose of the project is to create a website where Knowit Experience can present and invite people to their coding events. The work has been carried out by a larger team including project managers, UX designers, supervisors, and an Agile approach has been used. A Headless CMS called Hygraph has been used to create a structure that editors can easily use, and this CMS includes a GraphQL API that the website consumes. The website is created in React with TypeScript to create a secure typed application styled with Sass. The website handles registrations for newsletters and different event lists from users and displays the content of the editors. Several different user flows on the website have been automated using Pipedream to make it easier for editors, including automatic confirmation emails sent to those who register, and editors can easily send emails to specific mailing lists. Structure is also created in the CMS to allow editors to create dynamic forms to collect opinions and information from visitors at an event. The website has been developed with accessibility in mind and has been tested on different browsers and devices. The website is continuously tested for accessibility and correctly validated code throughout the work. The work results in a fully functional website with all intended features. / Projektets syfte är att skapa en webbplats där Knowit Experience kan presentera och bjuda in till deras event Kodkvällar. Arbetet har utförts i ett större team med projektledare, UX-designers samt handledare och arbetssättet har vart Agilt. Ett Headless CMS, Hygraph, har använts för att skapa en struktur som redaktörer enkelt kan använda och med detta CMS ingår ett GraphQL API som webbplatsen konsumerar. Webbplatsen skapas i React med TypeScript för att skapa en säker typad applikation som stylas med Sass. Webbplatsen hanterar anmälningar till nyhetsbrev och olika eventlistor från användare samt visar redaktörernas innehåll. Med Pipedream har flera olika användarflöden på webbplatsen automatiserats för att underlätta för redaktörerna. Bland annat skickas bekräftelsemail automatiskt till de som anmäler sig samt att redaktörer enkelt kan skicka ut mail till specifika maillistor. Struktur skapas även i CMSet för att redaktörer ska kunna skapa dynamiska formulär för att inhämta åsikter och information från besökarna på ett event. Webbplatsen har utvecklats med tillgänglighet i åtanke och den har testats i olika webbläsare samt på olika enheter. Webbplatsen testas kontinuerligt för tillgänglighet samt korrekt validerande kod genom hela arbetet. Arbetet resulterar i en fullt fungerande webbplats med alla tänkta funktioner.
222

UCov : A Static Analysis Tool for API Usage Coverage Validation / UCov : Ett statiskt analysverktyg för validering av API-användningstäckning

Couturou, Thomas January 2023 (has links)
Nowadays, all software projects are based on a large number of libraries, so they do not have to start from scratch. These libraries evolve over time, whether to add functionality or to simplify their use. These updates are necessary to improve their libraries, but can lead to errors in their clients’ code. Developers are thus faced with the problem of breaking changes and need to be able to inform their clients as soon as possible of the arrival of these changes. To limit the impact of these breaking changes, this Master thesis presents UCov. UCov is a static analysis tool that gives library developers a quick overview of the usage coverage of their tests compared with the coverage of their clients. This lets them to compare which elements of their library are being tested with those being used by their clients and also how they are being used. This will enable developers to improve their test suite according to how their clients use their library, to get a better overview of how their library is used, and also to give their clients the best possible warning of changes that may impact their code, thanks to release notes. In this study, we explain the implementation of UCov and test it on various libraries. The results obtained on these libraries are satisfactory. They enable us to highlight potential breaking changes. They also show that there are elements of the libraries’ APIs that are used by clients but never tested. Finally, these results show that UCov offers developers a new tool enabling them to limit the impact of their breaking changes by gaining a better understanding of how clients use their libraries. / Numera baseras alla programvaruprojekt på ett stort antal bibliotek, så att man inte behöver börja från noll. Biblioteksutvecklare ställs därför allt oftare inför problemet med “breaking changes". Dessa är nödvändiga för att förbättra deras bibliotek, men kan leda till fel i deras kunders kod. Utvecklarna måste därför kunna ge sina kunder så mycket förvarning som möjligt om att det kommer att komma inbrytande ändringar. För att begränsa effekterna av dessa förändringar presenterar denna masteruppsats UCov. UCov är ett statiskt analysverktyg som ger biblioteksutvecklare en snabb överblick över användartäckningen för deras tester jämfört med täckningen för deras klienter. Detta gör det möjligt för dem att jämföra vilka element i deras bibliotek som testas med de som används av deras kunder, och även hur de används. Detta gör det möjligt för utvecklare att förbättra sin testsvit enligt hur deras kunder använder deras bibliotek, för att få en bättre överblick över hur deras bibliotek används, och även för att ge sina kunder bästa möjliga varning för ändringar som kan påverka deras kod, tack vare release notes. I den här studien förklarar vi implementeringen av UCov och testar den på olika bibliotek. Resultaten från dessa bibliotek är tillfredsställande. De gör det möjligt för oss att lyfta fram potentiella brytande ändringar. De visar också att det finns delar av bibliotekens API:er som används av klienter men som aldrig testas. Slutligen visar dessa resultat att UCov erbjuder utvecklare ett nytt verktyg som gör det möjligt för dem att begränsa effekterna av sina skadliga ändringar genom att få en bättre förståelse för hur kunderna använder sina bibliotek.
223

Recruit – an Adaptable Recruitment Platform

Heynes, Amanda, Rickman, Ina January 2021 (has links)
The rapid growth of the tech industry has led to a deficiency of qualified developers. Employing developers with adequate skills requires accurate assessments of the candidates. Today, an abundance of tools exists that companies can use in their recruitment processes. These tools are commonly prebuilt and often unadaptable, as well as being unrealistic in terms of real working life. In a normal work process, tasks have a duration of weeks instead of hours and developers can cooperate to solve assignments. Most companies today use recruitment tools created by external companies to facilitate their recruitment process. These tools are often rigid and cannot be adapted to the specific needs of the company. The consequences of these prebuilt tools have led to companies' rising desire to use an adaptable recruitment platform. The problem is that no such platform exists that provides a tool where companies can create their own assessments and adapt them according to their needs, with respect to the choice of tasks. The purpose of this thesis is to create an adaptable platform providing a tool for companies to use in their recruitment process, where tasks can be modified according to the requirements for the Recruit platform. The goal is to facilitate the recruitment process by creating an adaptable and expandable tool. The project strategy used for the development of the platform was an agile method inspired by Scrum. The development process resulted in a platform called Recruit that was built with a microservice architecture that fulfilled all the requirements for the functionality. This thesis was conducted on behalf of Knightec. The focus lies in building the platform with microservices using the cloud computing infrastructure of Amazon Web Services. The platform was built around social events where candidates can play a game proving their coding and problem-solving abilities. The implemented game supports different levels of difficulty and is accessed through API (Application Programming Interface) requests. Instead of candidates focusing on how to use the platform, the difficulty in the challenge lies in the focus of the candidates’ ability to create a solution to play the game. The development method used in this thesis is an agile method inspired by Scrum that is a part of a project method. The project method consists of five phases where the platform was designed and implemented, and lastly evaluated. The evaluation of this thesis concerned the project evaluation, prototype evaluation, and requirements evaluation. To prove that the requirements of the platform were fulfilled, semi-open interviews were conducted as well as acceptance tests. The discussion concerning the type of game resulted in implementing a turn-based single-player game, because of the increased complexity of implementing real-time or multiplayer games. / Den hastiga tillväxten av teknikindustrin har lett till en brist på kvalificerade utvecklare. För att anställa utvecklare med lämplig kompetens behövs noga utvalda tester. Idag existerar många verktyg som företag kan använda i deras rekryteringsprocess. Dessa verktyg är vanligtvis förbyggda och därmed inte anpassningsbara, samt speglar inte verkligheten korrekt. En arbetsuppgift, enligt verkligheten, har ofta en varaktighet på flera veckor snarare än timmar och utvecklarna kan samarbeta för att lösa uppgiften. Idag använder de flesta företag rekryteringsverktyg skapade av externa företag för att underlätta deras rekryteringsprocess. Dessa verktyg är ofta fasta och kan därför inte anpassas utefter företagets behov. Konsekvensen av dessa förbyggda verktyg har lett till ett begär hos företagen att använda anpassningsbara rekryteringsplattformar. Problemet är att ingen sådan plattform, som tillhandahåller ett verktyg där företag kan konstruera och skapa sina tester utefter behov, med hänsyn till val av test, existerar. Syftet med det här projektet är att skapa en anpassningsbar plattform som tillhandahåller ett verktyg, där företag kan modifiera sina tester utefter krav och använda dem i deras rekryteringsprocess. Målet är att underlätta rekryteringsprocessen genom att skapa en anpassningsbar plattform och ett expanderbart verktyg. Projekt-strategin som använts för att utveckla plattformen var en agil metod inspirerad av Scrum. Utvecklingsprocessen resulterade i plattformen Recruit som byggdes med en mikrotjänstarkitektur där alla krav uppfylldes. Det här examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av Knightec. Fokuset var att bygga plattformen med mikrotjänster genom att använda Amazon Web Services molnbaserade infrastruktur. Plattformen byggdes runt sociala evenemang där kandidater kan spela ett spel för att bevisa deras kodnings- och problemlösningsförmåga. Det implementerade spelet stödjer olika nivåer av svårighetsgrad och nås via API (Application Programming Interface) anrop. I stället för att kandidaterna ska fokusera på hur plattformen används, gör svårighetsgraden i utmaningen att kandidaternas förmåga till att konstruera en lösning för att spela spelet, hamnar i fokus. Utvecklingsmetoden som användes i detta examensarbete är en agil metod som är inspirerad av Scrum och är en del av en projektmetod. Projektmetoden bestod av fem faser där plattformen designades och implementerades, och till sist evaluerades. Evalueringen av det här examensarbetet omfattade projektevaluering, prototypevaluering, och kravevaluering. För att visa på att kraven för plattformen var uppfyllda genomfördes semi-öppna intervjuer, samt acceptanstester. Diskussionen kring typen av spel resulterade i en implementation av ett turbaserat enmansspel eftersom komplexiteten ökade med realtid- eller flermansspel.
224

Factors Behind Successful Software-as-a-Service Integrations : A Case Study of a SaaS Integration at Scania

Axbrink, William January 2022 (has links)
The topic of this thesis is to evaluate Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) integrations in order to create a set of guidelines to help ease the integration of SaaS systems into internal in-house developed systems. It was achieved by performing a case study on a successful SaaS integration to locate relevant success factors to incorporate into upcoming SaaS integrations. The primary findings included a focus on the usage of standard solutions, experienced cooperation from the SaaS contractor and tactical usage of technical debt that extends the whole life cycle. While there are many success factors that aided to create a successful integration, there are still drawbacks to certain techniques that will have to be decided by the specific integrations requirements if the trade-off is worth it. There were other success factors that weighted in but was not crucial to the success, and certain factors that should be treated with caution due to the harmful effect it might have upon the project. Using the factors found in the case study, a set of guidelines with a focus on the processes and work methodology were created to ease future SaaS integrations for organizations and institutions. / Ämnet för detta arbete är att utvärdera Software-as-a-Service-integrationer (SaaS) för att kunna skapa en uppsättning av riktlinjer för att underlätta framtida SaaS-integrationer till internt utvecklade system. Detta uppnåddes genom att utföra en fallstudie på en framgångsrik SaaS-integration för att kunna lära sig vilka relevanta framgångsfaktorer förekom och kan användas i generalla SaaS-integrationer. De främsta resultaten inkluderade ett fokus på att använda standardlösningar, erfarna SaaS-leverantörer som underlättar implementering samt ett taktiskt användande av teknisk skuld för att möta deadlines och funktionella krav. Även om det finns flera framgångsfaktorer som hjälpt till att skapa en framgångsrik integration så har även vissa av dessa faktorer nackdelar med vissa tekniska egenskaper, där prioriteringarna i projektet måste besluta ifall nyttjande av dessa faktorer är värt konsekvenserna. Det fanns även andra framgångsfaktorer som vägde in men som inte var avgörande för framgången och vissa motgångsfaktorer som bör undvikas på grund av de negativa effekter som kan förekomma. Med hjälp av faktorerna som funnits i fallstudien skapades en uppsättning av riktlinjer med fokus på processen och arbetsmetodiken i syfte att underlätta framtida SaaS-integrationer för organisationer och institutioner.
225

[pt] ESTUDO DA CORROSÃO INDUZIDA POR MICROOGANISMOS EM AÇOS GRAU API / [en] STUDY OF MICROBIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION IN API STEELS PIPES

03 November 2021 (has links)
[pt] Em tubulações industriais e dutos, a presença de biofilme pode ocasionar danos localizados (pites e alvéolos), levando a vazamentos e redução da área de fluxo devido à formação de biomassa. Aços grau API são os materiais usualmente utilizados nas tubulações industriais e dutos que podem ser afetados pelo fenômeno de corrosão induzida por microrganismos (CIM). A CIM ocorre devido a interações entre os grupos microbianos presentes no biofilme formado, a liberação de produtos metabolitos, e a relação destes com a superfície do metal. Foi realizado um estudo do comportamento de aços graus API B, X-65 e X-80, em presença de água do mar sintética com adição de cultura mista de bactérias (BRS; BPF; BPA) em sistema dinâmico, e comparados com meio sem adição de microrganismos. Foram realizadas analises químicas do fluido de processo e a quantificação microbiana das bactérias planctônicas e sésseis que demonstraram a relação entre os grupos bacterianos dentro dos biofilmes formados e sua cinética ao longo do tempo. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de dispersão de energia foi aplicada para visualização do biofilme e seus produtos de corrosão. A extensão, severidade e morfologia da corrosão dos aços API foi avaliada por microscopia ótica, sendo possível relacionar o efeito no processo corrosivo com o consorcio de microrganismos presente, tendo sido ainda avaliado a influência da microestrutura dos diferentes aços nos sítios preferenciais de nucleação de pites. / [en] In industrial and transportation pipelines, the presence of biofilms may cause localized damage (pitting), leading to leakages and reduction of flow area due to the formation of biomass. API grade steels pipes are the materials commonly used in industrial and transportation pipelines and may be affected by this type of phenomenon. The microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) occurs due to interactions between the microbial groups present in the biofilm, the release of metabolites and their relation with the metal surface. The present work study of the behavior of API pipe steels degrees B, X-65 and X-80 in synthetic sea water containing mixed culture of bacteria (SRB, APB, IOB) carried out on a dynamic system and compared to medium without added microorganisms. Chemical analysis of the process fluid and quantification of microbial planktonic and sessile bacteria performed showed the relation between bacterial groups within biofilms and their kinetics over time. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy was applied for visualization of biofilms and their corrosion products. The extent, severity and morphology of corrosion of API pipe steels were assessed by optical microscopy, being possible to relate the effect of the consortium of microorganisms on the corrosion process. Also the influence of microstructure of different steels in preferential nucleation sites for pitting were evaluated.
226

Datové rozhraní pro sdílení "městských dat" / Data Interface for Sharing of "City Data"

Fiala, Jan January 2021 (has links)
The goal of this thesis is to explore existing solutions of closed and open data sharing, propose options of sharing non-public data, implement selected solution and demonstrate the functionality of the system for sharing closed data. Implementation output consist of a catalog of non-public datasets, web application for administration of non-public datasets, application interface gateway and demonstration application.
227

[en] WELDABILITY ANALISES OF API 5L X-80 STEEL USING TEKKEN TEST AND IMPLANT TEST / [pt] ANÁLISE DA SOLDABILIDADE DO AÇO API 5L X-80 POR MEIO DOS TESTES TEKKEN E DE IMPLANTE

GISELLE CALOI 28 October 2008 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da soldabilidade do aço API 5L X-80 utilizando os Testes Tekken e de Implante. A pesquisa avalia a soldabilidade do aço X-80 para a soldagem circunferencial com eletrodo revestido e arame tubular com relação à formação de trincas induzidas por hidrogênio. O objetivo é viabilizar diferentes opções de processos de soldagem para o aço em questão. Para o Teste Tekken foram soldados dois pares de chapas pelo processo SMAW utilizando o consumível E8010-G e mais dois pares pelo processo FCAW-G com o consumível E101T1-GM-H8. Para o Teste de Implante foram utilizados três chapas de suporte e dez implantes, sendo que quatro implantes foram soldados pelo processo SMAW com E8010-G e seis pelo processo FCAW- G com E101T1- GM-H8. Todos os implantes apresentavam 6 mm de diâmetro. Para todos os testes a temperatura de preaquecimento foi de 100°C. A quantidade de hidrogênio difusível nos metais de solda produzidos pelos dois consumíveis foi medida pelo processo de Cromatografia Gasosa. Após a realização dos testes, todas as amostras foram observadas sem e com ataque no MO e no MEV para que as trincas induzidas por hidrogênio na ZTA e no MS (no caso do Teste Tekken) pudessem ser analisadas e medidas. A partir desse procedimento foi possível observar que todas as amostras apresentaram trincas transgranulares com comprimentos da ordem de 17,68 um, muito pequenas e improváveis de serem prejudiciais ao aço. Isso possibilita dizer que o aço X- 80 pode ser soldado utilizando os consumíveis avaliados, sem riscos de danos maiores para o material. / [en] This work shows a study of the weldability of API 5L X-80 steel using the Tekken Test and the Implant Test. The research analises the weldability of HSLA X-80 steel for orbital circunferencial welding with the Shielded Metal Arc Weld and the Flux Core Arc Weld processes with regard to hydrogen induced cracking formation. The aim is to make feasible different options of welding process for the steel at issue. For the Tekken Test two pairs of plates were welded by SMAW process using E8010-G consumable and two more pairs by FCAW- G process using E101-T1-GM-H8. The Implant Test used three base plates and ten implants, being four implants welded by SMAW process and with E8010-G consumable and six by FCAW-G process with E101T1-GM-H8 consumable. All the implants have 6 mm of diameter. For all tests the preheating temperature was 100°C. The diffusible hydrogen content deposited by both consumables was measured by the Gas Chromatography Method. After the tests all the samples were examined without and with attack by means of optical microscope and SEM to allow hydrogen induced cracking in the HAZ and in the weld metal (for Tekken Test) to be viewed and measured. By means of this procedure it was possible to observe that all samples showed transgranular cracking with length of 17,68 um, too small and unlikely to the be bad to the steel. It allows saying that X-80 steel can be welded using the consumables tested, without a risk of damage of the material.
228

Caracterização mecânica e microestrutural de juntas tubulares soldadas em aço API 5L Grau B com base na norma Petrobrás N-2301 / Mechanical and microstructural characterization of tubular welded joints on API 5L grade B steel based on Brazilian National Standard Petrobras N-2301

Sgobbi, Alexandre Amaral 22 April 2015 (has links)
Para a certificação de um procedimento de soldagem, quer seja de alta responsabilidade na soldagem de oleodutos e gasodutos em tubulações de aço carbono ou para um uso rotineiro e diário em fábricas e oficinas, deve ser realizada uma análise profunda dos fenômenos ocorridos no material de base (MB), no metal de adição (MA) e na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC). Por meio desta análise criteriosa na qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem, o procedimento é liberado para ser utilizado, seja qual for o objetivo final da soldagem. Apenas com a Especificação do Procedimento de Soldagem (EPS) qualificada em mãos é possível iniciar os trabalhos de soldagem, e caso esta seja seguida integralmente, o sucesso do processo está a um passo de se concretizar. Para demonstração desta interação existente entre qualificação, análise dos resultados, aprovação dos ensaios e aprovação da especificação, foi desenvolvido este trabalho utilizando o material de base na forma tubular API 5L Gr. B soldado com os processos eletrodo revestido (SMAW) e arame tubular autoprotegido (FCAW-S). Foi utilizada uma junta tubular como exemplo de estudo e qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem baseado na documentação contida na norma da Petrobrás N-2301 e em outros códigos e normas, que regem a qualificação do processo de soldagem utilizado em refinarias e plantas de produção brasileiras. Foram estudados em conjunto os resultados obtidos por meio de ensaios mecânicos, ensaios não destrutivos e microestruturais. Ambas as Especificações dos Procedimentos de Soldagem preliminares (pEPS), estabelecidas antes do início da soldagem dos dois processos de soldagem, foram aprovadas e qualificadas, satisfazendo as características macro e microscópicas, metalúrgicas e mecânicas da junta soldada. / A comprehensive analysis of the phenomena occurring in the base metal (MB), filler metal (FM) and the heat affected zone (HAZ) should be conducted to provide the qualification of the welding procedure, either in high-demand carbon steel oil & gas pipelines or standard factory & workshop daily, usual operation. By means of this thorough welding procedure qualification, the process will be released, whatever the ultimate goal of welding. Only after the welding procedure specification (WPS) is qualified, is possible to start any welding work, and being the norm fully observed, the process is nearly to start successfully. The present work has been elaborated to demonstrate the interaction of qualification, result analysis, tests and specification approval, by applying the following elements: tubular base metal API 5L grade B welded with Shielded Metal Arc Welding process (SMAW) and self-shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding process (FCAW-S). A tubular joint was used as sample for a welding procedure qualification studies based on technical documentation specified on Petrobras N-2301, a Brazilian standard, and any others codes and standards that rule welding qualification on refineries & production plants of this company. The results obtained through mechanical testing, non-destructive testing and microstructure were studied together. Both preliminary welding procedure specifications (pWPS) established before the welding of these two welding processes, have been approved and qualified. The support given by welding qualification record (WQR) allows the joints to be welded in production, and result in reliable weld bead that satisfy the macro & microscopic, metallurgical and mechanical characteristics.
229

Estudo da soldabilidade do tubo API 5L X80 utilizando os processos de soldagem: MAG com transferência controlada e eletrodo tubular. / Study of the weldability of API 5L X80 pipe using the gmaw-stt and fcaw welding process.

Rocha, David Bellentani 11 March 2010 (has links)
Os tubos API 5L X80, construídos com aços alta resistência e baixa liga, são especificados para a construção de dutos para transporte de petróleo e derivados sob alta pressão, com conseqüente redução no peso dos tubos. O processo mais empregado para a soldagem circunferencial de tubos em campo no Brasil é o processo com eletrodo revestido, tanto para o passe de raiz quanto para os passes de enchimento. Uma alternativa para o passe de raiz é o processo de soldagem MAG com Transferência Controlada (MAG-TC), enquanto que o enchimento pode ser feito com o processo de soldagem utilizando eletrodo tubular (AT), tanto o auto-protegido (AT-AP) como o com proteção gasosa (AT-PG). Esta combinação de processos (MAG-TC + AT) apresenta-se como um promissor substituto do processo de soldagem com eletrodo revestido, reunindo alta qualidade do metal de solda depositado e alta produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a soldabilidade do tubo API 5L X80 nacional, com 508 mm (20\") de diâmetro e 19 mm (3/4\") de espessura, comparando-se duas combinações de processos de soldagem circunferencial: MAG-TC + AT-PG e MAG-TC + AT-AP. A soldagem foi realizada com o arame ER80S-G no passe de raiz e processo MAG-TC com proteção de CO2. O enchimento foi feito com os arames E101T1-GM-H8 (com proteção gasosa) e E91T8-G (auto-protegido). Foram fixadas as temperaturas de pré-aquecimento (150 °C) e interpasse (250 °C) para ambas combinações de processos de soldagem. As juntas foram caracterizadas utilizando-se: análise química, saturação magnética, metalografia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e ensaios mecânicos: dureza Vickers, tração, dobramento, nick-break e ensaio de impacto a 0°C. Foi seguido como referência os requisitos técnicos básicos para a qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem conforme a norma API 1104. Os resultados mostraram que, segundo os critérios da norma API 1104, apenas uma das combinações de processos foi aprovada, sendo a outra reprovada no ensaio nick-break devido à ocorrência de falta de fusão na raiz de um dos quadrantes. O processo MAG-TC na raiz exige uma habilidade específica do soldador. / API 5L X80 pipes, built with high strength - low alloy steel, are specified for the construction of pipelines to transport oil and oil products under high pressure, with consequent reduction in weight of the tubes. The most often pipeline construction used for welding circumferential pipe field in Brazil is the SMAW process, for root and filling passes. An alternative welding process to the root pass is the GMAW-STT® process, while the filling passes can be welded with FCAW-G (Flux Cored Arc Welding with Gas shielding) and FCAWS (Flux Cored Arc Welding with Self shielding). This combination of processes (GMAW-STT® + FCAW) is presented as a promising substitute for the SMAW process, bringing high-quality weld metal deposited and high productivity. The objective of this work is to study the weldability of the Brazilian API 5L X80 pipe, with 508 mm (20 inches) in diameter and 19 mm (3 / 4 inch) thick, comparing the two combinations of circumferential welding processes: GMAWSTT ® + FCAW-G and GMAW-STT® + FCAW-S. The welding was done with the ER80S-G wire in the root pass and process GMAW-STT® using pure CO2 as shielding gas. The filling passes were made with the wires E101T1-GM-H8 for FCAW-G and E91T8-G for FCAW-S. Preheat and interpass temperatures were kept constant, respectively 150 °C and 250 °C for both welding processes combinations. The joints were characterized using: chemical analysis, magnetic saturation, optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy and mechanical tests such as: Vickers hardness, tensile, bending, nick-break and Charpy V test at 0°C. It was followed API 1104 standard as reference to the basic technical requirements for the qualification of a welding procedures. The results showed that, according to the criteria of the API 1104 standard, only one combination of the two processes was approved. The other combination was reproved in the nick-break test due to lack of fusion occurred in one of the quadrants in the root pass. The GMAW-STT® process at the root pass requires a specific skill of the welder.
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Estudo do comportamento mecânico do aço API 5L X56 utilizado na fabricação de tubulações / Study on the mechanical behavior of API 5L X56 steel used for pipeline manufacturing

Ferreira, Luiz Gustavo 24 February 2014 (has links)
Os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) utilizados em tubos para linhas de transmissão, ou seja, transferência e transporte de petróleo e gás, são especificados pela American Petroleum Institute (API) através da norma API 5L. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo da influência da têmpera e da nitretação no comportamento mecânico do aço API 5L X56. A microestrutura, os compostos formados com a nitretação e os mecanismos de fratura foram analisadas usando microscopia óptica, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura respectivamente. As amostras foram caracterizadas mecanicamente por testes de microdureza, tração, impacto e fadiga. Os resultados revelaram que apenas a têmpera promoveu modificações severas na microestrutura em relação à como recebida, formando bainita, martensita e constituinte M-A. A camada nitretada apresentou profundidade de 25 ?m e formação dos nitretos Fe3N e Fe4N. Houve aumento da microdureza, resistência mecânica com os tratamentos, juntamente com a diminuição da tenacidade e também houve um melhoramento na vida em fadiga para as duas amostras tratadas termicamente e superficialmente. Os mecanismos de fratura variaram de dúctil à frágil e em fadiga foi observado que as trincas nuclearam a partir da superfície para todas as amostras. / The high strength and low alloy steel (HSLA) used in pipeline for line transmission, there is transference and transportation of oil and gas, they are specified by American Petroleum Institute (API) through norm API 5L. In this work it was conducted a study of the nitriding and quenching influence on the mechanical behavior of API 5L X56. The microstructure, compounds made with the nitriding and the mechanisms failure were analyzed using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively. The samples were mechanical characterized by microhardness, tensile, impact and fatigue test. The results revealed that only quenching treatment promoted severe modifications in microstructure in relation to as received, making up bainite, martensite and M-A constituent. The nitriding layer showed depth of 25 ?m and formation of Fe3N e Fe4N nitrides. There was an increasing of microhardness and mechanical strength with the treatments, along with the decreasing of toughness and there was also an improvement in fatigue life for the two samples heat e surface treated. The failure mechanisms varied from ductile to brittle and in fatigue was observed that the cracks nuclear from the surface to all samples.

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