Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1994.

Bakgrund: Nästan hälften av de svenska kvinnorna har blivit utsatta för våld eller hot om våld någon gång under sin livstid. Våld mot kvinnor i nära relation är ett globalt hälsoproblem och ett av de största hoten mot kvinnors hälsa. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelse av att få frågan om våldsutsatthet som en del av anamnesen. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt av elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Sökningar gjordes med hjälp av databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Det huvudsakliga resultatet var att patienter ställer sig positiva till att rutinmässigt bli tillfrågade om erfarenheter av våld. Patienternas åsikter och upplevelser av att få frågor om våldsutsatthet som en del av anamnesen påverkas av frågeställningarnas kontext - vem som ställer frågor, hur frågorna ställs och i vilket sammanhang. Sammanfattning: Våld är ett strukturellt, organisatoriskt och individuellt problem. Våldet är ett folkhälsoproblem och ett utbrett samhällsproblem och vården misslyckas i många fall att fånga upp och hjälpa våldsutsatta. Vårdpersonal känner sig osäkra på att ställa frågor om patienters erfarenheter av våld och större kunskap inom ämnet kan stävja den osäkerhet och rädsla som finns för att beröra våld i nära relation. / Background: Nearly half of the Swedish women have been victims of abuse or threat of abuse during their lifetime. Intimate partner violence is a global health problem and one of the greatest threats to women’s health. Aim: To investigate patient’s experience of being asked about abuse as part of medical history taking. Method: A integrative review of eleven scientific articles. Searches were made using the PubMed and CINAHL databases. Results: Patients were positive about being routinely asked about experiences of abuse. Patients’ opinions and experiences of getting questions about violence as a part of medical history taking are influenced by the context of these questions – who asks, how the questions are asked and in what context. Conclusion: Violence is a structural, organizational and individual problem. Abuse is a public health problem and a widespread social problem. In many cases, healthcare fails to identify and help affected women. Healthcare professionals feel insecure about asking questions about patients’ history of abuse and larger knowledge can curb the uncertainty and fear that exist in order to deal with intimate partner violence.

No / Community hospitals are an important component of the post-acute care pathway for older people. The objective of this study was to describe and contrast patients' and carers' experiences of community and general hospitals. Interviews with patients and carers revealed similarities in the perceptions of care between the two settings. These included appreciation of staff sensitivity, a sense of security, encouragement of independence and lack of activity. The community hospital was appreciated for its location, atmosphere, accommodation, greater sense of freedom, quality of food and staff attitudes. UK health policy promotes the development of community hospitals. This should be progressed in a way that retains key strengths of the specific service they offer.

No / We report patients, family members and health professionals' experiences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Barnsley, northern England. A widespread belief that having "bad lungs" is part of normal ageing shapes everyday experience in this former mining town. People with COPD, and their families, link its cause to the areas industrial past and are sceptical of a medical orthodoxy that attributes cause to smoking. They doubt doctors' objectivity. Encouraging uptake of care, promoting smoking cessation, and developing care planning would be enhanced by engaging with the significance of place in the social narrative of health evident in this town.

Conclusions. Regardless the method the information on benefit was provided, the maximum amount of money which people are willing to pay for antihypertensive varied substantially. Using relative risk to present the benefit would distort the viewpoint of the public regarding the importance of drug treatment. Residents were much more conservative in antihypertensive drugs than physicians. Most hypertensive patients in China would probably not accept drugs treatment for primary prevention if they are adequately informed. Rural residents were on average, less willing to take antihypertensive drugs than urban residents. Residents had a poor perception of their cardiovascular risk due to hypertension and the benefit of drug treatment. Most physicians in our study did not have good knowledge on overall risk approach and Chinese national guidelines. They had also very poor knowledge and skills related to evidence based medicine. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Objective. To assess the maximum amount of money residents are willing to pay for antihypertensive drugs given the actual benefit of treatment. To decide the minimum benefit (expressed in NNT) above which people are willing to pay for antihypertensive drugs at the current cost. To determine the minimum risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) above which people would be willing to pay for antihypertensive at the current cost. To assess whether reporting of study results by using relative risk reduction and NNT affects people's willingness to pay for and physicians' willingness to prescribe antihypertensive drugs. To evaluate patients' and physicians' perception of perceived CVD risk due to hypertension and benefit of treatment. To assess knowledge, attitude and perception of the public and physicians regarding antihypertensive drugs and physicians' knowledge and skills on evidence based medicine. / Results. The response rate for residents was 91%. 95% of respondents reported that they would be willing to take antihypertensive drugs if they found to have high blood pressure. The majority of residents did not know the ultimate goal of blood pressure lowering was to reduce the risk of CVD. 91% said that they had not enough knowledge and information to make drug-taking decisions. The perceived 5-year baseline risk in the absence of treatment, absolute risk reduction and relative risk reduction was 70%, 40% and 60% respectively. Rural residents tended to over-rate their risk and benefit more than urban residents. Overall, 2%, 3% and 47% of residents were not willing to pay anything for antihypertensive drugs when information on benefit of treatment was described in general, with RRR and with NNT respectively. The median cost the residents were willing to pay was $500, $700 and $100 respectively for responding three ways of describing the benefit. / The response rate for physicians was 95%. The perceived 5-year baseline risk, absolute risk reduction and relative risk reduction was 40%, 20% and 39% respectively. Internists tended to give a slightly higher estimate of the 5-year risk (40% vs 30%, p<0.05) and of the RRR (39 vs 29, p<0.05). Overall, physicians were more likely to prescribe antihypertensive drugs when the benefit information was expressed in RRR than when it was expressed in NNT (p<0.001). The median minimum NNT and the 5-year CVD risk above which physicians are willing to prescribe was 200 and 1.5% respectively. / Wang Weizhong. / "November 2006." / Adviser: Jinling Tang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-08, Section: B, page: 5119. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-114) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Tang, Shing Tung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-126). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; some appendixes in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Background --- p.5 / HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer --- p.5 / Overview of HPV Vaccination in the West and Asia --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Literature Review --- p.9 / Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior in Vaccination Context --- p.9 / Effects of Mass and Interpersonal Communication --- p.22 / Relationship between Mass and Interpersonal Communication --- p.33 / Differential Effects of Mass and Interpersonal Communication --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Methodology --- p.45 / Participants and Procedure --- p.45 / Measures --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Results --- p.54 / Model Fit and Adjustments --- p.54 / Testing the Alternative Model --- p.56 / Evaluating Individual and Contextual Predictors --- p.59 / Examining the Context-to-intention Pathways --- p.60 / Summary of Findings --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Discussion --- p.63 / Comparing the Proposed and Alternative Model --- p.63 / Evaluating the TPB in Vaccination Context --- p.65 / Evaluating Mass and Interpersonal Communication as Contextual Predictors --- p.73 / Further Exploration on the Differential Effects --- p.76 / Theoretical Contributions and Practical Implications --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Limitations and Directions for Future Research --- p.85 / Limitations --- p.85 / Directions for Future Research --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Conclusion --- p.93 / Appendix --- p.96 / References --- p.114

A adesão do paciente ao tratamento é crucial para a efetividade dos programas de aids. O Programa Brasileiro recomenda monitorar a adesão e incorporar ao cuidado atividades de promoção, tais como atendimentos individuais com foco em adesão. Revisões sistemáticas apontam maior efetividade das intervenções complexas, que incluem sessões de conversas entre profissional-paciente: informativas, educativas e aconselhamentos motivacionais. Criticam: insuficiente explicitação das bases teóricometodológicas das intervenções; enfoque excessivo no nível individual com baixa incorporação do contexto sociocultural; insuficiência de informação acerca da fidelidade aos protocolos. Poucos estudos descrevem a \"intimidade\" das sessões. Planejada para o cuidado individual, uma modalidade de intervenção psicossocial de apoio à adesão teve seu protocolo implementado em ensaio clínico com pacientes adultos, com carga viral detectável, em serviço especializado do SUS, em São Paulo- Brasil. Suas bases teórico-metodológicas: Quadro da Vulnerabilidade e Direitos Humanos na dimensão psicossocial do Cuidado, filiados a uma perspectiva construcionista de psicologia social na saúde. Focada na noção de sucesso prático, a intervenção objetivou contribuir para que as pessoas construíssem formas de conviver melhor com o tratamento que lhes fossem mais convenientes. Baseada na interação profissional-paciente buscou intensificar a dialogia mediante a exploração dos sentidos intersubjetivos que as \"tomadas\" das medicações adquirem em diferentes cenas/cenários. Para avaliar qualitativamente a implementação selecionaram-se 12 casos (4 de cada uma das profissionais que conduziram a intervenção) entre os 44 pacientes do grupo experimental. A análise contemplou dois eixos interdependentes: a) fidelidade da implementação ao protocolo; b) qualidade dialógica das conversações. Apresentamse os resultados em três artigos. A variação nas modalidades e enfoques comunicacionais implementados permitiu a classificação em quatro níveis crescentes de fidelidade ao protocolo: nível 1 (3 casos), nível 2 (6), nível 3 (1), nível 4 (2). A inflexão na direção da dialogia não ocorreu plenamente. Princípios relacionais como solidariedade, não repreensão, foram bem desenvolvidos. As conversas valorizaram experiências singulares de dificuldades com o tratamento e produziram coentendimentos sobre o que acontecia cotidianamente. Entretanto, a decodificação de sentidos na compreensão \"dos problemas\" e criação de \"soluções\" priorizou o nível individual cognitivo-comportamental. Por exemplo, ao invés de dialogar sobre atrasos/perdas de doses em situações sociais relacionadas ao estigma/discriminação, o sentido \"problemas de memória\" prevaleceu na decodificação das falhas no tratamento. Foi incipiente a incorporação de dimensões socioculturais e programáticas ao entendimento das situações e construção/imaginação de estratégias para lidar com \"impasses\" que implicavam prejuízos à adesão. Mesclados à comunicação de enfoque cognitivo-comportamental ocorreram momentos dialógicos que se mostraram mais promissores à construção pelos participantes de enunciados de satisfação, bem-estar, intenções e mudanças práticas benéficas à adesão. Situações psicossociais dos pacientes influíram sobre a comunicação. Quanto mais complexas, desafiam \"o como dialogar\" sobre aspectos graves, sinérgicos e multidimensionais que prejudicam a saúde. São necessárias, mas insuficientes, estratégias que aprimorem a qualidade comunicacional e o enfoque psicossocial das intervenções em adesão nos serviços. Devem complementálas: a coordenação do Cuidado em equipe e ações clínicas e sociais, imediatas e objetivas, para mitigar situações que implicam graves vulnerabilidades, prejudiciais tanto à adesão ao tratamento da aids como à saúde integral / Patient\'s adherence to treatment is essential to the effectiveness of AIDS programs. The Brazilian Program recommends monitoring adherence and incorporating activities to care that promote adherence, such as individual care focusing adherence. Systematic reviews point towards greater effectiveness of complex interventions, which include conversation sessions - educational, informative, motivational counseling - between the health professional and the patient. They criticize: incomplete explanation of the theoretical-methodological bases of interventions; excessive focus on the individual level, with low incorporation of the sociocultural context; insufficient information on the fidelity to protocols. Few studies describe the \"intimacy\" of the conversation sessions. Planned for the individual care, a modality of psychosocial intervention supporting adherence had its protocol implemented in a clinical trial with adult patients with detectable viral load in a specialized care service of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), in São Paulo. The following theoretical-methodological bases were adopted: the Framework of Vulnerability and Human Rights in the psychosocial dimension of Care, affiliated to a social psychology constructionist perspective in health. Focused on the notion of practical success, the intervention aimed at contributing so that people would build ways of coping better with the treatment which was the most convenient for them. Based on the health professional-patient interaction, it sought to intensify dialogic in exploring intersubjective meanings that the medication intake acquires in different scenes/scenarios. In order to qualitatively evaluate implementation, 12 cases (4 cases of each one of the health professionals who conducted the intervention) were selected among 44 cases of the experimental group. The analysis comprised two interdependent axes: a) implementation fidelity to protocol; and b) dialogic quality of conversations. The findings are presented in three papers. Variation in the implemented modalities and communicational approaches allowed the classification in four levels of increasing fidelity to protocol: level 1 (3 cases), level 2 (6 cases), level 3 (1 case), and level 4 (2 cases). Inflection towards dialogic has not completely occurred. Relational principles, such as solidarity and no reprimand, were well developed. The conversations valued singular experiences of difficulties with the treatment. Furthermore, they produced co-understandings on what happened in the daily routine. Nevertheless, the decoding of meanings in understanding \"problems\" and creating \"solutions\" prioritized the cognitive-behavioral individual level. For example, rather than dialoguing on delays/abolishing doses of medication intake in social situations concerning stigma/discrimination, it prevailed the sense of \"memory problems\" in decoding treatment failures. Programmatic and sociocultural dimensions were incipiently incorporated to the understanding of contexts and construction/imagination of strategies to cope with \"impasses\" which implied adherence losses. Mingled with the communication of cognitive-behavioral approach, there were more dialogic moments which showed to be more promising to the construction by the participants of utterances regarding satisfaction, well-being, intentions, and beneficial and practical changes to adherence. The psychosocial situations of patients influenced communication. The more complex, the more they challenge \"how to have a conversation\" about multidimensional, synergistic, serious issues which harm health. It is necessary, but insufficient, to have strategies which enhance the communication quality and psychosocial approach of adherence interventions in care. The coordination of Care as a team and social and clinical actions, both immediate and objective, should complement them in order to mitigate situations which imply serious vulnerabilities that impair AIDS treatment adherence as well as the overall health

Desde o advento da terapia anti-retroviral e de sua distribuição gratuita pelo governo brasileiro, milhares de pessoas se tratam e vivem com aids no Brasil. A crescente sobrevida, o tratamento anti-retroviral e o monitoramento da doença através dos exames de CD4 e carga viral tornaram a aids, de acordo com definições biomédicas, uma doença crônica. Esta dissertação busca compreender a experiência da doença das pessoas que vivem com aids neste novo contexto crônico, e discutir as permanências e mudanças ocorridas, após dez anos do início da distribuição gratuita da terapia tripla potente (HAART). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de análise qualitativa de trinta e duas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pacientes de aids do Estado de São Paulo, realizadas em dois momentos distintos da história da epidemia, 1999 e 2005, que abarcam situações vividas logo após a introdução do coquetel e, posteriormente, com mais tempo de experiência da enfermidade. Seis aspectos da experiência de viver com aids foram analisados: as relações interpessoais e afetivas; as relações ocupacionais; a relação com a biomedicina (anti-retrovirais, exames e médico-paciente); percepção corporal; representações do vírus, do tratamento e da doença; e o conhecimento acerca da doença. Concluiu-se que apesar da definição biomédica da aids como doença crônica, há importantes aspectos vividos pelos pacientes que reeditam dificuldades semelhantes ao início da epidemia, mesmo após anos de vivência com a doença. A vivência da enfermidade crônica é abordada e discutida sob a perspectiva de \"pacientes-sujeitos\", em contraposição à idéia do \"pacienteprofissional\". O maior conhecimento das características destes dois tempos - de aids aguda e de aids crônica - que convivem simultaneamente é de extrema relevância no tratamento dos pacientes crônicos e pode contribuir para pensarmos transformações em termos do cuidado que sejam sensíveis a esta realidade híbrida / The Brazilian government has been providing free and universal access to the HAART therapy for people living with HIV and AIDS for almost ten years. Since then, many epidemiological characteristics have changed, and AIDS became scientifically and medically known as a chronic disease. This qualitative study aims to comprehend the illness experience of people living with AIDS in this new context, and to discuss the challenges occurred during this period. With this purpose, it was held 32 semi-structured interviews with AIDS patients in Sao Paulo State, in 1999 and 2005. Six dimensions of the illness experience were distinguished: (1) interpersonal relationships; (2) occupation activities; (3) the relation with the biomedicine (through out the use of anti-retroviral, CD4 and viral load tests and doctor-patient relationship); (4) body perception; (5) virus and treatment representations and (6) knowledge about the disease. From de data analysis was concluded that even with the new achievements of AIDS becoming a chronic disease in biomedical terms, there are still important aspects lived by the patients that reedit similar fears and difficulties from the first periods of the epidemic. Improving knowledge about the coexistence of these two different times -the acute AIDS and the chronic AIDS- can contribute to think new alternatives of care concerning the services delivery for people living with HIV and AIDS

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-227).

No description available.