Neste trabalho é apresentada e defendida a tese segundo a qual o projeto filosófico de Arthur Schopenhauer deve ser entendido como o estabelecimento de um sistema de filosofia transcendental, constituído de uma teoria da experiência coordenada a uma teoria geral das faculdades cognitivas e a um “primeiro princípio”, que apresentamos e discutimos. Assim compreendida, a filosofia de Schopenhauer guarda uma relação peculiar de continuidade com a filosofia transcendental de Kant: herda e reformula o projeto de Karl Leonhard Reinhold, articulado em resposta aos céticos Salomon Maimon e Gottlob Ernst Schulze, edificando um sistema de filosofia transcendental que contempla as ambições fundacionistas presentes no projeto de Reinhold, as críticas que esse projeto recebera e críticas endereçadas à própria teoria da experiência de Kant no contexto de recepção da Crítica da Razão Pura. / In this work is presented and defended the thesis according to which Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophical project should be understood as aiming at putting forward a system of transcendental philosophy. That system comprises a theory of experience coordinated to a general theory of cognitive faculties and to a “first principle” which we present and discuss. So understood, Schopenhauer’s philosophy exhibits a peculiar relationship of continuity with Kant’s transcendental philosophy: it inherits and reformulates Karl Leonhard Reinhold’s project as it was conceived in response to the skeptics Salomon Maimon and Gottlob Ernst Schulze, building a system of transcendental philosophy which encompasses the foundationalist ambitions of Reinhold’s project and the criticisms which that project had received, as much as some criticisms which was addressed at Kant’s theory of experience itself in the context of reception of the Critique of Pure Reason.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando de Sa Moreira.pdf: 900127 bytes, checksum: e6dca220fe2a2ad340fec9e410b1d430 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation investigates the conception of asceticism on two German philosophers, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. Whereas there isn't a precise language to mediate this two philosophies, we apply the concepts of pathos and ethos to make a dialog between the German philosophers, which allow us to investigate how these concepts appear in the cosmological and ethical parts of their theories. Especially in the Nietzsche's philosophy, we concentrate the researches on his third period. We use mainly the books Genealogy of Moral, Beyond Good and Evil and The Antichrist. About Schopenhauer's books, we use mainly the two volumes of The World as Will and Representation. Our conclusion is that, on Schopenhauer's doctrine, the cosmological effectiveness (Wirklichkeit) is pathos, but the metaphysical reality (Realität) is ethos. Therefore the asceticism is a sui generis pathos on Schopenhauer: when the will extraordinarily makes a turn, it makes the negation of the will, it does not become an absolute nothing. It become a relative nothing, a negative pathos. The same does not occur to Nietzsche. According to the philosopher of the will to power, the will never negates itself. All the effectiveness is always pathos and there is no ethos: the world is always pathos, in all aspects. The asceticism is an ordinary case of the will to power (Wille zur Macht) and the ascetic pathos is merely a strategy of a form of life to conserve itself in existence. / Esta dissertação investiga a concepção de ascetismo nos filósofos alemães, Arthur Schopenhauer e Friedrich Nietzsche. Considerando que não há uma linguagem precisa para mediar estas duas filosofias, aplicamos os conceitos de pathos e ethos para criar o diálogo entre os dois filósofos alemães, o que nos permite investigar como esses conceitos aparecem nas partes cosmológicas e éticas das suas teorias. Na filosofia nietzschiana, concentramos nossas pesquisas no seu terceiro período, principalmente os livros Genealogia da moral, Além de bem e mal e O anticristo. Em relação às obras schopenhauerianas, utilizamos principalmente os dois volumes de O mundo como vontade e representação. Nossa conclusão é que, na doutrina schopenhaueriana, a efetividade cosmológica (Wirklichkeit) é pathos, mas a realidade metafísica (Realität) é ethos. Assim, o ascetismo é um pathos sui generis em Schopenhauer: quando a vontade extraordinariamente faz uma viragem, ou seja, faz a negação da vontade, ela não se torna um nada absoluto, mas se torna um nada relativo, um pathos negativo. O mesmo não acontece em Nietzsche. Para o filósofo da vontade de potência, a vontade jamais nega a si mesma. Toda efetividade é sempre pathos e não há ethos algum: o mundo é sempre pathos, em todos os seus aspectos. O ascetismo é um caso ordinário da vontade de potência (Wille zur Macht) e o pathos ascético é apenas uma estratégia de uma forma de vida para conservar-se na existência.

This master thesis deals with legal and ethical aspects of financial audit. The aim of this thesis is to assess whether the financial audit fulfils its main goal in these days. This aim should be reached by answering questions emerged from author's research connected with the thesis theme. Except for technical literature and rules relevant for audit profession, the significant sources of information are interviews with auditors, consultants and academics. Another important information source is author's personal experience with working for the large audit firm. Considering the growing economical globalization, the thesis deals with questions of audit in the Czech Republic as well as contemporary regulation development on the European Union level. Furthermore, there will be an analysis of the fall of the international audit firm Arthur Andersen and some linked accounting scandals, too.

This project is a discussion of the continuing need to address gender issues while teaching core curriculum in English classes at the secondary level.

This comparative study focuses on the detective genre and is conducted through literary analysis with a feminist critical perspective of two of its most iconic protagonists, Sherlock Holmes and Miss Marple, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887 and Agatha Christie in 1930 respectively. The purpose is to attempt to establish the effect of the gender differences on these two protagonists. Both Holmes and Miss Marple are deemed as iconic in the detective genre, but the protagonists do not have similar experiences and are created by authors of different genders. Thus, the focus is to explore how gender differences are represented in the literary texts A Study in Scarlet (1887), “A Scandal in Bohemia” (1891), and The Murder at the Vicarage (1930) when it comes to their work as detectives. By using a feminist critical perspective and with the help of previous research, the differences in three central issues, that is, work methods, attitudes and method of disguise, are established. The most prominent result from the analysis is that Miss Marple has to work independently from the police force and trust another character, Leonard Clement, with what she knows hoping that Clement will use her observations to make the case move forward. By contrast, Holmes is approached by clients and even assists the police force in investigations, while Miss Marple is dismissed because of gender discrimination and ageism when she reaches out to the police force. Miss Marple is clearly a victim of gender discrimination and ageism, while Holmes is seen as eccentric but fully competent as a detective. Holmes is even described as having “extraordinary powers” while Miss Marple is described as an “old pussy” in a derogatory manner. Therefore, the results are that there is a significant difference in attitude where Holmes as a man encounters more positive attitudes and Miss Marple as a woman encounters more negative attitudes, all because of gender discrimination and ageism. These results are of great importance as it reveals what gender differences Holmes and Miss Marple encounter in their literary texts. It opens up the opportunity for more research in gender differences and gender discrimination in comparisons between protagonists. That Miss Marple is successful in the end, however, functions as a feminist statement.

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This thesis examines Western rationality, contextualizing that subject in British colonialism and Western modernity. Using Scott Lash's description of academic characterizations of modernity, I explore the “high" modernity of the social sciences represented in the books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle. I then explore the cultural studies critique of that characterization of modernity in the book Arrow of God by Chinua Achebe. Using the theory of Jean Francois Lyotard, Martin Heidegger, and Theodor Adorno, I look at Western rationality through its manifestation in British colonialism. I argue that colonialism is a site where rationality's negative legacy is manifest, and that the paradoxical representations of rationality in the books by Carroll and Doyle indicate a problem with the assumption that Western rationality was a universal epistemology. Contrary to the British's own ideas of their rationality, I find that Western rationality is ultimately a culturally-grounded discourse. Using Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God, I examine the intersection between Western rationality and other forms of cultural knowledge, an intersection that occurred through British colonialism. Achebe argues against the universal model of Western rationality and posits instead a relative valuing of each culture's methods of arriving at truth. I use his novel to illustrate the limits of Western rationality and its claim to universality.