Due to renewable production of woody biomass, Short Rotation Coppices (SRC) are suitable for energetic and material utilization. Compared to conventional arable crops, SRC consume more water and therefore, sufficient water supply is mandatory in order to protect the yield of woody biomass. In previous studies, an increment of woody biomass in SRC due to the irrigation with clear water and sewage sludge was proved. The effect of biologically treated wastewater on the growth of SRC is, however, largely unknown. The objective of this study is to investigate this effect. Experimental plots were established in the lowland of Thuringia to carry out field recordings and irrigations which were adapted to site conditions. The utilization of biologically treated wastewater enables the use of an additional water resource without consuming fresh water sources. The investigations serve to test the following hypotheses: The production of higher yields of biomass - divided into woody and leafy biomass - is assumed at the irrigated plots compared to the non- irrigated plots. Older and groundwater- influenced plots show a higher biomass production as the younger and groundwater- distant plots. The use of biologically treated wastewater in addition prolongs the growing season. That means that foliation time commences earlier and leaf fall is delayed. The different sites located in the Thuringian lowlands which were investigated show high site quality indexes, however, they also belong to one of the driest regions of Germany due to their low precipitation. The subject of investigation was to determine the additional amount of biologically treated wastewater required to create optimum conditions in soil water supply for plant growth. The irrigation measures and meteorological field recordings were implemented at different sites of up to six years old poplar and willow plantations. The irrigation requirements of the plots were determined based on a water budget model (ZEPHYR). Dependent on weather, soil and growth conditions the time and quantity of irrigation were calculated. The biologically treated wastewater was irrigated at the plots using a tank wagon in combination with a pipe system and connected water meter. The wastewater transfer within the plot was carried out by means of furrow irrigation. The main focus of the investigations was to determine the annual net primary production divided into woody and leafy biomass and the intra- annual trend of growth of irrigated and non- irrigated poplars and willows in dependence of age and soil water supply. For that purpose, measurements of woody biomass, phenological observations and measurements of water balance values on groundwater- influenced and groundwater- distant sites were carried out during vegetation time. Moreover, following each period of vegetation, the increment of woody biomass of the investigation plots was estimated due to complete recordings. It was possible to model the increment of woody biomass of poplar and willow plantations dependent on age and soil water supply based on measured data. The irrigation with biologically treated wastewater shows positive effects in production of woody biomass at both, groundwater- distant and slightly groundwater- influenced plots. Irrigated trees show a higher leafy and woody biomass than non- irrigated. No effects of irrigation were detected at strongly groundwater- influenced plots. On all investigation plots, the poplars produce more woody biomass as the willows. The older trees produce more woody biomass than the younger ones. The intra- annual trend of growth at the plots close to the groundwater is not influenced by the additional irrigation. At groundwater- distant plots, an effect of temporal prolongation of vertical growth caused by irrigation could be established. The phenological observations show a differentiation of leaf fall. Irrigated and non- irrigated plots show a similar date of termination of leaf fall. However, the leaf fall begins later at irrigated plots than at non- irrigated. No effect on the trend of foliation caused by the utilization of biologically treated wastewater is established. An irrigation of SRC with biologically treated wastewater is suitable for an increment of yield at groundwater- distant sites provided that site conditions are taken into account. It is, however, only economically feasible under certain conditions such as for example short distances to the place where the biologically treated wastewater is discharged, or where existing wastewater reservoirs can be used. An irrigation of SRC in the immediate vicinity of a purification plant or the utilization of pre-existing reservoirs is conceivable as a means of decreasing costs of transportation, storage and irrigation while increasing yield. / Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) sind durch die regenerative Erzeugung einer hohen Dendromasse zur energetischen und stofflichen Verwertung gekennzeichnet. Aufgrund des im Vergleich zu konventionellen Ackerfrüchten höheren Wasserverbrauches muss eine ausreichende Wasserversorgung des jeweiligen Standortes für die Sicherung und Steigerung von Dendromasseerträgen in KUP gewährleistet sein. Eine Dendromasseerhöhung in KUP durch Zugabe von Klarwasser und Klärschlämmen wurde in früheren Untersuchungen nachgewiesen. Die Wirkung von biologisch geklärtem Abwasser auf das Wachstum von KUP ist dagegen weitgehend unbekannt. Die vorliegende Studie hat das Ziel, diese Wirkung zu untersuchen. In der Thüringer Ackerebene wurden Versuchsflächen eingerichtet, die neben den Feldaufnahmen auch eine standortangepasste Bewässerung zulässt. Die Verwendung von biologisch geklärtem Abwasser ermöglicht es, eine zusätzliche Wasserressource in Anspruch zu nehmen, ohne auf Frischwasserquellen zurückgreifen zu müssen. Die Untersuchungen sollten u. a. dazu dienen, folgende Hypothesen zu testen: Die Produktion höherer Biomasseerträge, unterteilt in Dendro- und Blattmasse, wird bei den bewässerten Beständen im Vergleich zu den unbewässerten angenommen. Die älteren und grundwasserbeeinflussten Bestände weisen eine höhere Biomasseproduktion auf als die jüngeren und grundwasserfernen. Zusätzlich eingesetztes biologisch geklärtes Abwasser verlängert die Vegetationszeit. Das bedeutet, dass der Blattaustrieb früher beginnt und der Laubfall verzögert wird. Die verschiedenen untersuchten Standorte der Thüringer Ackerebene weisen zwar hohe Ackerzahlen auf, zählen jedoch hinsichtlich der Niederschläge zu einer der trockensten Region Deutschlands. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen war es, welche Zusatzmengen an biologisch geklärtem Abwasser für die verschiedenen Standorte notwendig waren, um optimale Verhältnisse in der Bodenwasserversorgung für das Pflanzenwachstum zu schaffen. Die Bewässerungsmaßnahmen und meteorologischen Feldaufnahmen wurden auf verschiedenen Standorten von bis zu sechsjährigen Pappel- und Weidenplantagen durchgeführt. Der Bewässerungsbedarf der Bestände wurde mit einem Wasserhaushaltsmodell („ZEPHYR“) ermittelt. In Abhängigkeit von der Witterung, dem Boden und der Pflanzenentwicklung wurden der Zeitpunkt und die Höhe der Bewässerungsmenge berechnet. Das biologisch geklärte Abwasser wurde durch einen Tankwagen in Kombination mit einem Rohrleitungssystem und angeschlossenem Wasserzähler (Wasseruhr) auf die Flächen ausgebracht. Die Abwassergabe innerhalb der Parzelle erfolgte als Furchenbewässerung. Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen war die jährliche Ermittlung der Nettoprimärproduktion, unterteilt in Dendro- und Blattmasse, und der innerjährliche Verlauf des Wachstums von bewässerten und unbewässerten Pappeln und Weiden in Abhängigkeit vom Bestandesalter und von der Bodenwasserversorgung. Dazu wurden innerhalb der Vegetationsperioden Messungen der Bestandesdendromasse, phänologische Beobachtungen und Messungen von Wasserhaushaltsgrößen auf grundwasserbeeinflussten und grundwasserfernen Standorten durchgeführt. Zudem wurden nach jeder Vegetationsperiode die Zuwächse der Versuchsbestände durch Vollkluppungen geschätzt. Mit den gemessenen Daten war es möglich, die Dendromassezuwächse von Pappel- und Weiden-KUP in Abhängigkeit vom Bestandesalter und von der Bodenwasserversorgung zu modellieren. Positive Ergebnisse durch die Bewässerung zeigen sich bezüglich der Dendromasseproduktion sowohl bei den grundwasserfernen als auch bei den leicht grundwasserbeeinflussten Beständen. Die bewässerten Bestände weisen eine größere Laub- und Dendromasse auf als die unbewässerten. Bei den stark grundwasserbeeinflussten Beständen sind keine Bewässerungseffekte nachzuweisen. Auf allen Versuchsflächen produzieren die Pappeln mehr Dendromasse als die Weiden. Die älteren Bestände bilden mehr Dendromasse als die jüngeren. Der innerjährliche Wachstumsverlauf wird bei grundwassernahen Beständen durch die Zusatzbewässerung nicht beeinflusst. Bei grundwasserfernen Standorten ist ein Bewässerungseffekt, der eine zeitliche Verlängerung des Höhenwachstums verursacht, festzustellen. Die phänologischen Beobachtungen zeigen eine Differenzierung des Laubfalles. Bewässerte und unbewässerte Bestände weisen ein ähnliches Datum der Beendigung des Laubfalles auf. Allerdings setzt der Laubfall bei den bewässerten Beständen später als bei den unbewässerten ein. Ein Einfluss der Zusatzbewässerung auf den Verlauf des Blattaustriebes wird nicht nachgewiesen. Eine Bewässerung von KUP mit biologisch geklärtem Abwasser ist unter Beachtung standörtlicher Voraussetzungen für eine Ertragssteigerung auf grundwasserfernen Standorten geeignet. Sie ist aber nur dann zu rechtfertigen, wenn betriebswirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen, wie z. B. kurze Entfernungen zum Ort der Ausbringung des biologisch geklärten Abwassers oder die Nutzung von bereits existierenden Abwasserspeichern, eingehalten werden. Denkbar wäre eine Bewässerung von KUP im direkten Umfeld einer Kläranlage oder die Nutzung bereits vorhandener Wasserspeicher, um die Transport-, Speicher- und Bewässerungskosten bei gleichzeitiger Ertragserhöhung zu senken.

This dissertation shows a novel strategy using soil matric potential based irrigation to improve water productivity of rice cultivation which is a case study from Sri Lanka. Study contains research component and a crop modelling component.:Introduction Fundamentals and Scientific Background Literature Review New Methods for Improving Water Productivity in Rice Cultivation Results and Discussion Conclusions and Outlook

Durch den in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland stark ausgeweiteten Spargelanbau wird der Kostendruck auf die Erzeuger immer größer. Um eine Spargelfläche ökonomisch erfolgreich zu bewirtschaften sind Anbauempfehlungen die auf einer objektiven Grundlage beruhen unersetzlich. Eine Möglichkeit hierzu ist das Messen der Reservekohlenhydratkonzentration (RKH-Konzentration) in den Speicherwurzeln. Ein sehr großer Nachteil dieser Methode ist, dass die Speicherwurzelmasse, die einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die verfügbare Gesamtmenge an Reservekohlenhydraten hat unberücksichtigt bleibt. Hinsichtlich der Wurzelmasse und der Wurzelverteilung im Boden bestanden bislang große Wissenslücken. Um den Einfluss der Bewässerung auf die Wurzelmasse und die Wurzelverteilung zu ermitteln, wurde ein Praxisversuch angelegt. Zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten in der Vegetationsperiode wurden Proben auf einer bewässerten und einer unbewässerten Variante entnommen. In der bewässerten Variante waren zu jedem Zeitpunkt signifikant mehr Speicherwurzeln vorhanden. Auch die Speicherwurzelfrischmasse war signifikant größer. In der Tiefenverteilung unterschieden sich jedoch die Varianten nicht. Auch in Gefäßversuchen konnten diese Ergebnisse bestätigt werden. Die Faserwurzelverteilung unter Praxisbedingungen unterschied sich jedoch erheblich von der Speicherwurzelverteilung. In der bewässerten Variante war der Boden im untersuchten Profil komplett mit Faserwurzeln durchwachsen, während in der unbewässerten Variante die Faserwurzeln lediglich in den oberen Bodenschichten zu finden waren. In Gefäßversuchen durchwurzelten die Faserwurzeln unabhängig von der Bewässerungssteuerung das gesamte Bodenvolumen. Unter mehrjährigen Praxisbedingungen lag die RKH-Konzentration in der unbewässerten Variante immer über der Konzentration in der bewässerten Variante. Die Gesamtmenge an RKH lag jedoch aufgrund der größeren Speicherwurzelmasse in der bewässerten Variante höher. Daher muss bei der Verwendung der RKH-Methode als Steuerinstrument im Spargelanbau unbedingt auch die Speicherwurzelmasse berücksichtigt werden. / The cultivation of asparagus in Germany has strongly expanded over the last years. Hence the cost pressure is increasing vastly on the producers. For the cultivation of asparagus, impartial cultivation recommendations are necessary. One possibility is measuring the carbohydrate concentration (CHO-concentration) in the storage roots. A great disadvantage of this method is that the root mass, which has a substantial influence on the total quantity of available carbohydrates, remains unconsidered. Regarding to the root mass and the distribution of roots in the soil so far large gaps in the grower’s knowledge are existent. In order to determine the influence of the irrigation on the root mass and the distribution of roots, a trial was prepared. Samples of a watered and an unwatered variant were taken at certain points in the vegetation period. In the watered variant were significantly more storage roots were present at each time. Further the storage root fresh mass was significantly bigger. However, in the vertical distribution the variants did not differ, which could also be confirmed in container trials. The distribution of fibre roots under practical conditions did indeed differ substantially from the storage root distribution. In the watered variant the soil profile was completely filled with fibre roots, whereas in the unwatered variant the fibre roots were only found in the upper soil layer. In container trials the fibre roots were distributed throughout the entire soil volume independently of the irrigation control. Under practical conditions the CHO concentration was always higher for the unwatered variant compared to the watered variant. However, the total quantity of CHO was higher in the watered variant due to the larger storage root mass. Therefore the storage root mass has to be considered when using the CHO method as an instrument in the cultivation of asparagus.

No description available.

Mit der Intensivierung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion gewinnen Pumpstationen für die Be- und Entwässerung landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Zur Beseitigung schädlicher Bodennässe werden offene Gräben oder Dränrohrleitungen angelegt, welche das Wasser bei nicht vorhandener Vorflut einem Entwässerungsschöpfwerk zuleiten. Dieses Schöpfwerk fördert das Wasser aus einem Speicherraum (Mahlbusen) in den Vorfluter. In der DDR sind zahlreiche derartige Entwässerungsschöpfwerke vorhanden. (...):1. Einleitung S. 1 2. "Konventionelle" Pumpstationen S. 4 3. Pumpstationen mit Heberauslässen S. 9 4. Ökonomischer Vergleich S. 22 5. Vergleich mit anderen Anwendungsarten des Hebers S. 32 6. Gegenwärtiger Stand der hydraulischen Berechnung von Heberauslässen und Aufgabenstellung für eigene Untersuchungen S. 43 7. Hydraulische Versuche an Heberauslässen S. 47 8. Betriebsverhalten und hydraulische Berechnung von Heberauslässen S. 56 9. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick S. 186 10. Literatur-, Konsultations- und Exkursionsverzeichnis S. 190 11. Symbolverzeichnis S. 200

Policy makers adopt irrigated agriculture for food security, since irrigation doubles crop production. Therefore, the development of large irrigation systems has a long history in many places worldwide. Although large-scale irrigation schemes play an important role in improving food security, many schemes, especially in Africa, do not yield the expected outcomes. This is related to poor water management, which is generally due to a lack of effective evaluation and monitoring. The objective of this study, therefore, is to propose a new methodology to assess, evaluate and monitor large-scale irrigation systems. Information on irrigation indicators is needed to enable the evaluation of irrigation performance. The evaluation is the first and the most significant step in providing information about how it is performing. After reviewing extensive literature, a list of indicators related to the performance of irrigation, rainwater supply and productivity is suggested. The irrigation efficiency indicators Relative Irrigation Supply (RIS) and Relative Water Supply (RWS) are selected. Potential rainwater supply to crops can be tested based on the Moisture Availability Index (MAI) and the Ratio of Moisture Availability (RMA). Water productivity can be assessed by Crop Yield (Y) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE). However, the central problem facing large-scale irrigation schemes is always the lack of data, which calls for the development of a new method of data acquisition that allows evaluation and monitoring. Remote Sensing (RS) technology makes it possible to retrieve data across large areas. Two different approaches via RS, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa), can be utilized for monitoring. The well-known Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), derived from the NDVI, is modified (MVCI) to allow a qualitative spatio-temporal assessment of irrigation efficiency. MVCI takes into account crop response to water availability, while ETa indicates whether water is used as intended. Furthermore, the assessment of the possible hydrological impact of the irrigation system should be considered in the evaluation and monitoring process. The Sudanese Gezira Scheme of 8,000 square kilometers in the Nile Basin, where performance evaluation and monitoring are absent or poorly conducted, is no exception. This research takes the large-scale irrigation of the Gezira Scheme as a case study, as it is the largest scheme, not only in the Nile Basin but also in the world, under single management. The first long-term historical evaluation of the scheme is conducted for the period 1961–2012 rather than only on a short-time scale as is the common practice. An increase in RIS and RWS values from 1.40 and 1.70 to 2.23 and 2.60, respectively, since the 1993/94 season shows decreasing irrigation efficiency. MAI and RMA for summer crops indicate a promising rainfall contribution to irrigation in July and August. The Gezira Scheme achieves low yield and WUE in comparison to many irrigation schemes of the globe. Low productivity is mainly due to poor distribution and irrigation mismanagement. This is indicated by the 15-year MVCI spatio-temporal analysis, which shows that the northern part of the scheme experiences characteristic drought during the summer crop season. Although MVCI can be considered a monitoring tool, the index does not deduct the soil water content, and water could be wasted and available in other ways (e.g. water depressions). Spatio-temporal information for ETa is required to better quantify water depletion and establish links between land use and water allocation. However, several RS models have been developed for estimating ETa. Thus, improving the understanding of performance of such models in arid climates, as well as large-scale irrigation schemes, is taken into account in this study. Four different models based on the energy balance method, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC™), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and MOD16 ET are applied in order to determine the optimal approach for obtaining ETa. Outputs from these models are compared to actual water balance (WB) estimates during the 2004/05 season at field scale. Several statistical measures are evaluated, and a score is given for each model in order to select the best-performing model. Based on ranking criteria, SSEB gives the best performance and is seen as a suitable operational ETa model for the scheme. SSEB subsequently is applied for summer and winter crop seasons for the period 2000–2014. Unfortunately, one of the limitations faced in the current research is the absence of validation data on a regional scale. Therefore, the assessment focuses on spatial distribution and trends rather than absolute values. As with the MVCI distribution, the seasonal ETa for the Gezira Scheme is higher in the southern and central parts than in the northern part. This confirms the robustness of the developed MVCI. To avoid using absolute values of ETa, the ratio of ETa from agricultural areas (ETagr) to the total evapotranspiration (ET) from the scheme (ETsum) is calculated. The ETagr/ETsum ratio shows a descending trend over recent years, indicating that the water is available but not being utilized for agricultural production. This study shows that SSEB is also useful for identifying the location of water losses on a daily basis. Around 80 channels are identified as having leakage problems for the 2013/14 crop season. Such information is very useful for reducing losses at the scheme. In addition, Rainwater Harvesting (WH) is addressed and found to be applicable as an alternative solution for accounting for rainfall in irrigation. It is seen that these management scenarios could save water and increase the overall efficiency of the scheme. It is possible to save 68 million cubic meters of water per year when the overall irrigation efficiency of the scheme is improved by only 1%. A level of efficiency of 75% is predicted from the proposed management scenarios, which could save about 2.6 billion cubic meters of water per year. In conclusion, the present study has developed an innovative method of identifying the problems of large-scale schemes as well as proposing management scenarios to enhance irrigation water management practice. Improved agricultural water management in terms of crop, water and land management can increase food production, thereby alleviating poverty and hunger in an environmentally sustainable manner.

Policy makers adopt irrigated agriculture for food security, since irrigation doubles crop production. Therefore, the development of large irrigation systems has a long history in many places worldwide. Although large-scale irrigation schemes play an important role in improving food security, many schemes, especially in Africa, do not yield the expected outcomes. This is related to poor water management, which is generally due to a lack of effective evaluation and monitoring. The objective of this study, therefore, is to propose a new methodology to assess, evaluate and monitor large-scale irrigation systems. Information on irrigation indicators is needed to enable the evaluation of irrigation performance. The evaluation is the first and the most significant step in providing information about how it is performing. After reviewing extensive literature, a list of indicators related to the performance of irrigation, rainwater supply and productivity is suggested. The irrigation efficiency indicators Relative Irrigation Supply (RIS) and Relative Water Supply (RWS) are selected. Potential rainwater supply to crops can be tested based on the Moisture Availability Index (MAI) and the Ratio of Moisture Availability (RMA). Water productivity can be assessed by Crop Yield (Y) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE). However, the central problem facing large-scale irrigation schemes is always the lack of data, which calls for the development of a new method of data acquisition that allows evaluation and monitoring. Remote Sensing (RS) technology makes it possible to retrieve data across large areas. Two different approaches via RS, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa), can be utilized for monitoring. The well-known Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), derived from the NDVI, is modified (MVCI) to allow a qualitative spatio-temporal assessment of irrigation efficiency. MVCI takes into account crop response to water availability, while ETa indicates whether water is used as intended. Furthermore, the assessment of the possible hydrological impact of the irrigation system should be considered in the evaluation and monitoring process. The Sudanese Gezira Scheme of 8,000 square kilometers in the Nile Basin, where performance evaluation and monitoring are absent or poorly conducted, is no exception. This research takes the large-scale irrigation of the Gezira Scheme as a case study, as it is the largest scheme, not only in the Nile Basin but also in the world, under single management. The first long-term historical evaluation of the scheme is conducted for the period 1961–2012 rather than only on a short-time scale as is the common practice. An increase in RIS and RWS values from 1.40 and 1.70 to 2.23 and 2.60, respectively, since the 1993/94 season shows decreasing irrigation efficiency. MAI and RMA for summer crops indicate a promising rainfall contribution to irrigation in July and August. The Gezira Scheme achieves low yield and WUE in comparison to many irrigation schemes of the globe. Low productivity is mainly due to poor distribution and irrigation mismanagement. This is indicated by the 15-year MVCI spatio-temporal analysis, which shows that the northern part of the scheme experiences characteristic drought during the summer crop season. Although MVCI can be considered a monitoring tool, the index does not deduct the soil water content, and water could be wasted and available in other ways (e.g. water depressions). Spatio-temporal information for ETa is required to better quantify water depletion and establish links between land use and water allocation. However, several RS models have been developed for estimating ETa. Thus, improving the understanding of performance of such models in arid climates, as well as large-scale irrigation schemes, is taken into account in this study. Four different models based on the energy balance method, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC™), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and MOD16 ET are applied in order to determine the optimal approach for obtaining ETa. Outputs from these models are compared to actual water balance (WB) estimates during the 2004/05 season at field scale. Several statistical measures are evaluated, and a score is given for each model in order to select the best-performing model. Based on ranking criteria, SSEB gives the best performance and is seen as a suitable operational ETa model for the scheme. SSEB subsequently is applied for summer and winter crop seasons for the period 2000–2014. Unfortunately, one of the limitations faced in the current research is the absence of validation data on a regional scale. Therefore, the assessment focuses on spatial distribution and trends rather than absolute values. As with the MVCI distribution, the seasonal ETa for the Gezira Scheme is higher in the southern and central parts than in the northern part. This confirms the robustness of the developed MVCI. To avoid using absolute values of ETa, the ratio of ETa from agricultural areas (ETagr) to the total evapotranspiration (ET) from the scheme (ETsum) is calculated. The ETagr/ETsum ratio shows a descending trend over recent years, indicating that the water is available but not being utilized for agricultural production. This study shows that SSEB is also useful for identifying the location of water losses on a daily basis. Around 80 channels are identified as having leakage problems for the 2013/14 crop season. Such information is very useful for reducing losses at the scheme. In addition, Rainwater Harvesting (WH) is addressed and found to be applicable as an alternative solution for accounting for rainfall in irrigation. It is seen that these management scenarios could save water and increase the overall efficiency of the scheme. It is possible to save 68 million cubic meters of water per year when the overall irrigation efficiency of the scheme is improved by only 1%. A level of efficiency of 75% is predicted from the proposed management scenarios, which could save about 2.6 billion cubic meters of water per year. In conclusion, the present study has developed an innovative method of identifying the problems of large-scale schemes as well as proposing management scenarios to enhance irrigation water management practice. Improved agricultural water management in terms of crop, water and land management can increase food production, thereby alleviating poverty and hunger in an environmentally sustainable manner.

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Gesamtbilanzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen eines Anbausystems unter Bewässerung auf einem Sandboden. Die dazu aufgestellte Treibhausgasbilanz basiert auf langjährigen Datenreihen zu Erträgen und Corg-Vorräten eines Dauerfeldversuchs sowie auf zweijährigen im Feldversuch durchgeführten N2O-Messungen. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Bewässerung auf die Corg-Vorräte zeigen, dass der Einsatz von mineralischem Stickstoffdünger und Bewässerung auf einem leichten Standort unter den klimatischen Bedingungen Nord-Ost-Deutschlands positive Effekte hat. Die N2O-Emissionen eines Sandbodens unter den klimatischen Bedingungen Brandenburgs sind sehr niedrig. Die Applikation von mineralischem Stickstoffdünger hat nur schwache und Bewässerung hat aufgrund der der hohen Bodendurchlüftung des Sandbodens keine Effekte auf die Höhe der N2O-Emissionen. Die direkten und indirekten Emissionen aus dem Maschinen- und Betriebsmitteleinsatz erhöhen sich bei Bewässerung und steigender Stickstoffdüngung deutlich. Bei den indirekten Treibhausgasemissionen nehmen die Emissionen der Herstellung des mineralischen Stickstoffdüngers einen bedeutenden Anteil der Gesamttreibhausgasemissionen ein. Bewässerung führt durch den erhöhten Dieselverbrauch hauptsächlich zu einer Erhöhung der direkten Emissionen. Unter Bewässerung kann jedoch ein Teil der Emissionen durch zunehmende Corg-Vorräte kompensiert werden. Somit sind in einigen Fällen die Gesamttreibhausgasemissionen pro Hektar bei Bewässerung geringer als ohne Bewässerung. Die aus Stickstoffdüngung und Bewässerung resultierenden Ertragserhöhungen führen dazu, dass die Gesamttreibhausgasemissionen bezogen auf die Ertragseinheit in den meisten bewässerten Varianten deutlich geringer sind als in den unbewässerten. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass Bewässerung auf einem Sandboden zu einer Verminderung der Treibhausgasemissionen beitragen kann. / The aim of this work is the estimation of the net greenhouse gas emissions by a greenhouse balance for an irrigated cropping system on a sandy soil in north-east Germany under various nitrogen fertilizer intensities. The balances are based on data of yields and SOC stocks of an irrigated long term field experiment as well as on results of N2O-measurements over two years. The results of the analysis of the long term response of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization have shown that irrigation and mineral nitrogen fertilization led to significant increases in yields and harvest residues. The increased carbon inputs from above ground harvest residues had positive effects on the SOC stocks. The results of N2O measurements indicated that N2O emissions from a sandy soil are very low. Mineral nitrogen fertilization had only marginal effects. Irrigation showed no effects on the amount of N2O emissions. On the one hand the analysis of the prepared greenhouse gas balances showed that irrigation and increased nitrogen fertilization lead to a strong increase of direct and indirect emissions from machinery and maintenance resource use. The indirect emissions of nitrogen fertilizer production took up a main part of the net greenhouse gas emissions. Irrigation mainly increased greenhouse gas emissions of fuel use and fuel production as well as the emissions of the machinery production. On the other hand the increasing SOC stocks especially in the fertilized variants under irrigation led to a compensation of a huge part of the additional emissions. Thus, in many cases the net greenhouse gas emissions per unit area was lower under irrigation. Due to the increased yields under irrigation the net greenhouse gas emissions per unit yield were lower than that under non-irrigated conditions.

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Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat in der Nordosten Hoch-ebene Stadt Nova Hartz, spielend in der erzbischöflichen Region Porto Alegre – Hauptstadte des Bundesland Rio Grande do Sul- stattgefunden . Das Ziel wurde die aktuelle Situation der umweltliche Verwitterung des Bach Arroio Grande durch Beschreibung und Übersicht des naturelles Zeiger zu erkennen. Das untersuchte Gelände fasst Teil des Arroio Grande Unterbecken um, das zum Bewässerungsbecken des Rio dos Sinos gehört. Zur physichen Daten nahm man eine Forschung bei ehmaliger Einwohner zu, um die soziale und umweltliche Landschaft von mitte des XX Jahrhundert bis heutzutage zu bilden. Die Wiederaufbau des pflanzliche Decke in dem Hang den Bergen wegen der Verzicht auf landwirtschaftliche Arbeit, als positiv gesehen und die Verwitterung des Wasserstoffreserven, als negative Ansicht, wurden in dieser Forschung festgestellt, beschreibt und analysiert. Wurde nachgeprüft, dass, trotz der menschliche Intervention, die die Änderung in dynamischen Gleichgewicht des ökologisches System verursacht, das Gelände naturelle Faktoren zeigt, die zu seiner Schwäche beitragen, und dass, das Verwitterungen zeugt. Diese Verwitterungen sind durch die menschliche unangemessene Akten über diese schwacheUmwelt schneller und verstärkt. Die Zeigen von naturellen Verwitterungen, so wie Erosion, Auswaschung des Flussufer und Versandung den Wasserlaufen, kommen im ländlichen Gegend am meistens vor. Andere Zeigen Verwitterungen, wie Fehlen von wimperichem Wald und Entleerung häuslichen und industriellen Abfall, kommen stärker im städischen Gegend vor. Einige Vorschläge stehen in dieser Arbeit, in der Absicht neue Handlungen, die der Aufschlag den Zeigen minimizieren, zu ermöglichen, und so, zukunftliche Problemen, die in anderen Städten mit ähnlichen Kennzeichen als Nova Hartz vorkommen, zu verhindern. / O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Hartz, localizado a nordeste da encosta do planalto médio, na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivou-se diagnosticar a situação atual da degradação ambiental do arroio Grande, através da descrição e mapeamento de indicadores naturais e antrópicos. A área pesquisada abrange parte da sub-bacia do arroio Grande, pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Sinos. Acrescentou-se aos levantamentos físicos, uma pesquisa junto aos moradores antigos com o objetivo de reconstruir o cenário sócio-ambiental desde meados do século XX até os dias atuais. A recuperação da cobertura vegetal nas encostas de morros devido ao abandono das atividades agrícolas, como aspecto positivo e a degradação dos recursos hídricos como aspecto negativo, foram constatados, descritos e analisados na presente pesquisa. Constatou-se que, apesar da intervenção humana estar causando alterações no equilíbrio dinâmico dos ecossistemas, a área apresenta fatores naturais que contribuem para sua fragilidade, gerando degradações cujos processos são acelerados e acentuados pelas atividades humanas inadequadas sobre esses ambientes frágeis. Os indicadores de degradação de origem natural, como erosões, solapamento das margens e assoreamento dos cursos de água, estão mais presentes nas áreas rurais. Indicadores de degradação de origem antrópica, como ausência de mata ciliar e despejo de efluentes domésticos e industriais, se fizeram presentes de forma mais acentuada nas áreas urbanizadas. Os resultados das análises de alguns parâmetros indicadores da qualidade das águas do arroio Grande mostraram uma significativa diminuição da qualidade das águas na área urbana e a jusante dela. Algumas sugestões foram somadas ao presente trabalho, no intuito de possibilitar ações que possam minimizar os impactos dos indicadores mapeados e evitar futuros problemas já ocorridos em outras cidades com características semelhantes à Nova Hartz. / The present study was carried out in the county (municipality) of Nova Hartz, localized to the northeast of the slope of the medium highlands, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Our goal was to diagnose the real situation of the environmental degradation of the rivulet Arroio Grande, through the description and the mapping of of natural and antropic indicators. The area under survey includes part of the sub-basin of Arroio Grande, belonging to the hydrographic basin of the river Rio dos Sinos. To the physical data we added a survey with the older dwellers aiming at reconstructing the socioenvironmental scenario since the middle of the 20th century till our days. The recovery of the vegetal cover on the moutain slopes due to the abandonment of agricultural activities, as a positive aspect and the degradation of the hydric resources as a negative aspect, were verified, described and analyzed through the perception of old dwellers of the place. It was verified that, in spite of the human intervention bringing about alterations on the dynamic balance of the ecosystems, the area presents natural factors contributing to its fragility, bringing about degradations whose processes are accelerated and accentuated by inadequate human activities on these fragile environments. These degradation indicators of natural origin, like erosion, underwash of brook banks and the silting up of water courses , are more present in rural areas. Degradation indicators like the absence of ciliary woods and the inflow of domestic and industrial wastewaters are much more accentuated in urbanized areas. Some suggestion were added to the present paper with the intent of allowing actions which might minimize the impact of the mapped indicators and help avoid future problems as have already happened in other towns with characteristics similar to Nova Hartz´s.