Gotska Sandön is the Baltic ocean’s most isolated island, located approximately 40 kilometres north from the closest civilisation. Today the island serves as a national park and a tourist attraction. The remoteness has made the island a difficult place to reach both in the past and today. Yet, excavations on the island show that human activity existed long before tourists arrived.                     The study observes Gotska Sandön through a long-term perspective by examining the osteological and archaeological findings from the island. The study is part of a larger project conducted by Uppsala university and Södertörns högskola. The purpose of the study is to examine the historic human activity on the island to determine the island’s importance for humans in the past. Therefore, this paper examines all ages where human activity can be traced, resulting in a perspective from the stone age to present-time.         Results indicate human activity through different eras where the island has worked as a hunting ground as well as a place for rituals such as funeral sites. Conclusions that can be drawn from the study is that the island has had different meanings through different times, ritual such as functional. The study finds a strong connection between human activity and seal hunting throughout the ages and indicates the impact seal hunting has had for human survival.

The purpose of this thesis is to make a thorough but compact description of the international laws concerning solid garbage generated by vessels and sludge treatment. It is also to construct a pamphlet that can be used as a guide by ports when constructing their own information sheets to the vessels. The questions given to us from Baltic Master II were: what does the international legislation state about waste handling from vessels and in the port facilities, both sludge and solid garbage? Describe routines for receiving sludge, with concern taken to the rules that apply today. Describe routines for receiving sorted garbage and recycling, with concern taken to the rules that apply today. Look at the present symbols and labelling and develop a standard for vessels and port facilities. To solve these questions we choose an investigative method based on a literature study. The research of earlier studies showed that the parties involved consider the waste- and sludgetreatment to be flawed. In some cases the problems are fictitious or exaggerated. The main problem originates from the fact that there are no uniform routines for the interaction between vessel and port. Although there is more then one way to deal with this problem, we have concluded that the best way to improve the present day situation is to implement uniform routines. To make the routines effective they should be developed and agreed upon by the parties involved taking into consideration present day international legislation. In this thesis we present a suggestion on such a routine.

This thesis presents a linguistic ethnographic study of language ideologies and identities in a multilingual, university community in Kazakhstan: a university aspiring to put Kazakhstan’s ‘Trinity of Languages’ project, aimed at developing societal tri-lingualism in Kazakh, Russian and English, into practice. Data was collected at a Kazakhstani university from 2012 to 2013, combining participant-observation and fieldnotes, audio recordings and interviews. Drawing on the concept of heteroglossia (Bakhtin 1981), the research investigates how young people draw on ideologies of separate and flexible multilingualism (Blackledge and Creese 2010) and on the often contested indexicalities of Kazakh, Russian and English linguistic resources to negotiate identities as multilingual people in Kazakhstan, particularly in contexts of performance, and stance-taking. Consideration of these ideological and linguistic resources also sheds light on Kazakhstan’s wider ‘processes of ideological transformation’ (Smagulova 2008:195) and their real-life implications for multilingual people. Furthermore, the analysis highlights how participants construct stances towards translanguaging (Garcia 2009) and suggests that acts of contextualisation, which frame interactions as being more or less ‘on-stage’ or ‘off-stage’, shape the way that speakers draw on linguistic resources and their indexical meanings, and how these contexts can afford or constrain speaker agency in the negotiation of identities.

This study examines the propensity of internally weak states to form alliances with or against threatening powers. Drawing upon insights from neoclassical realism, the study proposes a 'resistance' model of weak state alliance formation and tests the model using cases drawn from the states of the former Soviet Union. The study examined the performance of resistance theory explanations when compared to explanations drawn from the dominant theory of alliance formation, Balance of Threat, as well as a generally accepted theory of weak state alliances, Capitulationist theory The study finds that the leaders of weak states are particularly susceptible to the influence of 'critical constituencies' within their states---those social and political forces upon which weak regimes most depend for continued authority. The reliance of weak leaders on these narrow segments of society often precludes alliances with threatening external powers whose demands are at odds with the values of the critical constituency Ultimately, internally weak states were found to be no more willing to be coerced into binding alliance agreements than were similarly threatened states with greater levels of internal cohesion. This finding was inconsistent with Capitulationist theory, consistent with Balance of Threat but best explained by resistance theory / acase@tulane.edu

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur lettiska idiomatiska uttryck förstås och används av letter som bor i Sverige.</p>

<p>A low content of organic matter, which is largely refractory in nature, is characteristic of most sediments, meaning that aquatic deposit-feeders live on a very poor food source. The food is derived mainly from sedimenting phytodetritus, and in temperate waters like the Baltic Sea, from seasonal phytoplankton blooms. Deposit-feeders are either bulk-feeders, or selective feeders, which preferentially ingest the more organic-rich particles in the sediment, including phytodetritus, microbes and meiofauna.</p><p>The soft-bottom benthos of the Baltic Sea has low species biodiversity and is dominated by a few macrobenthic species, among which the most numerous are the two deposit-feeding amphipods <i>Monoporeia affinis</i> and<i> Pontoporeia femorata</i>, and the bivalve <i>Macoma balthica</i>. This thesis is based on laboratory experiments on the feeding of these three species, and on the priapulid <i>Halicryptus spinulosus.</i> </p><p>Feeding by benthic animals is often difficult to observe, but can be effectively studied by the use of tracers. Here we used the radioactive isotope ¹⁴C to label food items and to trace the organic matter uptake in the animals, while the stable isotopes ¹³C and¹⁵N were used to follow feeding on aged organic matter in the sediment. </p><p>The abundance of<i> M. balthica</i> and the amphipods tends to be negatively correlated, i.e., fewer bivalves are found at sites with dense populations of amphipods, with the known explanation that newly settled <i>M. balthica</i> spat are killed by the amphipods. Whether the postlarvae are just accidentally killed, or also ingested after being killed was tested by labelling the postlarvae with ¹⁴C and Rhodamine B. Both tracer techniques gave similar evidence for predation on and ingestion of postlarval bivalves. We calculated that this predation was likely to supply less than one percent of the daily carbon requirement for <i>M. affinis</i>, but might nevertheless be an important factor limiting recruitment of <i>M. balthica. </i></p><p>The two amphipods <i>M. affinis</i> and <i>P. femorata </i>are partly vertically segregated in the sediment, but whether they also feed at different depths was unknown. By adding fresh 14C-labelled algae either on the sediment surface or mixed into the sediment, we were able to distinguish surface from subsurface feeding. We found <i>M. affinis</i> and <i>P. femorata</i> to be surface and subsurface deposit-feeders, respectively. </p><p>Whether the amphipods also feed on old organic matter, was studied by adding fresh ¹⁴C-labelled algae on the sediment surface, and using aged, one-year-old ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labelled sediment as deep sediment. Ingestion of old organic matter, traced by the stable isotopes, differed between the two species, with a higher uptake for <i>P. femorata</i>, suggesting that <i>P. femorata</i> utilises the older, deeper-buried organic matter to a greater extent.</p><p>Feeding studies with juveniles of both <i>M. affinis</i> and <i>P. femorata</i> had not been done previously. In an experiment with the same procedure and treatments as for the adults, juveniles of both amphipod species were found to have similar feeding strategies. They fed on both fresh and old sediment, with no partitioning of food resources, making them likely to be competitors for the same food resource. </p><p>Oxygen deficiency has become more wide-spread in the Baltic Sea proper in the last half-century, and upwards of 70 000km² are now devoid of macrofauna, even though part of that area does not have oxygen concentrations low enough to directly kill the macrofauna. We made week-long experiments on the rate of feeding on ¹⁴C-labelled diatoms spread on the sediment surface in different oxygen concentrations for both the amphipod species, <i>M. balthica</i> and <i>H. spinulosus. </i>The amphipods were the most sensitive to oxygen deficiency and showed reduced feeding and lower survival at low oxygen concentrations.<i> M. balthica</i> showed reduced feeding at the lowest oxygen concentration, but no mortality increase. The survival of <i>H. spinulosus</i> was unaffected, but it did not feed, showing that it is not a surface deposit-feeder. We conclude that low oxygen concentrations that are not directly lethal, but reduce food intake, may lead to starvation and death in the longer term.</p>

<p>Opinions, rankings and evaluations of states’ development are proliferating. In the context of the transformation and EU accession of the Baltic States, there were many organizations involved in the scrutiny of their efforts to become accepted as modern and European. This scrutiny directed towards states can be seen as a new practice of transnational regulation. Especially in times of major transformation, as was the case in the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, monitoring and evaluation of achievements can be expected to shape how reforms were prioritized and how problems were perceived. In order to gain a better understanding of these transformations it is necessary to study the practice of organizations that scrutinize the states.</p><p>The aim of the thesis is to analyze the role of scrutiny as a practice of transnational regulation. By analyzing how international organizations scrutinize states, this thesis adds knowledge to how transforming states are constructed in the everyday practices of scrutiny. A main argument is that by evaluating and reporting on states, international organizations can be seen as ‘auditors’ of transformations in states. The thesis compares three such ‘auditors’ and their respective relations to the states under scrutiny, namely: the European Commission, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the NGO Transparency International. </p><p>The thesis contributes to discussions about the role of transnational regulation in the transformation of states. By comparing the three cases of scrutiny it is concluded that scrutiny produces both comfort and critique for and about these transforming states. In addition, through processes of scrutinizing, states are constructed as auditable and comparable. Scrutiny also inscribes states into a story about progress, it thus offers hope about reforms and of a better future.</p>

<p>Summer blooms of filamentous, diazotrophic cyanobacteria are typical of the Baltic Sea Proper, and are dominated by <i>Aphanizomenon </i>sp<i>.</i> and the toxic <i>Nodularia spumigena.</i> Although occurring every summer, the blooms vary greatly in timing and spatial distribution, making monitoring difficult and imprecise. This thesis studies how the spatial variability of Baltic cyanobacterial blooms influences estimates of abundance, vertical and horizontal distribution and N₂-fixation. Implications for sampling and monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms are also discussed.</p><p>The results of the thesis confirm the importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in providing N for summer production in the Baltic Proper. It also highlights the large spatial and temporal variation in these blooms and argues that improved spatial coverage and replication could make monitoring data more useful for demonstrating time trends, and for identifying the factors regulating the blooms. The vertical distribution of <i>Aphanizomenon</i> and <i>Nodularia</i> was found to be spatially variable, probably as a combination of species-specific adaptations and ambient weather conditions. Vertical migration in <i>Aphanizomenon</i> was more important towards the end of summer, and is probably regulated by a trade-off between P-availability and light and temperature.</p>

<p>The aim of this thesis was to estimate and possibly quantify ocean flow by utilizing conventional and novel observational methods as well as model results. Motionally induced voltages, from a cable-based observational system in the Baltic Sea, were analysed to determine their utility for ocean monitoring. The data set was examined as regards the influence of single- and multi-layer flow. Correlation analyses undertaken in the first study showed that the geoelectric installation is capable of providing good estimates of the net flow across the Visby-Västervik transect. The second study focused on possible effects of multi-layer flow on the signal. Comparisons were made with tidal-gauge geostrophic flow estimates, and a good agreement was found, except for a few brief winter periods characterized by significant discrepancies. The velocity fields from a three-dimensional model showed that these events coincided with strong surface and bottom currents, and hence the attenuated voltage signal was suggested as being caused by the non-uniform velocity distribution.</p><p>The third study dealt with the deep-water flow through the Understen-Märket trench. Observational data indicated that this flow could be described by applying hydraulic theory. Since the passage is narrow compared to the internal Rossby radius of deformation, rotational effects could be neglected to lowest order. The theoretical predictions proved to agree well with the observational results.</p><p>The final study examined the effects of the heat flux and the wind forcing on the circulation in Bahía de Concepción, Chile, where three field surveys were undertaken during the extended austral summer 2002. Hydrographic and current measurements were compared to local tidal-gauge records. Rough estimates of the barotropic and the baroclinic flow across the transect indicated an unusual vortex circulation during periods of weak wind forcing and strong surface heating; results which were corroborated by numerical simulations.</p>

<p>FN har deklarerat år 2005 till år 2015 som ett decennium för utbildning om hållbar utveckling. Därför var det intressant att undersöka om det har fått någon genomslagskraft i den gymnasiala undervisningen. Syftet med den här undersökningen var att undersöka om ett skifte från traditionell miljöundervisning till undervisning för hållbar utveckling har skett.</p><p>Det empiriska materialet består av sex kvalitativa intervjuer med två fysiklärare, två naturkunskapslärare och två samhällskunskapslärare. Resultatet av denna studie visade att kunskaperna för hållbar utveckling varierar bland lärarna och att det inte har skett ett skifte från traditionell miljöundervisning till undervisning för hållbar utveckling fullt ut. Den undervisning som idag bedrivs ligger inom den normativa miljöutbildningen. En slutledning som kan dras av den här undersökningen är att om vi skall få undervisning för hållbar utveckling inom skolvärlden krävs ett bättre stöd från skolledning och tydligare styrdokument.</p>