Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T21:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_Claudiana_D.pdf: 8055525 bytes, checksum: 0d52e5c03f6bf121feaf9c874a6ae0a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nesta tese, decidi estudar a estrutura retórica dos discursos teóricos sobre a linguagem para refletir sobre a prática discursiva na produção do conhecimento lingüístico questionando-lhe o discurso cientificista, o qual postula a adoção de determinados conceitos e determinado método de formalização como pressuposto de qualificação desse conhecimento. A partir de uma perspectiva teórica integracionista (Harris, 1981, 1998), cuja concepção de linguagem, de inspiração wittgensteiniana, permite questionar os mitos da lingüística e valorizar as ações integralizadoras na situação comunicacional, escolhi como objeto de investigação a tradicional interpretação da teoria dos atos de fala de J. Austin pelo filósofo J. Searle, através da análise da estrutura retórica da obra Speech Acts- An Essqy in the Philosophy of Language(1969). Partindo da idéia de que a reformulação teórica de Austin por Searle, sua aceitação e repercussões na lingüística e na filosofia são frutos do mito da linguagem, analisei os processos de produção, interpretação e distribuição do texto de Searle e concluí que as concepções tradicionais do discurso cientificista e positivista, bem como a sua retórica da formalização, configuram - se numa ordem do discurso específica aos estudos da linguagem que, neste trabalho, denomino medo da morte.Para efetuar esta análise, discuti o lugar da retórica numa teoria do discurso, promovendo uma revisão teórico-metodológica do método proposto por Margutti Pinto (1998) em sua análise dos procedimentos argumentativos de Wittgenstein. Desse modo, elaborei, através do estudo da retórica de Searle interpretando Austin, uma proposta de análise retórica através de uma abordagem crítico-discursiva (Fairclough, 2001) condizente com o programa integracionista que inclui em seus objetivos uma tomada de consciência do caráter integral de nossas ações como lingüistas e acadêmicos, originadas da natureza política, interativa, e social de nossa experiência lingüística / Abstract: In this thesis I decided to study the rhetorical structure of theoretical studies of language, aiming to reflect upon the discursive practice involved in the production of linguistic knowledge. In doing so, I have questioned the cientificist discourse that postulates the adoption of certain concepts and a certain method of formalization as a precondition for the characterization of knowledge. Based on an integrationist theoretical perspective (Harris, 1981,1998) centred on a concept of language inspired on Wittgenstein which enables us to question the founding myths of linguistics as well as to emphasise the actions of integration in communication, I have chosen as an object of research the traditional interpretation of J. Austin's theory of speech acts carried out by the philosopher J. Searle, through the analysis of the rhetorical structure of the text "Speech Acts -An Essay in the Philosophy of Language"(1969). Starting from the idea that the theoretical reformulation of Austin done by Searle together with its acceptance and resulting repercussions on linguistics and philosophy are the result of language myth, I analysed the processes of production, interpretation and distribution of Searle's text and concluded that the traditional conceptions of the cientificist and positivist discourse as well as its formal rhetoric configure an order of discourse which is specific to the studies of language which, in this work, I call 'fear of death'. In order to carry out this analysis, I discussed the place of rhetoric in a theory of discourse, promoting a theoretical/methodological revision of the method proposed by Margutti Pinto (1998) in his analysis of the argumentative procedures of Wittgenstein. Thus I elaborated, by studying the rhetoric Searle used when interpreting Austin, a proposal of rhetorical analysis by a criticaldiscursive approach (Fairclough, 2001) which is in tine with the integrationist program which includes amongst its objectives a conscious realisation of the integral character of our actions as linguists and academics, originating in the political, interactive and social natures of our linguistic experience / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

This study aimed to calculate physicochemical descriptors for a class of 22 naphtoimidazolic derived compounds that possess microbicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, trypanocidal activity and so on. The descriptors were also calculated for benznidazole, a drug used in the treatment of Chagas disease and the ravuconazole, which shows itself effective in all strains of the parasite. After calculation of the descriptors found at which of these would be responsible for the separation of compounds into active and inactive. To do so, the structures were pre-optimized through chemical calculations of molecular mechanics and optimized by semi empirical calculations, based on Austin Model 1. After the molecular optimization, multivariate chemometric calculations to make the separation of active and inactive compounds were performed and verify which of descriptors were calculated for separating the relevant class of compounds. Were made 4 chemometric analysis of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, where information was available and the similarities of groups formed for the compounds and the descriptors. In the last chemometric analysis it was found that the most active compounds were FSE-1, FSE-2, FSE-13 and FSE-14 and the descriptor responsible for the observed activity would be ELUMO while that would be responsible for the inactivity was AE. Through calculations of the LUMO frontier orbitals, we found that the benzene ring and the imidazole ring are regions in structures that favor the formation of molecular interaction. For benzene of naphthalene, it was observed that the para and ortho positions are also regions of probable formation of molecular interaction. The electrostatic potential maps calculated showed that clusters with concentration of negative charges do not encourage biological activity of naphttimidazolic derivatives. To calculate the molecular anchoring it was used the cruzain enzyme from T. cruzi due its importance in all stages of the parasite life cycle. Realized molecular anchoring it was found that the most relevant interactions are stacking interactions and interactions with the imidazole ring in the ortho and para positions of the naphthalene ring of FSE derivatives. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve por objetivo calcular descritores físico-químicos para uma classe de 22 compostos de derivados naftoimidazólicos que possuem atividade microbicida, bactericida, fungicida, tripanocida dentre outras. Os descritores também foram calculados para o benzonidazol, fármaco usado no tratamento da doença de Chagas e para o ravuconazol, fármaco que se mostra efetivo em todas as cepas do parasito. Após o cálculo dos descritores verificou-se quais destes seriam responsáveis pela separação destes compostos em ativos e inativos. Para tanto, as estruturas foram pré-otimizadas através de cálculos químicos da mecânica molecular e otimizadas em cálculos semi-empíricos, na base Austin Model 1. Após a otimização molecular, foram realizados cálculos quimiométricos multivariados para fazer a separação dos compostos em ativos e inativos e, verificar quais dos descritores calculados foram relevantes para a separação da classe de compostos. Foram efetuadas 4 análises quimiométricas de análise de componentes principais e análise hierárquica de agrupamentos, onde foi possível obter informações dos grupamentos e das similaridades formadas para os compostos e para os descritores. Na última análise quimiométrica foi verificado que os compostos mais ativos foram FSE-1, FSE-2, FSE-13 e FSE-14 e que o descritor responsável pela atividade observada seria o ELUMO enquanto que aquele responsável pela inatividade seria o AE. Através dos cálculos dos orbitais de fronteira LUMO, foi possível verificar que o anel benzênico e o anel imidazol são regiões nas estruturas que favorecem a formação de interação molecular. Para o benzeno do naftaleno, observou-se que as posições para e orto, também são regiões de provável formação de interação molecular. Os mapas de potencial eletrostático calculados mostraram que grupamentos com concentração de cargas negativas, não favorecem a atividade biológica dos derivados naftoimidazólicos. Para o cálculo do ancoramento molecular foi utilizada a enzima cruzaína de T. cruzi, devido sua importância em todos os estágios do ciclo de vida do parasito. Realizado o ancoramento molecular verificou-se que as interações mais relevantes são as de empilhamento, as interações com anel imidazol e interações nas posições orto e para do anel naftaleno para os derivados FSE.

This dissertation works to create a clearer understanding of sustainability in water policy. Current water policy in four US cities was compared to a matrix of recommended sustainability themes that have been presented in the literature to determine the extent of which these themes have been implemented into water policy. To best analyze policy for sustainability it is necessary to look at the policy of cities that are considered sustainable. This was determined by a city’s inclusion in “Most Sustainable US Cities” lists. The two cities that best represented sustainability were Austin, TX and San Francisco, CA. The research also included cities that are not considered leaders in sustainability but are similar in demographics, population, and state; these two cities are Fort Worth, TX and San Jose, CA. Finally, the same matrix was applied to the state policy to establish how state policy influences city sustainability. The results of this study add to the current knowledge in this field as it contributes a current analysis of sustainable water policy. The final findings compile the themes into a sustainability pyramid framework of common, uncommon, and rare sustainability. It appears that the ‘sustainable’ cities have included more uncommon and rare themes than the traditional cities, while common themes are implemented across the board. Common themes are those that are traditionally associated with sustainability – themes like conservation, reuse, and reducing pollutant impact on water sources. In order increase sustainability, cities should apply more of the themes from the top of the pyramid.

<p>The essay seeks to clarify some of the decisive but often obscured issues in the famous debate between Jacques Derrida and Jonn F. Searle. The debate commenced in 1977 with the publication in <em>Glyph</em> of Derrida’s lecture <em>Signature Event Context</em> from -71, followed by Searle’s <em>Reiterating the Differences</em>. A Reply to Derrida and subsequently Derrida’s reply <em>Limited Inc a b c …</em> which encouraged Searle to renew his criticism. I situate the debate within a philosophical context where questions of the aim of philosophy and the nature of philosophical writing cannot be excluded from the specific topics that are being discussed. Starting from Derrida’s controversial reading of Austin, where a few key points of criticism are placed under scrutiny, I proceed to problems of writing and communication where special attention is paid to the concept of iterability and Searle’s remark that this has been confounded with permanence in Derrida’s exposition. The concept of ”writing” is examined as a crux in the understanding of the two philosophers. And iterability is then found to be derieved from the theorization of absence in relation to that very concept. Iterability designates an essential possibility of absence and implies the possibility of every mark to be grafted onto new contexts of significance. Thus it draws the consequences of a general repeatability, within which difference is underscored as the inevitable outcome. The last section of the essay relates to the phenomenological project of investigating the genesis of idealization and traces the emergence of iterability in Derrida’s further writings on Husserl, where repetition can be perceived of as constitutive for ideality and thus for identity. Bearing on this observation, the type/token-distinction, proposed by Searle to undo the problem of iterability, is subjected to further inquiry and linked to the process of idealization, within which iterability is revealed to have a temporal relevance that also affects the notion of permanence. The claim is then made that iterability should be understood as a fundamentally ambiguous phenomenon through its dual relation to identity and difference. Its utility is found to be hinged upon the status of the possible. Finally, the question of iterability as concept is posed, which entails its interdependence upon notions of dissemination and différance.</p>

The essay seeks to clarify some of the decisive but often obscured issues in the famous debate between Jacques Derrida and Jonn F. Searle. The debate commenced in 1977 with the publication in Glyph of Derrida’s lecture Signature Event Context from -71, followed by Searle’s Reiterating the Differences. A Reply to Derrida and subsequently Derrida’s reply Limited Inc a b c … which encouraged Searle to renew his criticism. I situate the debate within a philosophical context where questions of the aim of philosophy and the nature of philosophical writing cannot be excluded from the specific topics that are being discussed. Starting from Derrida’s controversial reading of Austin, where a few key points of criticism are placed under scrutiny, I proceed to problems of writing and communication where special attention is paid to the concept of iterability and Searle’s remark that this has been confounded with permanence in Derrida’s exposition. The concept of ”writing” is examined as a crux in the understanding of the two philosophers. And iterability is then found to be derieved from the theorization of absence in relation to that very concept. Iterability designates an essential possibility of absence and implies the possibility of every mark to be grafted onto new contexts of significance. Thus it draws the consequences of a general repeatability, within which difference is underscored as the inevitable outcome. The last section of the essay relates to the phenomenological project of investigating the genesis of idealization and traces the emergence of iterability in Derrida’s further writings on Husserl, where repetition can be perceived of as constitutive for ideality and thus for identity. Bearing on this observation, the type/token-distinction, proposed by Searle to undo the problem of iterability, is subjected to further inquiry and linked to the process of idealization, within which iterability is revealed to have a temporal relevance that also affects the notion of permanence. The claim is then made that iterability should be understood as a fundamentally ambiguous phenomenon through its dual relation to identity and difference. Its utility is found to be hinged upon the status of the possible. Finally, the question of iterability as concept is posed, which entails its interdependence upon notions of dissemination and différance.

Cette analyse porte sur la comparaison de deux romans, The Polished Hoe et Le livre d'Emma , écrits respectivement par un écrivain originaire de la Barbade, Austin Clarke, et une écrivaine haïtienne, Marie-Célie Agnant. Ces deux romans racontent le récit d'une femme noire accusée de meurtre qui doit raconter son histoire à un homme en position d'autorité sur elle afin qu'il puisse confiner dans un rapport écrit officiel le récit respectif des deux dames. Afin de faire une comparaison efficace, ce travail est divisé en deux chapitres, soit"Profil sémantique des personnages" et"Dynamique énonciative des deux romans". Comme son titre l'annonce, le premier chapitre fait une analyse poussée des personnages afin de comprendre le sens profond du rôle qu'ils jouent dans le procédé de communication entre l'auteur et le lectorat. Finalement, le second chapitre porte sur les relations et interrelations entre les différents personnages ainsi que de leur importance dans ce même procédé de communication, faisant appel aux théories de la proxémique et de la réponse du lecteur ( reader response theory ). Le présent travail se penche aussi sur la question linguistique soulevée par les deux auteurs: Clarke utilise un langage vernaculaire, tandis qu'Agnant nous livre son récit par la voix de Flore, une interprète devant traduire les paroles d'Emma du créole au français, puisque cette dernière, même si elle comprend et parle parfaitement le français, refuse catégoriquement de s'exprimer dans cette langue. Il y est aussi question de la transmission orale, qui semble dans les deux cas porter la promesse d'une nouvelle vie, être la clé d'une certaine résurrection dans l'esprit d'autrui.

This study explores the social, technological economic, and environmental development of single-family residential water conservation programs at the Austin Water Utility and asks: What makes a conservation program successful? I hypothesize that water conservation programs will be successful if both institutional-producer goals and citizen-consumer goals are satisfied. While the findings suggest that this may be partially true, it also has become clear that my original actor-network model was too simple to predict the various types of influences on program success. Not only did I find other significant ‘actors’ involved in water conservation, I also found that utility and participant groups themselves represent a wide variety of interests. This study seeks to answer the research question by creating a series of narratives that critically explore water infrastructure and water conservation programs in Austin, Texas. Through a methodological lens referred to as ‘critical constructivism,’ I use mixed methods to analyze and interpret historic documents, interviews, and quantitative data as primary sources. Literature from Science and Technology Studies (STS) are used as secondary sources. This study will add to a body of knowledge that describes how and why we manage our environmental resources. The subject of conservation is especially relevant as urban growth continues with fewer affordable opportunities to increase regional water supplies. As we enter an era of expected water conflict, knowing how to conserve water effectively will help provide more opportunities for sharing a common resource amongst communities, industry, agriculture, and the environment. / text

Permeable Friction Course (PFC) is a layer of porous asphalt pavement with a thickness of up to 50 millimeters overlain on a conventional impervious hot mix asphalt or Portland cement concrete roadway surface. PFC is used for its driver safety and improved stormwater quality benefits associated with its ability to drain rainfall runoff from the roadway surface. PFC has recently been approved as a stormwater best management practice in the State of Texas. The drainage properties of PFC are typically considered to be governed primarily by two hydraulic properties: porosity and hydraulic conductivity. Both of these hydraulic properties are expected to change over the life of the PFC layer due to clogging of the pore space by trapped sediment. Therefore, proper measurement of the hydraulic properties can be problematic. Laboratory and field tests are necessary for accurately determining the hydraulic conductivity of the PFC layer in order to ensure whether the driver safety and water quality benefits will persist in the future. During testing, PFC experiences a nonlinear flow relationship which can be modeled using the Forchheimer equation. Due to the two-dimensional flow patterns created during testing, the hydraulic conductivity cannot be directly measured. Therefore, numerical modeling of the two-dimensional nonlinear flow relationship is required to convert the measureable flow characteristics into the theoretical flow characteristics in order to properly determine the isotropic hydraulic conductivity. This numerical model utilizes a new scalar quantity, defined as the hydraulic conductivity ratio, to allow for proper modeling of nonlinear flow in two-dimensional cylindrical coordinates. PFC core specimens have been extracted from three different roadway locations around Austin, Texas for the past four years (2007 to 2010). Porosity values of the core specimens range from 12% to 23%, and the porosity data suggest a statistical decrease over time due to trapped sediment in the pore space. A series of constant head tests used in the laboratory and a falling head test used in the field are recommended for measurement of PFC hydraulic characteristics using a modified Forchheimer equation. Through numerical modeling, regressions equations are presented to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and nonlinear Forchheimer coefficient from the measureable hydraulic characteristics determined during experimental testing. Hydraulic conductivity values determined for laboratory core specimens range from 0.02 centimeters per second (cm/s) to nearly 3 cm/s. Field measurements of in-situ hydraulic conductivity vary over a range from 0.6 cm/s to 3.6 cm/s. The results of this research provide well-defined laboratory and field methods for measurement of the isotropic hydraulic conductivity of PFC experiencing two-dimensional nonlinear flow and characterized by the Forchheimer equation. This methodology utilizes a numerical model which presents a proper solution for nonlinear flow in two-dimensions. / text

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) require electricity providers to supply a minimum fixed percentage or total quantity of customer load from designated renewable energy resources by a given date. These policies have become increasingly prevalent in the past decade as state governments seek to increase the use of renewable energy sources. As a policy tool, RPS provide a cost-effective, market-based approach for meeting targets which promote greater use of renewable energy in both regulated and deregulated markets. To facilitate the obtainment of Renewable Portfolio Standards, most states allow the trading of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs). RECs represent the environmental attributes of renewable energy generation which are decoupled from the generated power. These credits are created along with the generation of renewable energy, decoupled from energy generation, tracked by regional systems, and eventually purchased by retail suppliers to fulfill their RPS obligations. As of April 2010, RPS have been passed into law in 29 states and Washington D.C. and an additional 6 states have non-mandatory renewable portfolio goals however the U.S. government has yet to enact a Federal Renewable Portfolio Standard. Although the final requirements and details of a Federal RPS are undecided, federal standards would be unlikely to preempt or override state programs which are already in place. A key concern regarding the passage of a federal RPS is that a national REC market would result in a shift of wealth from states with few renewable energy resources and limited resource potential to regions richer in renewable resources. Because of the implications that a federal renewable portfolio standard would have on the economy, the environment, and the equitable treatment of all the states, many issues and concerns must be resolved before federal standards will be passed into law. A theoretical case study for an electric utility generation planning decision that includes obligations to meet Renewable Portfolio Standard is presented here. A framework is provided that allows decision makers and strategic planning teams to: assess their business situation, identify objectives of generation planning, determine the relative weights of the objectives, recognize tradeoffs, and create an efficient portfolio using Portfolio Theory. The case study follows the business situation for Austin Energy as it seeks to meet Texas State RPS and mandates set by Austin City Council and prepares for potential National RPS legislation. / text

Periodic releases from an upstream dam cause rapid stage fluctuations in the Colorado River near Austin, Texas. These daily pulses modulate fluid exchange and residence times in the hyporheic region, where biogeochemical reactions are pronounced. We installed two transects of wells perpendicular to the river to examine in detail the reactions occurring in this zone of surface-water and groundwater exchange. One well transect recorded physical water level fluctuations and allowed us to map hydraulic head gradients and fluid movement. The second transect allowed for water sample collection at three discrete depths. Samples were collected from 12 wells every 2 hours for a 24-hour period and were analyzed for nutrients, carbon, major ions, and stable isotopes. The results provide a detailed picture of biogeochemical processes in the bank environment during low flow/drought conditions in a regulated river. Findings indicate that a pulse that causes a change in river stage of approximately 16-centimeters does not cause significant mixing in the bank. Under these conditions, the two systems act independently and exhibit only slight mixing at the interface. / text