Rapid industrialization, breakthroughs in science and technological development have ushered in an era regarded as a technocratic age. The advent of a technocratic age has necessitated the acquisition of technologically appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes, and consequently it has become necessary to establish education systems that fulfil the demands set by technocratic age principles. Present-day education is typified by technocratic age imperatives which include meritocracy, specialization, vocationalism, professionalism and scientism. Technocratic age education is further characterized by mass education, free and compulsory education and greater bureaucratic control of education. In technocratic age education systems, entrance examinations are used to select learners for advanced education and training. It would appear that this takes place with little regard for the learner's personal worth or meeting the learner's distinctive needs. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6019.pdf: 797578 bytes, checksum: 4fc53c2f4e13e11bff760ff517a2ef95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-10 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Primary prevention aims to identify, remove or reduce the incidence of risk factors that produce conditions of adversity. These conditions enable the link with Special Education required, since researches on strategies that can minimize or prevent the impact and occurrence of environmental events in the typical child development are essential to prevent possible deficiencies. This research was divided into two studies, Study 1 and Study 2, wich aimed to develop, implement and assess an intervention with pregnant parents about child development and prevention of domestic violence against children. Study 1 participants were a teenager couple, both 20 years old and pregnant. It was used the CAP - Inventory (Children Abuse Potential) and KIDI (Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory), a Qualitative Inventory regarding differents aspects of the intervention from the parents point of view, and a field notebook for various notes during the intervention. The intervention program consisted of two thematic blocks: 1) Child Development (CD); and 2) Parental Practices (PP). 6 2- hour meetings have been conducted with the couple at their home. The meetings began and ended with the administration of the inventories in order to assess the intervention through pre, post, and followup test scores. Therefore, the two blocks had the same structure, namely: 1) pretest administration, 2) CD theoretical explanation, 3) CD practical approach, 4) PP theoretical explanation; 5) PP practical approach; and 6) posttest administration. Three months after the posttest, the instruments were readministered - that was referred to as the follow-up score. It was used a laptop, overhead projector, some illustrative videos, some toys such as dolls and their apparatus. The overall KIDI scores showed no changes from pre to posttest for both Father and Mother. Regarding the results of the CAP, both performances were low-risk at the three assessments. The qualitative data from the questionnaire showed that the intervention was assessed with the highest score on all criterias. Regarding Study 2, 8 pregnant mothers were recruited from a public healthcare system in a suburb of the city where the research was conducted, separated into experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) participated. Three mothers of GE and GC reported experiencing some form of violence during childhood. Regarding KIDI, three mothers of GE showed an increase in overall score on the post-test and two at follow-up had their scores even higher. In CAP, two GE mothers had scores above the cutoff score on the post-test, while at follow-up; three mothers were above the cutoff. Mothers of GE evaluated the intervention as "good" to "very good" in all aspects and the note given to group was 10. Two GC mothers in KIDI presented at posttest an increase in overall score and in the follow-up two mothers had overall scores increased. In CAP, two participants scored above the cutoff score at post-test, however at follow-up, all mothers had scores above the cutoff. The performance of GE participants in the KIDI may indicate that the intervention helped in some acquisition of knowledge about child development. GC Mothers, in contrast, had all the scores of the CAP Abuse above the cutoff score at follow-up, which may indicate a very positive point for intervention, since it can be attributed to participation in the group that some GE mothers had their scores reduced below the cutoff. On quantitative data, is perceived that the EG performed better than the GC, and whereas the means of GE in the post-test and follow-up are better than the pre-test. About the correlations of the categories of instruments KIDI and CAP, there was a negative correlation between standards and Abuse, Sorrow and Loneliness. The demographic data, there was a negative correlation between education and Abuse, Sorrow and Loneliness and positive between education level and Ego and Norms.Because of that, it is reiterate the importance of approaching mothers with knowledge about child development and appropriate parenting practices. It is noticed that for both the teen couple and the group of mothers, the intervention was positive, especially with the qualitative data, and the speeches of the participants of the two studies showed that the intervention had relevance. / A prevenção primária tem como objetivo identificar, remover ou reduzir a incidência de fatores de risco que produzem condições de adversidade. Essas condições tornam a ponte com a Educação Especial necessária, uma vez que a investigação a respeito de estratégias que possam minimizar ou impedir o impacto e a ocorrência de eventos ambientais para o desenvolvimento típico da criança são imprescindíveis para que haja a prevenção de possíveis danos ao desenvolvimento. A presente pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos, que tiveram por objetivo elaborar, implementar e avaliar uma capacitação para pais gestantes, acerca de temas sobre o desenvolvimento infantil e da prevenção de violência intrafamiliar contra crianças. Os participantes do Estudo 1 foram um casal adolescente, ambos de 20 anos, gestantes. Foram realizados seis encontros em domicílio com o casal (Mãe e Pai). Em ambos os estudos, a intervenção iniciou e finalizou com a aplicação dos instrumentos KIDI e CAP, a fim de avaliar a intervenção com medidas de pré e pós-teste e posteriormente no follow-up. Ainda foi aplicado um questionário qualitativo de avaliação da intervenção ao fim da primeira etapa e da segunda, bem como utilizado um diário de campo para as eventuais anotações durante a intervenção. Nos encontros dos dois estudos, foram passados vídeos, exibições em PowerPoint® e realizados roleplays e atividades para melhor ilustrar o conteúdo das exibições. Os escores do KIDI não mostraram mudanças do pré para o pós-teste de Pai e Mãe, a qual obteve um aumento no followup. Em relação aos resultados do CAP, ambos os desempenhos foram de baixo risco nas três avaliações. Os dados qualitativos do questionário mostraram que a intervenção foi avaliada com pontuação máxima em todos os quesitos. Em relação ao Estudo 2, participaram oito mães gestantes selecionadas em uma Unidade Saúde da Família de um bairro periférico da cidade em que a pesquisa foi conduzida, separadas em quatro participantes do Grupo Experimental (GE) e quatro do Grupo Controle (GC). Três mães do GE e uma do GC relataram ter sofrido algum tipo de violência durante a infância. Com relação ao KIDI, três mães do GE apresentaram um aumento no escore geral no pósteste e duas no follow-up tiveram seus escores ainda maiores. No CAP, duas mães do GE tiveram escores acima da nota de corte no pós-teste, enquanto no follow-up, três mães ficaram acima da nota de corte. As mães do GE avaliaram a intervenção de bom a muito bom em todos os quesitos e a nota dada a grupo foi 10. Duas mães do GC, no KIDI, apresentaram no pós-teste um aumento no escore geral e no follow-up, duas mães tiveram escores gerais aumentados. No CAP, duas participantes tiveram escores elevados no pós-teste, entretanto no follow-up, todas as mães tiveram seus escores elevados. O desempenho das participantes do GE no KIDI pode indicar que a intervenção ajudou na aquisição de conhecimentos sobre o desenvolvimento infantil. As mães do GC, em contrapartida, tiveram todos os escores gerais do CAP de Abuso acima da nota de corte no follow-up, o que pode indicar um ponto bastante positivo para a intervenção, já que pode ser atribuída a participação no grupo que algumas mães do GE tenham seus escores diminuídos para baixo da nota de corte. Sobre os dados quantitativos, percebe-se que o GE teve melhor desempenho que o GC, ainda que as médias do GE no pós-teste e follow-up são melhores que no pré-teste. Sobre as correlações das categorias dos instrumentos KIDI e CAP, houve correlação negativa entre Normas e Abuso, Sofrimento e Solidão. Nos dados sociodemográficos, houve correlação negativa entre escolaridade e Abuso, Sofrimento e Solidão e positiva entre escolaridade e Ego e Normas. Reitera-se a relevância de se aproximar mães aos conhecimentos sobre o desenvolvimento infantil e práticas parentais adequadas. Percebe-se que tanto para o casal adolescente, quando para o grupo de mães, a intervenção foi positiva, sendo que principalmente os dados qualitativos, com as falas dos participantes dos dois estudos, apresentaram que a intervenção teve relevância. Assim, indica-se que pesquisas com a temática da prevenção da violência sejam realizadas.

O tema Políticas Públicas de Inclusão Digital no Brasil tem chamado bastante à atenção, posto que a inserção das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) é uma realidade nas sociedades modernas. Atualmente, está sob a responsabilidade do Governo Federal cerca de 17 programas voltados para a inclusão digital. Entretanto, 42% da população do país nunca acessaram a internet. Assim, a importância desta pesquisa está na possibilidade de produzir reflexões sobre a realidade das políticas públicas em âmbitos regionais e locais. Desta forma, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a implementação das políticas públicas de inclusão digital existentes no Litoral do Paraná, examinando se elas contemplam três dimensões: técnica (disponibilização de acesso à computadores, internet e noções básicas de informática), econômica (acesso à equipamentos e internet a preços subsidiados) e cognitiva (acesso aos cursos avançados por meio da apropriação crítica da tecnologia). Para tanto, a investigação se iniciou com a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o que possibilitou a realização de diálogos com autores que discutem as seguintes temáticas: políticas públicas, inclusão digital, exclusão digital, sociedade da informação, dentre outras. Após, deu-se início o mapeamento dos programas de inclusão digital existentes no Brasil, focando no Litoral do Paraná. O mapeamento foi realizado por meio do Mapa da Inclusão Digital (MID) do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT), pela Secretária de Assuntos Estratégicos do Estado do Paraná e pelas prefeituras dos municípios do litoral paranaense, possibilitando a recuperação de 33 endereços de Pontos de Inclusão Digital (PIDs). Em seguida foi empreendida a pesquisa de campo. Foram solicitados e analisados documentos referentes aos PIDs e realizadas observações participantes nos locais e entrevistas com os agentes que atuam diretamente com programas de inclusão digital. A pesquisa revelou que os programas de inclusão digital no Litoral do Paraná propendem maior atendimento à dimensão técnica, não contemplando plenamente as dimensões econômica e cognitiva. Demonstrou que o foco das políticas, em geral, está voltado para um tipo específico de equipamento, o computador de mesa, não pensado na inclusão digital a partir de outras perspectivas de TICs. Revelou ainda a existência do sombreamento de uma política sobre a outra e que elas vêm sendo implementadas de forma geral em todas as localidades, não se fazendo um estudo das especificidades e necessidades locais. Concluiu-se que, na prática, a inclusão digital no litoral do Paraná é deficitária e está mais centrada na universalização da tecnologia do que na apropriação crítica dela, pois a maioria dos programas tem fomentado ações que apenas disponibilizam o acesso aos computadores e à internet. / The issue of Public Policies for Digital Inclusion in Brazil has drawn considerable attention, since the inclusion of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a reality in modern societies. It is currently under the responsibility of the Federal Government about 17 programs for digital inclusion. However, 42% of the population never accessed the Internet. Thus, the importance of this research lies in the possibility of producing reflections on the reality of public policies at regional and local levels. In this way, the survey aimed to analyze the implementation of public policies for existing digital inclusion in the Coast of Paraná, examining whether they include three dimensions: technical (providing access to computers, internet and computer basics), economic (access equipment and internet at subsidized prices) and cognitive (access to advanced courses through critical appropriation of technology). Therefore, the investigation began with bibliographic and documentary research, which allowed conducting dialogues with authors who discuss the following topics: public policy, digital inclusion, digital divide, information society, among others. After, work began mapping the existing programs for digital inclusion in Brazil, focusing on the Coast of Paraná. The mapping was carried out through the Map of Digital Inclusion (MID) of the Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology (IBICT), the Secretary of the State of Paraná Strategic Affairs and the municipal governments of Paraná coast, enabling 33 recovery Digital Inclusion Points addresses (PIDs). Then it was undertaken field research. Documents were requested and analyzed regarding the PIDs and conducted participant observation and interviews with the local agents who work directly with digital inclusion programs. The survey revealed that digital inclusion programs in the Coast of Paraná are inclined greater attention to the technical dimension, not fully considering the economic and cognitive dimensions. It showed that the focus of policy in general is facing a specific type of equipment, the desktop computer, not thought on digital inclusion from other perspectives of ICT. Also revealed the existence of the shadow of a policy on the other, and they have been implemented in general in all locations, not making a study of the local specificities and needs.It was concluded that, in practice, the digital inclusion in Paraná coast is more focused on universalization of technology than the critical appropriation of it because most of the programs has fostered actions that only provide access to computers and the internet.

O tema Políticas Públicas de Inclusão Digital no Brasil tem chamado bastante à atenção, posto que a inserção das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) é uma realidade nas sociedades modernas. Atualmente, está sob a responsabilidade do Governo Federal cerca de 17 programas voltados para a inclusão digital. Entretanto, 42% da população do país nunca acessaram a internet. Assim, a importância desta pesquisa está na possibilidade de produzir reflexões sobre a realidade das políticas públicas em âmbitos regionais e locais. Desta forma, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a implementação das políticas públicas de inclusão digital existentes no Litoral do Paraná, examinando se elas contemplam três dimensões: técnica (disponibilização de acesso à computadores, internet e noções básicas de informática), econômica (acesso à equipamentos e internet a preços subsidiados) e cognitiva (acesso aos cursos avançados por meio da apropriação crítica da tecnologia). Para tanto, a investigação se iniciou com a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o que possibilitou a realização de diálogos com autores que discutem as seguintes temáticas: políticas públicas, inclusão digital, exclusão digital, sociedade da informação, dentre outras. Após, deu-se início o mapeamento dos programas de inclusão digital existentes no Brasil, focando no Litoral do Paraná. O mapeamento foi realizado por meio do Mapa da Inclusão Digital (MID) do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT), pela Secretária de Assuntos Estratégicos do Estado do Paraná e pelas prefeituras dos municípios do litoral paranaense, possibilitando a recuperação de 33 endereços de Pontos de Inclusão Digital (PIDs). Em seguida foi empreendida a pesquisa de campo. Foram solicitados e analisados documentos referentes aos PIDs e realizadas observações participantes nos locais e entrevistas com os agentes que atuam diretamente com programas de inclusão digital. A pesquisa revelou que os programas de inclusão digital no Litoral do Paraná propendem maior atendimento à dimensão técnica, não contemplando plenamente as dimensões econômica e cognitiva. Demonstrou que o foco das políticas, em geral, está voltado para um tipo específico de equipamento, o computador de mesa, não pensado na inclusão digital a partir de outras perspectivas de TICs. Revelou ainda a existência do sombreamento de uma política sobre a outra e que elas vêm sendo implementadas de forma geral em todas as localidades, não se fazendo um estudo das especificidades e necessidades locais. Concluiu-se que, na prática, a inclusão digital no litoral do Paraná é deficitária e está mais centrada na universalização da tecnologia do que na apropriação crítica dela, pois a maioria dos programas tem fomentado ações que apenas disponibilizam o acesso aos computadores e à internet. / The issue of Public Policies for Digital Inclusion in Brazil has drawn considerable attention, since the inclusion of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a reality in modern societies. It is currently under the responsibility of the Federal Government about 17 programs for digital inclusion. However, 42% of the population never accessed the Internet. Thus, the importance of this research lies in the possibility of producing reflections on the reality of public policies at regional and local levels. In this way, the survey aimed to analyze the implementation of public policies for existing digital inclusion in the Coast of Paraná, examining whether they include three dimensions: technical (providing access to computers, internet and computer basics), economic (access equipment and internet at subsidized prices) and cognitive (access to advanced courses through critical appropriation of technology). Therefore, the investigation began with bibliographic and documentary research, which allowed conducting dialogues with authors who discuss the following topics: public policy, digital inclusion, digital divide, information society, among others. After, work began mapping the existing programs for digital inclusion in Brazil, focusing on the Coast of Paraná. The mapping was carried out through the Map of Digital Inclusion (MID) of the Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology (IBICT), the Secretary of the State of Paraná Strategic Affairs and the municipal governments of Paraná coast, enabling 33 recovery Digital Inclusion Points addresses (PIDs). Then it was undertaken field research. Documents were requested and analyzed regarding the PIDs and conducted participant observation and interviews with the local agents who work directly with digital inclusion programs. The survey revealed that digital inclusion programs in the Coast of Paraná are inclined greater attention to the technical dimension, not fully considering the economic and cognitive dimensions. It showed that the focus of policy in general is facing a specific type of equipment, the desktop computer, not thought on digital inclusion from other perspectives of ICT. Also revealed the existence of the shadow of a policy on the other, and they have been implemented in general in all locations, not making a study of the local specificities and needs.It was concluded that, in practice, the digital inclusion in Paraná coast is more focused on universalization of technology than the critical appropriation of it because most of the programs has fostered actions that only provide access to computers and the internet.

This study was influenced by the circumstances of children in need of care and protection. I conducted the study through a lens that takes the perspectives of “family life” seriously. Section 28(1)(b) of South Africa’s Constitution provides for the right to family care, parental care, or appropriate alternative care to a child who is removed from family life. This provision prioritises the nurturing and development of children in families. South Africa has a diversity of family models which provide family or parental care to children. Children also face various challenges and difficulties in the family environment, such as abuse, neglect, poverty, exploitation, and other traumatic experiences which make them more vulnerable and in need of care and protection. These circumstances are identified as grounds for mandatory intervention and often influence the decision by the children’s court to remove children. The study demonstrates how family care, parental care, or appropriate alternative care are provided in South Africa’s Children’s Act, enforced by the judiciary, and have evolved in practice. Unfortunately, the Children’s Act does not explicitly provide for families, family care and the responsibility of the state to assist families to enable them to function optimally. Government and stakeholders therefore lack guidance in their engagement with the family to address the plight of children in families or raise the quality of life of the family on a continuous basis. The social worker who conducts investigations into the circumstances of the child who is in need of care and protection, must facilitate the provision of prevention and early intervention services with a view to strengthening the family. Unfortunately, social workers sometimes abuse their powers by removing children without prioritising the support needed to keep them in families. Furthermore, the state’s assistance in supporting families may be challenging due to resource constraints, underspending on the state budget, and delay in the delivery of services. Before the children’s court decides to remove the child into alternative care it must, upon identifying a specific ground for mandatory alternative care intervention, conduct an investigation and hold an inquiry regarding the circumstances of the child. The parent and the child must have access to information and participate in the decision-making process. Once the decision to remove the child is reached, the children’s court can opt for different alternative care options. It is crucial to decide on alternative care of a nature and quality that resembles family life. Such care must enable the child and the parent to mutually enjoy each other’s company, as this is an essential element of family life. Thus, the state must put measures in place to ensure that the child establishes contact and has a continuous relationship with family members in view of possible reunification with the family. Alternative care must also provide permanency planning which must explore the option of reuniting the child with his or her family after removal, or adoption if reunification efforts fail. Although adoption is preferred upon failure of reunification efforts, it is challenged by policy and practice which, if not carefully considered, may impact on the right of the child to family life. South Africa has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and is bound to develop its policies in line with the CRC. It is an issue of concern as to whether the implementation of the Children’s Act goes far enough in meeting CRC standards or complying with the Constitution. Thus, the study is means of comparative research, which includes international standards and foreign jurisdictions, with the view of suggesting improvements for South African child legislation. Recommendations for the best possible options towards refining the Children’s Act are made. The proposed provisions could advance the reform of child and family services and thus make a difference in the lives of children in families. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2013 / Private Law / unrestricted

Waste resulting from healthcare activities is hazardous due to its potential risk of infection to healthcare workers, waste workers and the public. Many tools and approaches have been applied in waste management in developed countries, but are not suitable for application in developing countries due to their complexity and extensive data and resource requirements. WasteOpt was therefore developed and applied as an appropriate decision-making tool in the developing country context. WasteOpt comprises of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), costing and Life cycle management (LCM). The purpose of this study was to identify environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) that minimise the risk of infection by healthcare waste (HCW) in rural clinics. Rural clinics were selected because apart from financial constraints, they are challenged by the lack of procedure, infrastructure and technologies to develop reasonable waste management plans that can be implemented within a practicable time frame. WasteOpt was applied to aid in identifying ESTs in relation to the infection risks and costs of the technologies. Experts in waste management in Lesotho were involved in a workshop for the ranking of technologies. The overall weighting values of the rankings were converted to risk factors for individual options and for alternatives (combination of options). Risk factors were classified as low, medium and high risk. The technologies within a single class were differentiated by analysing the cost of acquiring and running the technology to qualify as ESTs. The ESTs identified for Lesotho are Engineered containers, Refrigerated engineered facility, engineered wheeled transport, detailed procedures, multi chamber incinerator, engineered pit and landfill. Ten (10) clinics in Lesotho were also assessed as case studies using the WHO RAT. The RAT was first modified to include questions on financial management at the clinics. The calculated risk factors were applied to the case studies to assess the risk under which healthcare workers operate in those clinics. The additive minimum risk for the overall life cycle of waste was 4.0 (excluding central treatment and disposal). The clinic workers were found to be at a risk of between 1.1 x 10-4 and 7.8 x 10-5, which proves that rural clinics in Lesotho are still using inappropriate technologies. In terms of financing for waste management, public clinics were found to have little decision-making powers over funds and had less accountability measures. CHAL clinics which are managed by churches in Lesotho had more control of funds and exhibit more accountability. All clinics had no targets for saving funds from waste management activities. WasteOpt can be applied as a decision-making tool for HCW in Lesotho since it overcomes the barriers that inhibit environmentally sound management of HCW in developing countries. In conclusion: WasteOpt can be applied as a decision-making tool for different types of waste by replacing HCW options with respective ones and designing a relevant questionnaire for qualitative data capture. WasteOpt can then be applied in a developing country to aid sustainable waste management decision-making. Informed decision-making helps resource poor managers to select cost-effective but low-risk options, which will be sustainable in the future. / Dissertation (MSc (Environmental Technology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

En arbitrage international comme dans la majorité des systèmes de droit, la réparation du dommage est une question essentielle dans la résolution des litiges et implique la détermination d’un dommage réparable et de l’étendue de la réparation, ainsi que l’évaluation de ce dommage. L’arbitrage d’investissement, qui tranche les litiges entre Etats et investisseurs étrangers, personnes privées, est au carrefour entre les droits nationaux et le droit international, entre responsabilité contractuelle et responsabilité internationale des Etats, entre droit commercial et droit public, et reflète ainsi l’ensemble des problématiques récurrentes soulevées par la réparation du dommage. La publicité fréquente des sentences rendues en la matière permet d’analyser les solutions qu’y apportent les tribunaux arbitraux, révélant l’existence d’une réelle pratique cohérente et développée. L’étude de la jurisprudence arbitrale d’investissement montre une coexistence de questions de fait et de droit, de problématiques juridiques et économiques, tout au long du processus de détermination du dommage et de l’étendue de la réparation, puis de celui de la détermination du montant accordé à la victime. Les exigences juridiques de certitude, prévisibilité et causalité du dommage, de même que les principes de réparation intégrale et adéquate, sont influencés de manière significative par des considérations économiques et d’équité. Dans le mouvement inverse, les règles financières qui sont appliquées par les arbitres pour l’évaluation du dommage, indépendamment du droit applicable, sont de plus en plus juridicisées. Identifier ce corps de règles applicables à la réparation du dommage et l’application qui en est faite dans l’arbitrage d’investissement constitue une clarification nécessaire pour permettre aux acteurs internationaux de connaître l’étendue de leurs droits et obligations. / In international arbitration, as in most legal systems, compensation of damage is a key part of dispute resolution. It is a threefold process: the arbitral tribunal decides on compensable damage, then on the extent of compensation, and finally, evaluates damage. Investment arbitration, which settles disputes between states and foreign investors - private entities - is at the crossroads between national and international law, between contractual liability and international state liability, between commercial and public law, thus covering the wide scope of issues raised by compensation of damage. The awards given in this field are often made public, allowing for an analysis of the – thoroughly consistent – solutions brought forward by arbitral tribunals. This study shows how, throughout the process of compensation of damage, questions of fact and law as well as legal and economic issues are raised. The legal requirements of certainty, foreseeability and remoteness of damage are significantly impacted by the economic context and by the notion of fairness. Conversely, the financial rules applied throughout the process of damage evaluation, without taking into account applicable law, are increasingly governed by law. Identifying the corpus of rules that are applied throughout the process of compensation of damage, and studying the way these rules are applied in investment arbitration therefore represents a useful tool for international bodies seeking to understand their own rights and duties.

The overall aim of the present research was to explore what makes leadership behaviour to be perceived or judged as appropriate behaviour by followers and thus as influential on followers. Based on the Relational Models Theory, which postulates four elementary relationships people engage in and defines what motivates and constitutes morally guided behaviour within these relationships, we hypothesised that leadership behaviour is more influential the more its implementation corresponds with the dominant elementary relationship of the leader-follower relationship. More specifically, we hypothesised that leaders are perceived to be more influential when they are in a communal sharing relationship with their followers and demonstrate leadership behaviour based on the moral principle of unity or when they are in an authority ranking relationship with their followers and demonstrate leadership behaviour based on the moral principle of hierarchy. Four experimental studies were conducted to test our hypotheses using a business context (Study 1 and 2) and student context (Study 3 and 4) and presenting these contexts either as a scenario to be imagined (Study 1 and 2) or as a bogus post on Facebook (Study 3 and 4). Although our findings did not support our overall hypothesis, they imply that leaders who are in a communal sharing relationship with their followers or demonstrate leadership behaviour based on unity are relatively more influential. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology (Research Consultation))

Die steigende Anzahl leistungsgewandelter Arbeitnehmer ist eine zunehmende Herausforderung für produzierende Unternehmen. Zur Sicherstellung eines wertschöpfenden und fähigkeitsgerechten Einsatzes erlangt daher eine prospektive und korrektive Arbeitsgestaltung an Bedeutung. Insbesondere in der frühen Phase der Prozessplanung sind digitale Menschmodelle zur Absicherung ergonomisch günstiger Arbeitsplätze und -prozesse geeignet. Die Abbildung leistungsgewandelter Mitarbeiter in digitale Menschmodelle und Planungstools der digitalen Fabrik ist jedoch aktuell nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Zur Unterstützung einer fähigkeitsgerechten Arbeitsgestaltung mit digitalen Menschmodellen sind diese um Leistungseinschränkungen zu erweitern. Gleichzeitig bedingen neue Funktionen der Menschmodelle und Planungstools ebenfalls eine Methodik zur digitalen Planung fähigkeitsgerechter Arbeitsplätze.:1 EINLEITUNG 1.1 AUSGANGSSITUATION 1.2 AUFBAU DER ARBEIT 2 STAND DER WISSENSCHAFT UND PRAXIS 2.1 ARBEITSGESTALTUNG UND ERGONOMIE 2.1.1 DEFINITION UND ZIELE 2.1.2 ERGONOMIE IM PRODUKTENTSTEHUNGSPROZESS 2.1.3 PLANUNG UND GESTALTUNG VON ARBEITSSYSTEMEN 2.1.4 ARBEITSGESTALTUNG UND ERGONOMIE IM DIGITALEN KONTEXT 2.1.5 DIGITALE MENSCHMODELLE 2.2 LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTE MITARBEITER 2.2.1 LEISTUNG UND LEISTUNGSFÄHIGKEIT 2.2.2 BEGRIFFSBESTIMMUNG LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER 2.2.3 UNTERNEHMENSSTRATEGIEN ZUM EINSATZ LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER 2.2.4 VERFAHREN ZUR BEURTEILUNG VON ARBEITSPLÄTZEN UND MITARBEITERN 2.3 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG 2.4 ABLEITUNG DER ZIELSTELLUNG UND TEILZIELE 3 ERARBEITUNG EINER SYSTEMATIK ZUR KLASSIFIZIERUNG LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER 3.1 ZIELSTELLUNG 3.2 DEFINITION DER KRITERIEN 3.2.1 GRUNDKÖRPERSTELLUNG 3.2.2 KÖRPERHALTUNG/BEWEGLICHKEIT 3.2.2.1 BEWEGLICHKEIT DER OBEREN EXTREMITÄTEN 3.2.2.2 RUMPFBEWEGLICHKEIT 3.2.2.3 BEWEGLICHKEIT DER UNTEREN EXTREMITÄTEN 3.2.3 LASTENHANDHABUNG 3.2.4 AKTIONSKRÄFTE 3.2.5 VIBRATIONEN/RÜCKSCHLÄGE 3.2.6 SENSORIK 3.2.7 ARBEITSORGANISATION 3.2.8 ARBEITSUMGEBUNG 3.2.9 GESAMTKATALOG 3.3 EXPERTENINTERVIEWS 3.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 4 BESCHREIBUNG EINES MODELLS ZUR INTEGRATION VON LEISTUNGSEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN IN DIGITALE MENSCHMODELLE 4.1 ZIEL UND VORGEHENSWEISE 4.2 PARAMETRISIERUNG DER KRITERIEN ZUR ÜBERFÜHRUNG IN MENSCHMODELLE 4.2.1 KRITERIEN IM KONTEXT DER EINGABE/VERARBEITUNG/AUSGABE 4.2.2 AUFBEREITUNG DER KRITERIEN ZUR DATENINTERPRETATION 4.2.3 (SEMI-)AUTOMATISCHE ERSTELLUNG VON ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 4.2.4 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON MITARBEITERFÄHIGKEITSPROFILEN 4.3 ABLEITUNG NOTWENDIGER FUNKTIONSERWEITERUNGEN UND SCHNITTSTELLEN 4.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 5 ENTWICKLUNG EINER METHODIK ZUR DIGITALEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.1 ZIEL UND VORGEHENSWEISE 5.2 WORKFLOW DER DIGITALEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.2.1 PLANUNGSPROZESS DER DIGITALEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.2.2 PROZESSBESCHREIBUNG DES WORKFLOWS ZUR DIGITALEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.3 ANFORDERUNGEN AN DIE EINGABE, AUSGABE UND SIMULATION 5.3.1 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON MITARBEITERFÄHIGKEITSPROFILEN 5.3.2 AUSGABE VON ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 5.3.3 EINSATZANALYSE UND PRODUKTIVITÄTSVERGLEICH 5.3.4 GESTALTUNGSHINWEISE UND HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN 5.3.5 AUSGABEDARSTELLUNG UNTER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON LEISTUNGSEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN 5.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6 ÜBERTRAGUNG DES MODELLS UND DER METHODE AUF DIGITALE MENSCHMODELLE AM BEISPIEL DES EMA 6.1 ZIEL UND VORGEHENSWEISE 6.2 IST-STAND EMA-MENSCHMODELL UND SOFTWARESYSTEM 6.3 BENUTZERZENTRIERTER GESTALTUNGSPROZESS 6.4 ABLEITUNG NOTWENDIGER SOFTWARETECHNISCHER ANPASSUNGEN 6.4.1 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON KRITERIEN ZUR INTEGRATION VON LEISTUNGSEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN 6.4.2 EINGABE UND ANZEIGE VON MITARBEITERFÄHIGKEITS- UND ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 6.4.3 DARSTELLUNG DER EINSATZANALYSE UND PRODUKTIVITÄTSVERGLEICH 6.4.4 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG NICHT ANFORDERUNGSGERECHTER SIMULATIONSSITUATIONEN 6.4.5 AUSGABE VON SITUATIVEN GESTALTUNGSHINWEISEN UND OPTIMIERUNGSPOTENTIALEN 6.4.6 ASSISTENT ZUR NUTZERGEFÜHRTEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 6.5 BEWERTUNG DER ERZEUGUNG VON ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 6.5.1 ZIELSTELLUNG UND UNTERSUCHUNGSGEGENSTAND 6.5.2 STICHPROBE 6.5.3 UNTERSUCHUNGSABLAUF 6.5.4 ERGEBNISSE 6.5.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.6 NUTZERORIENTIERTE EVALUATION 6.6.1 ZIELSTELLUNG UND UNTERSUCHUNGSGEGENSTAND 6.6.2 STICHPROBE 6.6.3 UNTERSUCHUNGSABLAUF 6.6.4 ERGEBNISSE UND WEITERE OPTIMIERUNGSPOTENTIALE 6.6.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.7 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG FÜR DIE SOFTWARE-IMPLEMENTIERUNG 7 PRAKTISCHE ANWENDUNG DER METHODE 7.1 BEISPIEL ZUR OPTIMIERUNG VON ARBEITSPLÄTZEN FÜR DEN EINSATZ LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER MITTELS SIMULATION 7.2 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK 8.1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 8.2 LIMITATIONEN DER ERARBEITETEN LÖSUNGEN 8.3 AUSBLICK LITERATURVERZEICHNIS / The increasing number of employees with restricted performance is a challenge for the industry. A prospective and corrective workplace design is important to ensure a value-adding and ability-appropriate employment. Especially in the early planning phase, digital human models are helpful for ergonomic workplace design. However, today’s digital human models usually lack functions and methods for the digital design of workplaces for employees with restricted perfomance. A further development of digital human models can support the digital planning of ability-appropriate workplaces. Due to new functions of digital human models, new planning methods with digital human models are also required.:1 EINLEITUNG 1.1 AUSGANGSSITUATION 1.2 AUFBAU DER ARBEIT 2 STAND DER WISSENSCHAFT UND PRAXIS 2.1 ARBEITSGESTALTUNG UND ERGONOMIE 2.1.1 DEFINITION UND ZIELE 2.1.2 ERGONOMIE IM PRODUKTENTSTEHUNGSPROZESS 2.1.3 PLANUNG UND GESTALTUNG VON ARBEITSSYSTEMEN 2.1.4 ARBEITSGESTALTUNG UND ERGONOMIE IM DIGITALEN KONTEXT 2.1.5 DIGITALE MENSCHMODELLE 2.2 LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTE MITARBEITER 2.2.1 LEISTUNG UND LEISTUNGSFÄHIGKEIT 2.2.2 BEGRIFFSBESTIMMUNG LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER 2.2.3 UNTERNEHMENSSTRATEGIEN ZUM EINSATZ LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER 2.2.4 VERFAHREN ZUR BEURTEILUNG VON ARBEITSPLÄTZEN UND MITARBEITERN 2.3 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG 2.4 ABLEITUNG DER ZIELSTELLUNG UND TEILZIELE 3 ERARBEITUNG EINER SYSTEMATIK ZUR KLASSIFIZIERUNG LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER 3.1 ZIELSTELLUNG 3.2 DEFINITION DER KRITERIEN 3.2.1 GRUNDKÖRPERSTELLUNG 3.2.2 KÖRPERHALTUNG/BEWEGLICHKEIT 3.2.2.1 BEWEGLICHKEIT DER OBEREN EXTREMITÄTEN 3.2.2.2 RUMPFBEWEGLICHKEIT 3.2.2.3 BEWEGLICHKEIT DER UNTEREN EXTREMITÄTEN 3.2.3 LASTENHANDHABUNG 3.2.4 AKTIONSKRÄFTE 3.2.5 VIBRATIONEN/RÜCKSCHLÄGE 3.2.6 SENSORIK 3.2.7 ARBEITSORGANISATION 3.2.8 ARBEITSUMGEBUNG 3.2.9 GESAMTKATALOG 3.3 EXPERTENINTERVIEWS 3.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 4 BESCHREIBUNG EINES MODELLS ZUR INTEGRATION VON LEISTUNGSEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN IN DIGITALE MENSCHMODELLE 4.1 ZIEL UND VORGEHENSWEISE 4.2 PARAMETRISIERUNG DER KRITERIEN ZUR ÜBERFÜHRUNG IN MENSCHMODELLE 4.2.1 KRITERIEN IM KONTEXT DER EINGABE/VERARBEITUNG/AUSGABE 4.2.2 AUFBEREITUNG DER KRITERIEN ZUR DATENINTERPRETATION 4.2.3 (SEMI-)AUTOMATISCHE ERSTELLUNG VON ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 4.2.4 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON MITARBEITERFÄHIGKEITSPROFILEN 4.3 ABLEITUNG NOTWENDIGER FUNKTIONSERWEITERUNGEN UND SCHNITTSTELLEN 4.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 5 ENTWICKLUNG EINER METHODIK ZUR DIGITALEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.1 ZIEL UND VORGEHENSWEISE 5.2 WORKFLOW DER DIGITALEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.2.1 PLANUNGSPROZESS DER DIGITALEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.2.2 PROZESSBESCHREIBUNG DES WORKFLOWS ZUR DIGITALEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 5.3 ANFORDERUNGEN AN DIE EINGABE, AUSGABE UND SIMULATION 5.3.1 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON MITARBEITERFÄHIGKEITSPROFILEN 5.3.2 AUSGABE VON ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 5.3.3 EINSATZANALYSE UND PRODUKTIVITÄTSVERGLEICH 5.3.4 GESTALTUNGSHINWEISE UND HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN 5.3.5 AUSGABEDARSTELLUNG UNTER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON LEISTUNGSEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN 5.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6 ÜBERTRAGUNG DES MODELLS UND DER METHODE AUF DIGITALE MENSCHMODELLE AM BEISPIEL DES EMA 6.1 ZIEL UND VORGEHENSWEISE 6.2 IST-STAND EMA-MENSCHMODELL UND SOFTWARESYSTEM 6.3 BENUTZERZENTRIERTER GESTALTUNGSPROZESS 6.4 ABLEITUNG NOTWENDIGER SOFTWARETECHNISCHER ANPASSUNGEN 6.4.1 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG VON KRITERIEN ZUR INTEGRATION VON LEISTUNGSEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN 6.4.2 EINGABE UND ANZEIGE VON MITARBEITERFÄHIGKEITS- UND ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 6.4.3 DARSTELLUNG DER EINSATZANALYSE UND PRODUKTIVITÄTSVERGLEICH 6.4.4 BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG NICHT ANFORDERUNGSGERECHTER SIMULATIONSSITUATIONEN 6.4.5 AUSGABE VON SITUATIVEN GESTALTUNGSHINWEISEN UND OPTIMIERUNGSPOTENTIALEN 6.4.6 ASSISTENT ZUR NUTZERGEFÜHRTEN FÄHIGKEITSGERECHTEN ARBEITSGESTALTUNG 6.5 BEWERTUNG DER ERZEUGUNG VON ARBEITSPLATZANFORDERUNGSPROFILEN 6.5.1 ZIELSTELLUNG UND UNTERSUCHUNGSGEGENSTAND 6.5.2 STICHPROBE 6.5.3 UNTERSUCHUNGSABLAUF 6.5.4 ERGEBNISSE 6.5.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.6 NUTZERORIENTIERTE EVALUATION 6.6.1 ZIELSTELLUNG UND UNTERSUCHUNGSGEGENSTAND 6.6.2 STICHPROBE 6.6.3 UNTERSUCHUNGSABLAUF 6.6.4 ERGEBNISSE UND WEITERE OPTIMIERUNGSPOTENTIALE 6.6.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.7 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG FÜR DIE SOFTWARE-IMPLEMENTIERUNG 7 PRAKTISCHE ANWENDUNG DER METHODE 7.1 BEISPIEL ZUR OPTIMIERUNG VON ARBEITSPLÄTZEN FÜR DEN EINSATZ LEISTUNGSGEWANDELTER MITARBEITER MITTELS SIMULATION 7.2 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK 8.1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 8.2 LIMITATIONEN DER ERARBEITETEN LÖSUNGEN 8.3 AUSBLICK LITERATURVERZEICHNIS

Bei einer altersgerechten Arbeitsgestaltung mittels digitaler Menschmodelle (DMM) sind die altersbedingten Veränderungen der menschlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zu berücksichtigen. Altersbedingte Veränderungen wie bspw. der Beweglichkeit sind aktuell nur rudimentär bei der virtuellen Arbeitsprozessgestaltung abbildbar. Deshalb wird im Beitrag ein Konzept zur Integration von Altersfaktoren in DMM vorgestellt. Dem User-Centered-Design Prozess folgend, werden die einzelnen Schritte zur Integration von Altersfaktoren am Beispiel der Beweglichkeit dargestellt. Dazu werden die erhobenen Nutzeranforderungen und die Darstellung der nutzerorientierten Konfiguration der Altersfaktoren im DMM dargestellt. Im Ergebnis wird gezeigt, wie altersbedingte Veränderungen der menschlichen Leistungsfähigkeit in DMM nutzer-orientiert eingebunden werden können. Dem Nutzer soll damit perspektivisch eine effektive und effiziente altersgerechte Gestaltung in DMM mittels akkurater, relevanter Daten sowie geeigneter Unterstützung ermöglicht werden.