The purpose of this paper is to investigate how dimensions of Country of Origin Image (COI) can impact the purchase propensity of consumers. Drawing on the literature of international marketing, consumer behaviour, and social psychology, an experiment with a three-product category (experiential, functional, and symbolic) was designed to analyse purchase propensity of Swedish consumers for Brazilian products. To collect the data, Swedish consumers divided into three groups were part of the experiment. Each group had contact with one product category having five advertisements with different appeals, answering a survey sent via e-mail. Overall, COI appeals was found to have a higher purchase propensity benefit than no COI. Evidence was found that dimensions have different purchase propensity benefit among the product categories. The findings offer evidence that in a cultural distance setting, COI appeals should be implemented for the increase of purchase propensity, with adaptation based on context. / <p>Due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the presentation took place on-line, in a Zoom conference.</p>

Background: Sustainability within the skincare industry is an important theme in marketing research. Sustainability sells, but it is necessary to understand how brands can drive consumer engagement on Instagram by using certain appeals. As social media has revolutionized the way consumers interact with brands, engaging online today represents a fundamental factor for a company’s success. Consequently, this study explored in particular CBE of green skincare brands with regards to female European millennials. As we were the first to research the context of three highly relevant fields in today’s time, which are sustainability, Instagram and skincare in the European setting, we contribute with new significant findings. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand which appeals drive millennial’s CBE of green skincare brands on Instagram. Thus, particularly green company-created content was examined. Method: The method chosen to answer our study purpose was semi-structured interviews. Therefore, 18 female European millennials have been interviewed to understand their thoughts and opinions concerning our purpose. Hence our study was based on an interpretivist philosophy while an inductive approach was followed. In addition, deductive elements loosely framed this qualitative study, given existing literature in respective fields of this research. Finally, we concluded this study with a conceptual framework, created upon our empirical findings. Conclusion: The results show that in specific three different types of appeals could be identified to drive CBE of green skincare brands on Instagram. These are Affective, Identification, Spokesperson &amp; Trust as well as Factual. With regards to our CBE conceptualization, these three themes all drive CBE to a different extent in terms of cognitive processing, affectionand activation. All in all, this study could identify Affective to be the most relevant appeal in terms of driving CBE as well as affection being the only CBE dimension, which can be driven by all three themes. Green skincare brands can use these findings to understand which appeals drive engagement while also raising awareness around sustainability-related topics.

Two obstructionist ways of doing politics on contentious wildlife management issues currently reflect a legitimacy deficit in official channels for public engagement. The first is that of a pernicious “direct-action” politics, in the form of resort by hunters in rural Sweden to illegal killings of protected wolves over whose policy they contest. The second obstruction is when environmental non-governmental organizations routinely file appeals in higher-level courtrooms contesting democratically mandated wolf cull decisions. Although markedly different when it comes to their categorically deliberative values as well as fidelity to the law, we argue both extra-legal and the litigative phenomena reflect disenfranchisement with the participation channels in which such controversies may be resolved through a public dialogue. We also argue that both possess negative systemic deliberative value inasmuch as they frustrate goals of reaching deliberative consensus, by contributing to a stalled public communication on wolf management. We address this deficit by appeal to recent developments in the theory and practice of mini-publics that promote both the categorical and systemic deliberative value of channeling contestation. In particular, we appeal to a novel conception of hunter-initiated, but citizen controlled, mini-publics as a vehicle for re-starting stalled public communication on wolf conservation.

No description available.

Background: Environmental sustainability and climate change are of increasing concern. The agriculture and food sector generate a large negative impact on the environment, and whilst the awareness is increasing, limited change in behaviour is visible. This resulted in the exploration of opportunities in relation to this topic, where meat consumption, meat substitutes and reactions to messaging are the main focus.  Purpose: From an environmentally sustainable perspective, to understand how European Millennial and Gen Z consumers react to message appeals on the packaging of meat substitutes, by using the PMT.  Method: A qualitative approach was followed to understand the reactions from European Millennial and Gen Z consumers when showing different message appeals on the packaging of meat substitutes. To explore their feelings, attitudes and perception towards these message appeals, and how this could influence their reaction, semi-structured interviews were conducted.  Conclusion: The results show that message appeals are effective when applying PMT to explore the reaction to reduce meat consumption. The emotional appeal was found to be the most effective. The informational appeal is moderately effective as the effectiveness depends on presentation and communication, and reduce appeal is found ineffective.

I juni 2022 fastställde Svea hovrätt en dom i två mål (ÖH 14593–20 och ÖH 1854–21) om presumtionshyra. Utgången i målen förändrade hyresregleringen. Domen gällde den årliga hyresutvecklingen av presumtionshyror. Före domen ökade de hyror som omfattas av presumtionshyra årligen med samma procentsats som övriga hyror som klassas som jämförelsematerial på samma ort. Till följd av hovrättens dom kan presumtionshyrorna inte fullt ut följa den allmänna hyresutvecklingen för andra hyreslägenheter på orten. För att besvara studiens syfte och motsäga hypotesen har en litteraturstudie samt intervjustudie tillämpats. Studiens hypotes lyder: Svea hovrätts dom har ingen effekt på värderingar av fastigheter med presumtionshyra, minskad byggvilja och framtida användning av presumtionshyra. Respondenterna till studiens intervjuer är fastighetsbolag, fastighetsrådgivare, en intresseorganisation och bankväsendet. Med hjälp av intervjuresultaten erhölls information om domens konsekvenser. Dessutom utfördes en simulering genom en kassaflödesanalys som påvisar hur stora effekter domen kan ha till följd av Svea hovrätts beräkningsmodell. Resultatet av studien visar att domen har påverkat bostadsmarknaden, men det är svårt att påvisa i vilken utsträckning. Det är tydligt att domen har skapat större osäkerhet på en redan osäker fastighetsmarknad. Studien visar bland annat på konsekvenser som minskade fastighetsvärderingar av fastigheter med presumtionshyra, minskad byggvilja och minskad framtida användning av presumtionshyra. Respondenterna uppskattar att värdeminskningen på bostadsmarknaden ligger runt 10%, men på grund av simuleringen och osäkerheten kring få genomförda transaktioner kan den faktiska minskningen vara större. Studien indikerar att det minskade bostadsbyggandet, särskilt hyresrätter, kan bero på en kombination av faktorer som finansiell osäkerhet, ökade finansieringskostnader och inverkan av presumtionshyresdomen. I framtiden förväntas andra hyressättningsmetoder än presumtionshyra användas mer. Sedan domen kom har transaktionsmarknaden varit nästintill obefintligt. Vidare studier som fokuserar på återhämtningen av transaktionsmarknaden efter domen skulle bidra till att klargöra domens och marknadens långsiktiga effekter. Genom att analysera transaktioner av aktuella fastigheter över en viss tidsperiod efter domen kan en mer exakt kartläggning av studiens problematik kartläggas. / In June 2022, the Svea Court of Appeal confirmed a judgment on presumption rent in two cases (ÖH 14593-20 and ÖH 1854-21). The outcome of the cases changed rent regulations. The judgment concerned the annual rent development of presumption rents. Before the judgment, the rents covered by presumption rent increased annually by the same percentage as other rents classified as comparative material in the same location. As a result of the Court of Appeal's judgment, the presumption rents cannot fully follow the general rent development for other rental apartments in the locality. To answer the purpose of the study and contradict the hypothesis, a literature study, and an interview study have been applied. The hypothesis of the study is: The Svea Court of Appeal's judgment has no effect on valuations of properties with presumption rent, reduced willingness to build, and future use of presumption rent. The respondents to the study's interviews are real estate companies, real estate advisors, an interest organization, and the banking sector. Information on the consequences of the judgment was obtained using the interview results. In addition, a simulation was performed through a cash flow analysis that demonstrates how large the effects of the judgment can be because of the Svea Court of Appeal's calculation model. The results of the study show that the judgment has affected the housing market, but it is difficult to demonstrate to what extent. The judgment has created greater uncertainty in an already uncertain property market. The study shows consequences such as reduced property valuations of properties with presumption rent, reduced willingness to build, and reduced future use of presumption rent. The respondents estimate that the decrease in value of the housing market is around 10%, but due to the simulation and the uncertainty of a few completed transactions, the actual decrease may be higher. The study indicates that the decline in housing construction, especially rental housing, could be due to a combination of factors such as financial uncertainty, increased financing costs, and the impact of the judgment. The use of rent-setting methods other than presumption rent is expected to increase in the future. Since the judgment last year, the transaction market has been almost non-existent. Further studies focusing on the recovery of the transaction market after the judgment would help to clarify the long-term effects of the judgment and the market. By analyzing transactions of theproperties in question over a certain period after the judgment, a more precise mapping of the problems of the study can be identified.

Marketing appeals often capitalize upon nostalgia. By highlighting periods of the past, practitioners hope to elicit positive associations in the minds of consumers between the past and desired responses, from purchases to donations to political support. Though less often, marketing appeals also draw upon the future as a way of making the featured good or service more appealing to potential consumers. Could these different temporal distances into the future or into the past impact the reaction of consumers? Could the context of a product being either hedonic or utilitarian have an influence on the outcome of these past or future based appeals? Further, in the case of balanced products with relatively equal hedonic and utilitarian natures, could the pairing of appeals related to different lengths of time into the past or future with hedonic or utilitarian appeal influence consumers as well? Exploring these possibilities through qualitative in-depth interviews with practitioners and consumers offers the potential to find answers and add to the body of knowledge. The fundamental premise of Construal Level Theory (Trope and Liberman, 2000) comes into play in this pursuit. Construal Level Theory states that psychological distance, be it temporal, spatial, social, or hypothetical (Trope, Liberman, and Wakslak, 2007) has an impact upon the decision-making outcomes of individuals due to their perception of the issues involved as being either abstract or concrete. It is in this context that this dissertation investigates the use of past-based and future-based appeals of varying temporal distances in relation to products of either a hedonic or utilitarian nature, as well as appeals based on either utilitarian or hedonic motivations. As a result of this analysis temporal distance was revealed to play a role in consumer responses, but a different one than initially expected. Rather than the temporal direction of either past or future favoring hedonic or utilitarian products and messaging, the relative proximity to the present proved to be the more powerful influence. The nearuture and near-past advertising treatments offered advantages to hedonic products, and faruture and far-past advertising treatments offered advantages to utilitarian products.

No description available.

No description available.

"It is the purpose of this study to determine the type of appeal, the size and cost, the plan of insertions, and the extent superlatives are used in The Dallas Morning News used car advertisements of twenty automobile dealers during the month of April. Fourteen advertising appeals were used by the twenty automobile dealers advertising in The Dallas Morning News in the month of April. The fourteen appeals used were: efficiency, friendliness, style, curiosity, safety, convenience-comfort, economy reliability-reputation, durability-dependability, social distinction, fear-caution, ambition, pleasure, and family affection. The economy was the one most used appeal by the dealer. As shown in Table 12, the number of advertising appeals used corresponds or exceeds very little the total number of advertising insertions. Excepting one case, the dealers place the largest advertisements in the Sunday paper. The general procedure was that of placing large advertisements in the Sunday paper and smaller ones throughout the week. The total cost for the twenty automobile dealers was $6,452.08. The total advertising cost per dealer ranged from $38.20 to $1613.81. Only nine of the twenty dealers used superlatives in advertising during the month of April. The nine dealers used nine different superlatives for a total of 281 times."--leaves 1 and 35.